Twyford Character Statement

Twyford Conservation Area

Character Statement

2014

SOUTH DERBYSHIRE DISTRICT COUNCIL LullingtonTwyford Conservation Conservation Area Area Character Character Statement Statement

3 6 7 9 1 1 2 3 11

Contents

Conservation Area Approaches and Views and Approaches Spaces Details and Materials Building Historic Development Historic

details architectural Distinctive Appendix Loss and Damage and Loss Map Area Conservation    Area of Archaeological Potential Archaeological of Area Analysis Area Conservation  Introduction Summary Twyford LullingtonTwyford ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement Twyford     be as follows: summarised can Twyford characteristics of distinctive The to as Ticknall. and Repton well as river the of banks southern the on pasture to access provided crossing ford The Trent. River the of banks the along all occupation Prehistoric of evidence widespread soils the of and fertility richness the to due part in also is river the on point this at Twyford of presence The river. of the course follows the which siltsalluvium, the of and mud the than ground stable more is which gravel, and sand Pierrepont Holme of band Barrow of villages nearby the with along Twyford, by floods. away was washed boat the when 1963, until here stood ferry chain A important. less became ferry theWillington and built 1839, was in Bridge Then, Derby. from route direct a on and monastery and palace royal a with settlement major a was Repton valley. the of side southern the on Repton reach to needed that traffic for river and the of point crossing ferry important an was it and east, fords” “two the to river the over bridge Burton nearest the historically was Bridge Swarkestone from kilometres Willington. 3 to Swarkestone about from leads which Trent A5132, the River straddles hamlet the The Willington. of banks northern the on situated is Twyford Summary 1977. November 24th on future Council District Derbyshire South by designated for was Area Conservation Twyford The opportunities professional making thus when and Council the interest by special used be applications. development of merits the on judgements that will to document This damage enhancement. of degree the assesses also It protection. of worthy Twyford of appearance and character the makes that interest architectural and historic special the out sets It Council. District Derbyshire South with, associationin and for, Conservation Morris Melby produced been has statement This Introduction

the space and looking inward looking and space the edging green, village former the fronting buildings of assortment informal organic, an river the by settlement, dominated afrontage river linear, part, in agricultural roots and identity, with many old surviving farm survivingbuildings old many identity, with roots and agricultural loose and open - on - Conservation Area Conservation Trent was the nearest bridge to the west, until 1839. Twyford literally means literally Twyford 1839. until west, the to bridge nearest the was Trent

- knit, with buildings dotted around the village green village the dottedaround buildings with knit,

the alluvial soils of the floodplain are particularly fertile and there is there and fertile particularly are floodplain the of soils alluvial the

- on

- rn ad wretn, is n a on sits Swarkestone, and Trent

LullingtonTwyford Conservation Conservation Area Area Character Character Statement Statement Smithy Smithy Farm,

– trodden trodden footpath -

2 form evidence of the settlement. It has been carried - The The Church of St. Andrew and Twyford Hall are visible from

–

two two major landmarks a considerable distance a few buildings that are focal points in views across the village green and Cottage Old Hall the former village school predominant presence of hedgerows, wetland trees and water courses defining enclosures the clumps of landmark trees, particularly Scots Pine, make a major contribution to views the a private, quiet character, with many connections made by a inviting exploration the fields, network, across well medieval periods. statutory statutory site information from the Derbyshire Sites and Monuments Record. It shows - -

