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Les Champions De L'internet Chinois

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Les Champions De L'internet Chinois LES CHAMPIONS DE L’INTERNET CHINOIS : L’ALLIANCE DU PARTI ET DES APPLICATIONS › Patrick Allard epuis les mesures prises par l’administration Trump à l’encontre de WeChat et de TikTok et la menace brandie envers Alibaba, le conflit technologique entre la Chine et les États-Unis a pris un tour bizarre en s’étendant à des sociétés gestionnaires Dde plateformes de jeux en ligne, de partage de vidéos, ou de com- merce et de paiement en ligne. Autrement dit, des entreprises liées à la consommation et au loisir. La joute entre la Chine et l’Occident serait-elle une guerre de l’otium, plus futile encore que la rivalité enga- gée autour des entreprises chinoises de téléphonie, ZTE et Huawei, en englobant des firmes chinoises symboles des techniques de l’infor- mation et de la communication ? Ne s’agit-il pas de ces mêmes tech- nologies dont l’économiste américain Robert Gordon a mis en doute l’impact économique, notant que la productivité n’a cessé de ralentir aux États-Unis et en Europe (et d’ailleurs en Chine) alors qu’elles se multipliaient et se diffusaient ? 32 NOVEMBRE 2020 NOVEMBRE 2020 le siècle de la chine Toutefois, sous la page ou l’application Web, il y a les données et les algorithmes. L’enjeu de la rivalité transpacifique n’est sans doute pas tant la prééminence économique que la suprématie technologique et la sécurité nationale. Les principales entreprises technologiques chinoises, Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, désignées collectivement par le sigle BAT (ou BATX, par l’ajout de Xiaomi), et une kyrielle de start-up ou plateformes d’applications en ligne, comme WeChat