non the probable extent of post settlement and industrial activity during the medieval and/or out out as part of the Archaeologist, review of the each Development conservation Control area Archaeologist County Council. Record Officer at Derbyshire in and consultation the with Sites the County and Monuments An area of archaeological potential may encompass both statutory designations (including Scheduled Ancient Monuments and Registered Historic Parks and Gardens) and other Area of Area of Archaeological Potential An area of archaeological potential has been defined through an assessment of the known archaeological, documentary and plan      LullingtonTwyford ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement estate ownership, accompanied by the fusing together of several of the smallerthe farms. of several together of fusing the by accompanied estate ownership, 19 early the from later, much only was It map. Tithe 1849 the on seen be can farms distinct separate, seven or Six freeholders. these by farmed farms, independent seven least at into divided thewas land and manor, the of lord the to addition in freeholders, five least at were there 1713 In the of origins The river. the of point occupation. crossing closePrehistoric of evidence muchby with probably older, are village ford major a on location its by explained be might this and church own its warrant to indeed settlement small very a is It services. Development Historic Analysis Area Conservation area. conservation the of boundary the with coincide necessarily not need potential archaeological of area an Consequently, shift. may focus their develop, and grow settlements as centuries, the Over that expectation reasonable ground. below be survive may may periods medieval post and/or there medieval the to relating potential evidence archaeological archaeological of area the Within 18 the of end the By Cottage. Hall Old as known now is which of part house, manor the built Harpur George and family Harpur the of branch a to marriage by came manors the of One th

century the whole estate had come by marriage to the Bathurst family, who sold it to to it sold who family, Bathurst the to marriage by come had estate whole the century

century onwards, that the land and property was amalgamated under under amalgamated was property and land the that onwards, century

have provided the parish priest for for priest parish the provided have Barrow at church It time. this mainthe to of ease chapel as a off started from part surviving (pictured main arch zig its with chancel above) Norman 12 The the St. by of built church was Andrew present the and hamlet mill the in a church no was there but was recorded There three holding. joint a into being two Ferrers, divided de Henry by held was manors, Stenson, of in Domesday village sister its with and, (Tuiforde) at 1086 recorded is Twyford - on - a dcrto i the is decoration zag - Trent, which would which Trent, th

century. century.

LullingtonTwyford Conservation Conservation Area Area Character Character Statement Statement

century, but it

th shaped shaped alignment that raises -

century by Bristowe the family,

made, arc - century. century. It was owned by the Bristowe

lying and regularly floods but the houses sit above -

thirds of the land. The other manor passed through many - metre wide rows of ridge and furrow can still be seen on -

century, therefore, the Harpur Crewe estate owned most of of owned most the hamlet. Crewe estate century,the Harpur therefore,

th The The 1662 Hearth Tax Returns mention hearths. two large The site houses of one within of Twyford, these large each houses was (pictured right). with The earliest part of the house now dates from probably the early 18 7 developed as Twyford Hall of older house platforms, no mapfor evidence.is of olderplatforms, which house there The land in between the church and the green was ploughed for arable use in the medieval period and distinctive, large 20 aerial photographs. is is located on a slight causeway, with a definite, man it above the wetland. The fields that run to the immediate south of Old Hall Cottage are raised also above the wetland. There are also and many hollows raised closer platforms to The maythat Green be the site distance distance from the road and is now well lawn. front hidden by on its trees Some buildings were placed according to the underlying topography, but there is plenty of evidence that the ground was flooding. At the northern edge of the green, the also access track to Old Hall Cottage and Farm shaped to create heightened platforms to prevent ordinarily do, because of its Grange Farm, elevation. a large and rather farmhouse, grand has less presence than of it might an even though otherwise it imposing do, is also slightly because elevated, it is set back a considerable frontages frontages that line the road are sufficient embanked. to prevent widespread flooding A little elevation above the of road is property. usually Ferry close House, to the road which (pictured right), has a sits more imposing presence than it would The The land within the hamlet is very low the water level and there is evidence that in places the ground was artificially raised. The change in level is marked by a slight change in geology from the alluvial silts and clays that and follow the course of the river gravel.as Holme Pierrepont the band The sand to known shape of the underlying geology is followed in Lane the the alignment building of plots Ferry sit about Lane. 1.5 Along metres Ferry above the surrounding ground level and the (1) the river frontage settlement, which was established along with the church and was part andof the medieval settlement; the villagegreen. development around (2) who had been farming in Twyford since the 16 family until 1856 when Samuel Ellis Bristowe sold Twyford Hall and his land to the Harpur Crewe family of Calke Abbey. Thereafter, the former Bristowe estate the mid 19 was tenanted. By historic two distinct areas; groupedhamletThe is into Sir Henry Crewe of Calke in 1815. became owner of well over From two being a very small owner, hands and eventually it was bought outright in the early 18 the Crewe family LullingtonTwyford ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement It is not clear which part of the settlement formed the original focus, whether it was Ferry was it whether focus, original the formed settlement the of part which clear not is It that tributary small a Brook, Twyford the by side to theriver. down itswinds way west its on edged is it and village the through runs that (A5132) road main the straddles which space large a is green village The wing a very as a seen are is it wall when rear explained timber earlier an to extension the be can on orientation chimneys unusual masonry This massive feature. prominent of pair Its north field. faces a overlooking elevation front its that so placed orientation, unusual an has site the on building existing village The the below). (pictured of green edge northern the on built dwelling, standing oldest the is Cottage Hall Old building). the in demolished 19 part was Returns Tax Hearth the in mentioned house large other The ownerships. separate four in is now site The residence. main the being Hall Twyford with Farm, Hall into amalgamated been had area the of whole the date this By 1880. about by disappeared had these of themajority but buildings, farm of range vast a outbuildings, L had an in running house second This house. their another and Hall Twyford with two the by farmhouses to occupied was up land runs the that church lane the the of to that east shows 1849, of Map Tithe the settlement, the of map earliest The them. by outright bought a on was 17 late the from family lease Bristowe Hall the The by occupied disappeared. now has which Bristowes it, behind building, earlier the an onto by built apparently was between the villagers' homes on Ferry Lane and the open fields to the north. One of these these of One north. the to fields open the and Lane Ferry on homes villagers' the between located is green The roads. interconnecting the of edges the along and period long a green over the of periphery the on built been have to appear buildings but Green The or Lane th

etr bt wn ws eand n i nw l Hl Ctae a rd I* listed II* grade (a Cottage Hall Old now is and retained was wing a but century

- shaped block, forming the immediate southern boundary of the churchyard, the of boundary southern immediate the forming block, shaped Old HallCottage Old th

century and then then and century

- framed hall house, which fronted the road to the west of the of west the to roadthe fronted which house, hall framed

- east, away from the road and the settlement, settlement, the and road the from away east, 5

f h od ig wih a hv been have may which wing, old the of evidence is physical no there painting, the the 17 mid to dated been has building existing timber the of dating) ring (tree have dendrochronology Cottage commissioned Hall Old Farm). of Hall owners The Old as rebuilt and altered timber ancillary an with group, substantial very survives a was painting It complex. whole the shows A which building. existing be at. guessed only can construction its of date the and earlier, - th framed barn alongside (now much (now alongside barn framed

century. With the exception of exception the With century.

- frame and the and frame - LullingtonTwyford Conservation Conservation Area Area Character Character Statement Statement

built, farm - range and more - Oak post of former chain ferry ferry chain former of Oak post on the riverbank at Ferry Lane Ferry at riverbank on the

6 century form. century

century. There were others that are unrecorded, indicating shrinkage of the

expansive, too numerous to cover comprehensively section describes in a selection a of general and document more specific views of that are this likely to themselves impress scope. most strongly This in a visitor’s experience of the conservation viewpoints area. Some of referredthe to are document. included in the conservation area map included in this Approaches and Views Every conservation area has a multitude of changing views, both close end, which bears the Harpur and now eventuallya is house. in closed 1943 coat of arms. The school There was little change in the village until the estate started off propertysell to from the 1980s. and land why there was little development after that date early 19 in villageits largely preserved is and the Sir George Crewe donated National the School in land 1842, paid for for by voluntary a and subscription, and public new this is recorded village on a tablet in the gable from 1860. The construction of Willington Bridge in 1839 would have influenced the amount of traffic that ran through Twyford, crossing the ferry to reach Repton. This may have stultified the growth of the settlement and may be the main reason coloured chimney pots favoured by the estate. The estate also dominated the villagewith the in Calke other Abbey respects, gamekeeper living at Ferry House converted into one house. gothic door detail The adopted by the Harpur Crewe estate on many of its cottages can still be found on the only surviving There front are door. also square, buff located on encroachments the on the main the edge village A5132, of green. The were cottages sold when the estate broken was up in the 1980s and the mid 19 settlement. In about 1815 the labourers cottages, now Harpur known as Crewe family built Green the row of Farm three, purpose (pictured right), buildings, buildings, now demolished, can be seen located midway between Old on Hall Cottage and the A5132. Another was known as the Blue the 1849 Twyford and Stenson Bell inn, located near Tithe Ferry House at the bottom of map, the green, but this was pulled down in LullingtonTwyford ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement are wide panoramic views out across the floodplain as far as far as Willington. views acrosswide floodplain panoramic out the are there and south, the to out views, of emphasis main the by is river limited The buildings road. the the in bend of the views with arc, shallow a in leads Lane Ferry of curvature The tosouthwards Farm. Hall Farm east sideofGreen leadsthe from which of one lanes, private and public of network surrounding the and fields, the periphery; cross which thorn footpaths, public native its by obscured on partly the from and are green the across from buildings glimpses in which prominent also is spire church of The hedges. to levels lower the green junctions, clearly seen road the be the can whichfrom across Cottage, Hall Old views and Farm Smithy are are prominent particularly there village the Within for vies that end gable dentilled and corbelled decorative, a render. is modern spoilt by building the but attention, has It lane. the the turns of which Cottages, corner Ferry 1 is buildings prominent most the of one the bank From southern Pine. Scots and trees yew tall of line the above rising Farm, Grange behind out stands Church Andrew’s St. of spire The riverbank. northern the on trees and garden its within trees this from the by obscured partially isFarm Grange but aspect prominent particularly is Hall Twyford Lane. Ferry along buildings the of view best the is this and hamlet and the to across views are there river bank the southern towards the From footpath. public a in terminates down runs still Repton from road old the river, the of side south the From A5132. along the village the approaching east, the and west the both from views in landmark prominent a also are spire and tower church The this from direction. gleaming its with off which, Hall Twyford towards plain flood the across views long the are there along A5132, west the from Twyford approaching In The main open space within the settlement is formed by the village green, which follows follows which green, village The river. flows to the in a and down sinuous Brook, route Twyford of the course the the by formed is settlement the within space open main The Spaces - white rendered finish, is a prominent landmark landmark prominent a is finish, rendered white

Views of ViewsRiver the Trent fromFerry Lane

LullingtonTwyford Conservation Conservation Area Area Character Character Statement Statement

lying marshy ground, -

view towards the old National School National old the towards view

8 - Twyford Brook meanders through The Green The through meanders Brook Twyford

Views of The Green of Views The Above Left green itself is an brook amorphous and the space associated containing low the

contained open space that is - self inward looking, lined boundary with walls and tall stone Scots Pine footpaths footpaths to the north. similar It relationship has with a the and river the road Swarkestone. as the church at The churchyard (pictured right) is a The church is set river, back from approached the from short section of lane, at the bottom either a of Ferry Lane, or via the public possibly evidence platforms. of house possibly A secondary open space is the place where unfenced and Ferry edged Lane by broad, terminates lush at grass banks. the The remains water’s of edge, the the chain posts that link ferry supported still stand on both riverbanks. From here there are Willington. towards the river, upstream particularly long views across encroachment over a long period on its fringes. On its western boundary the bank of the brook is lined with willow and poplar and other wetland loving species. The course of the brook appears to have been straightened under at the road. this The paddock point, in front possibly of Smithy when Farm was it probably green, originally was but part was of culverted separately the enclosed. This paddock has an immediate relationship former Smithy, even a though public footpath separates the with two. It also has earthworks and the junctions. junctions. The changes in level completely and rural undulations create in interesting character, views. the space. framework views across for but The green the is presence of the occasional building The creates boundaries a of the green are very fluid and reflect the fact that there has been which contrasts with the higher, artificially raised areas that engulf the roads and road LullingtonTwyford ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement the village to the present day. The majority of buildings within the conservation area are area conservation the within buildings of majority The day. present the to village the of appearance the influence to continued has brickwork and manufacture brick and building timber both of tradition long a had that valley Trent the of part within lies Twyford Brickwork status. of high building a denotes and area this in uncommon is that framing timber of timber pattern a studding, of remains substantial both contain Farm Hall Old and Cottage Hall Old and form building common a was frame timber timber ofoak remains external surviving no are There stone. the for the local aresource and they most likely quarries Stanton between area The river. the of sections used barges as boat, by here brought was stone the that possible is It a fine was Farm Smithy of wall front the for adopted masonry The beCottage. Hall can Old plinth at found chamfered a with walls stone Similar plinth. and copings chamfered massive with distinctive, highly are churchyard the to up lead that walls boundary stone the church, the to addition In gritstone. coursed of blocks substantial in built generally buildings, stone of number a are there area, immediate the from available stone building of lack the Despite and Stone timber Grange of front in runs wall rubblestone a and Farm. House Ferry of front in runs coursed wall low stone a Lane, Ferry along Further stone. of courses deep incorporates and church the to leads these of distinctive most The impact. positive a make these walls, boundary are with frontage, road there Where boundaries. of majority the the definewalls. Hedges boundary for little need very demarcate and plots the of boundaries the define often Buildings Boundaries local the of snapshot a provide to photographs, details. vernacular by supplemented is which Appendix, typical and and special The the in summarised form are area conservation the within identity. encountered details building traditional local the with linked influenced intricately they factors which directly are in employed way the were materials and materials available of building range the Both of Twyford. of appearance availability and geology Local Details and Materials Building the of dramatic. more much fromfieldstoitsare the north church the of views edge the to close very the and map) Tithe (1849 located churchyard larger the to is central sat once it although it churchyard, north, the To gates. entrance main the from churchyard acrossthe views in point a is focal spire church The boundaries. southern its on with rubbed, gauged lintels and elegant keystones. The best example of high status status high of example best The keystones. elegant and lintels gauged rubbed, with 18 mid substantial a is 18 the during choice This was fashionable the brick. often from built - worked ashlar. Stone was also reserved for cills. as lintels such and details, was alsoreserved ashlar. Stone worked

century house, built in very high quality Flemish bond brickwork, brickwork, bond Flemish quality high very in built house, century - frame - by - Bridge and Ingleby, just across the river, had several stone several had river, the across just Ingleby, and Bridge

- rmd ulig. hs eape cnan close contain examples These buildings. framed 9

- framed buildings within Twyford, but but within Twyford, buildings framed

century. Grange Farmcentury. Grange

- framed framed LullingtonTwyford Conservation Conservation Area Area Character Character Statement Statement -

century century

shaped shaped stone lintels were used in the - centuries. centuries. This was the simplest and easiest

th 10 century. century. During the first half of the 19

Flemish bond brickwork at St. Andrew’s Church c1739 Church St. Andrew’s at brickwork bond Flemish th and

th and early 19 framed framed

- th

Farm buildings with 19th century brickwork along Ferry Lane Ferry along brickwork century 19th with Farm buildings

centuries for structural details.

th adopted for Smithy Farm. The village school has moulded stone mullioned windows, adopted because it was a public building and deliberately sited to be a more individual landmark. Generally, the more A decorative, classical form of stone lintel with channelled voussoirs and raised keystones was adopted at Twyford Hall in the 18 classical building forms had a revival village, of which there and were a number of permutations. wedge Plain wedge lintels were used at 1 and 2 Ferry Cottages and a wedge lintel composed of separate blocks of ashlar was need to cut the brick. In most of these cases course of the header brick bricks. In arches combination were with made the segmental from brick a arches, stone single cills not were normally used, relying on the simple weathering properties of jointed, the brickwork. rubbed Finely and gauged brick arches Grange Farm. were exclusively reserved for houses such as Many of the smallest cottages and farm buildings in Twyford incorporate arches segmental (e.g. brick Old Hall Cottage, Old Hall Farm, commonplace Black during Dub the and 18 Green Farm). These were lintel to construct as the taper was accommodated wholly in the mortar joints, without the Lintels and cills and Lintels with several projecting one above the other. Sometimes they incorporate “dentilled” brickwork, where courses each alternate header brick projects to create a decorative effect. In a number of of cases the brickheader bricks are laid diagonally to produce a “sawtooth” pattern. There are examples of brickwork Farm. dentilled and both at Grange sawtooth Brickwork was used in the 18 19 Much of the brickwork with a is corbelled verge and corbelled detailed eaves. Sometimes, these are plain stone stone dressings. Old Hall Cottage is an example where the timber front wall was rebuilt in for brickwork expediency, rather than fashion, as it lacks finesse. brickwork is at the church where the nave was rebuilt circa 1739, faced in fine Flemish bond brickwork with LullingtonTwyford ConservationConservation AreaArea CharacterCharacter StatementStatement place in this estate village setting, although this fashion has not been adopted in more more in adopted been not has fashion this although conversions. recent setting, village estate this in place out are which windows, hardwood stained introduce to tended have conversions Barn thissuccessful.entirely but styles notbeen joinery, has traditional similar of window joinery, modern in or double uPVC white with in replicated been have patterns window original the well are stacks chimney and materials roofing Traditional character. historic their retain whole the on buildings ownership, private to estate from change recent the of result a as Largely of Loss building details same the avoid to and alterations damaging the future. the mistakes in of some reverse to the authority and designers planning householders, help will these identifying that hoped is It character. this diluted have cumulatively or individually either that losses or alterations suffered has village the where instances identify also can we area conservation the of character the defining In as far permission. planning byfor need the achieved be this could so development, harmful further The against safeguard 1977. undesirable a as in place the area in put conservation was of designation the of some designation Twyford, the predate At below character. described changes special their strengthens that way and a in reflects time over of develop should settlements face that rather the but prevented, in be should scene” local “cherished the conserve development that notintended It was World War. Second the following change accelerated to need the of acknowledgement an as 1967, Act Amenities Civic the by introduced was areas conservation of concept The andDamage Loss roof. has lead which a church, the and roof, slate Welsh a has which school, former the are tiles clay the to exceptions only The - modern occasionally machine very or tiles, clay blue Staffordshire of use universal almost is There They fail. materials the within village. material roof dominant the are other where survive and tiles durable extremely are These Potteries. 18 late the From village. the of north the to kilometre 1 only lies Canal Mersey and Trent The Roofs stonecills. dressed 19 “designed” the and properties substantial detail of the brick corbelling found on the prominent chimneys has been lost as a result of of result a as lost been has chimneys prominent the on found corbelling The brick the stucco. of detail earlier for replacement a probably is render pebbledash painted existing The 19 early the in originated have may It brickwork. original the cover to Hall Twyford at used was Render made, red clay tiles, which can be found mainly on the farm buildings. mainly on farm found the be clay tiles,which can red made, th

- preserved. There has been some loss of historic window and door joinery. Many of Many joinery. door and window historic of loss some been has There preserved. etr i sple bidn mtras uh s tfodhr bu ca tls rm the from tiles clay blue Staffordshire as such materials building supplied it century -

made equivalents, within the hamlet. In a tiny handful of cases there are older hand older are casesthere of handful aIn tiny hamlet. the equivalents,within made th - glazed units and heavy mouldings. There has been an effort to reproduce reproduce to effort an been has There mouldings. heavy and units glazed

century when the building was enlarged, to disguise the different brickwork. brickwork. different the disguise to enlarged, was building the when century

11 th

century buildings, like the village school, have school, village the like buildings, century

- of - LullingtonTwyford Conservation Conservation Area Area Character Character Statement Statement

Cottages and it has lost much of its character as a result. character as of its much and lost itCottages has render smeared over the bricks. the render over smeared Modern render has been used to cover the original Flemish bond brickwork at 1 Ferry Twyford Conservation Area Designated : 24th November 1977

A 5132

TWYFORD LANE

E N A A L 51 Y 32 R R E F

0200 400

metres CHURCH

GRANGE FARM

RIVER TRENT Conservation Area boundary

Open spaces Principal views Architectural landmarks & focal points Listed buildings TWYFORD HALL Other buildings which contribute positively to the special architectural or historic character Areas of high archaeological potential This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's of Her Survey Survey Stationery with the permission copyright. on behalf of the Controller Ordnance of material Ordnance O!ce from Crown map is reproduced This LA 100019461.2014 District South Derbyshire Council. or civil proceedings. prosecution lead to and may copyright infringesUnauthorised Crown reproduction Appendix

Distinctive Architectural Details

TWYFORD

Checklist of details

The details in this appendix illustrate those building elements that help to define Twyford’s particular character. These may be common everyday vernacular details found repeatedly throughout the conservation area or may be more exceptional, consciously designed features.

This appendix may prove useful in providing inspiration for new development, whether traditional or contemporary, if used with care. Paradoxically, the outstanding architectural details of a conservation area may not be the ones that are most typical of the area. They often belong to the important key buildings of a village and may look out of place on smaller buildings in subordinate locations. The majority of buildings in the conservation areas of South Derbyshire are plainly and simply detailed.

Boundary treatments  Substantial stone walls of coursed gritstone with triangular copings  Hedges of native thorn

Roof types and details  Pitched roofs with plain close verges and decorative corbelled brick verges  Hipped tiled roof (Green Farm)  Raised coped gables at Grange Farm, Twyford Hall and the former village school  Plain clay tiled roofs in Staffordshire blue clay and occasionally hand-made red clay tiles

Chimney stacks and pots  Plain brick chimneys with a few oversailing courses  Massive external stone stacks at Old Hall Cottage  Squared buff pots favoured by the Harpur Crewe estate

Doors and Doorcases  Georgian door cases  6 and 9 panelled doors with fanlights  Gothic style estate boarded door

Walls  Large blocks of coursed gritstone  Rusticated quoins (St. Andrew’s Church and Grange Farm)  Dark red brickwork, laid in random pattern or Flemish bond  Corbelled eaves, often using decorative “sawtooth” brickwork  Chamfered stone and brick plinths

Windows  Multi-paned timber casements, some set recessed within a chamfered frame  Small-paned vertically sliding sash windows

Lintels and cills  Segmental brick arched windows, often from a single or double course of header bricks  Brickwork without cills  Stone wedge lintels and lintels with keystones

BOUNDARY TREATMENTS Walls and railings

Left - the very old wall that lines the eastern side of the lane approaching the churchyard also doubles as the side wall of a 19th century barn. The large blocks of stone and chamfered plinth and copings may indicate medieval origins.

The hamlet has very few boundary walls. Above left - rubble gritstone boundary wall alongside Ferry Lane. Above right - brick boundary wall with half-round moulded brick coping at Old Hall Cottage.

Right - wrought iron railings and gate with cast-iron spear- headed finials and an urn finial to the post, at the entrance to the churchyard. This small amount of ornament sets the churchyard apart. ROOF TYPES AND DETAILS

The unusual rendered gable, with narrow oak bargeboards at Old Hall Cottage (right) masks the original timber-framed truss, which was once attached to a much larger building.

Tiled roofs are the principal roofing material. The example above illustrates the use of the older, handmade red clay tiles alongside Staffordshire blue clay tiles, which became commonplace after the construction of the Trent & Mersey canal in the late 18th century.

Although the predominant roof type is pitched, hipped roofs had a revival in the early 19th century, as found at Green Farm (above). During this century it also became common to add more detail at the verge, such as the corbelled verge at Ferry House (middle right) and the corbelled and sawtooth verge at Ferry Cottages (right). The detail focussed on this gable suggests that the person who built this cottage must have been aware of its landmark location, on Ferry Lane, although in recent times the modern render has tainted its historic character. CHIMNEY STACKS AND Left - massive stone and brick chimney at Old Hall Cottage. The upper parts of the POTS two 17th century chimneys were partially rebuilt in the 19th century. They are quite exceptional within the hamlet.

Chimneys are generally brick and plain, with one or two oversailing courses. The example at Smithy Farm (bottom left) is rendered and “lined-out” to imitate the ashlar on the front of the house.

The Harpur-Crewe estate favoured square, buff-coloured chimney pots, of which they are several types surviving within Twyford, illustrated on this page.

Below left - rendered chimney with stone overthrow band and stone oversailing courses (Smithy Farm). Brick chimneys with one or more oversailing courses at Ferry House (middle) and Black Dub (right). DOORS

The door surround at Grange Farm (right) has a moulded architrave, a detail typical of the 18th century. Above the architrave is a shallow cornice supported by scrolled console brackets. The 9-panel door has raised and fielded panels and a fanlight.

Bottom right - the Georgian doorcase at Twyford Hall is carved in stone (painted) and has projecting thin pilasters, with a reeded face, and a moulded triangular pediment. The 6-panel door has heavy bolection-mouldings. The semi-circular glazed fanlight has lost its original astragals (glazing bars).

Below - the former Harpur Crewe cottage at Green Farm still has its gothic style estate door detail - a boarded door with a pointed arched recesses. WALLS

There are very few decorative details within the walls at Twyford. The main exceptions are the use of blue brick to create patterns at Riverview Barn (above left), the horizontal stone band at Smithy Farm (above right) and the stone band and quoins at the church (not illustrated). Flemish bond brickwork was adopted for the walls of the church and Grange Farm.

Constructional details, such as chamfered plinths, were adopted in the 17th century at Old Hall Cottage (left) and were also adopted at the 19th century barn at Grange Farm (below), incorporating a chamfered moulded blue brick weathering. Blue bricks were practical, durable and decorative, often used to enrich buildings in the 19th century.

Left - stone dedication plaque of 1842, in the form of a shield, at the former village school, incorporating the Crewe coat of arms. WALLS - eaves details

There are a number of examples of decorative “sawtooth” brick eaves within Twyford, where the brickwork is corbelled and then a row of bricks are set on an angle to the face of the wall (above and below, left and right).

Right - complex eaves at Grange Farm; an old wall has been raised, adding a corbelled and dentilled brick eaves, where each alternate header brick projects to create a decorative effect. WINDOWS

Casement windows - there are many examples of traditional casement window, although no single common form. Above left - two-light casements with a single horizontal glazing bar (Ferry Cottages). Top right - diamond lattice cast-iron casements at the former village school. Right - small-paned side-hinged casements. Below left and right - casements recessed within chamfered frames at Grange Farm. Above - the church of St. Andrew has arched windows with rectangular, leaded-lights, introduced when the nave was built circa 1739. The much older, lancet, pointed arched windows in the tower (above right) also contain leaded-light windows of c1739.

Below - the grander, more formal houses of the 18th century have small-paned sash windows & lintels with decorative, projecting keystones (Grange Farm and Twyford Hall). LINTELS AND CILLS

Wedge-shaped stone lintels were adopted for the grand 18th century houses, such as Twyford Hall. They had a revival in use for smaller cottages in the first half of the 19th century, as at Smithy Farm (left) and Ferry Cottages (above). The wedge lintels at Ferry House (below) appear to have been finished in render and may be covering up brick segmental arches.

Where economy was important, lintels were simple in form. A segmental arch formed by “header” bricks at Old Hall Cottage (above) and timber lintel at Old Hall Farm (right).

Cills Many of the smaller cottages had no cill and the joinery was laid directly onto the brickwork, relying on the weathering properties of the brickwork, as at Grange Farm (right).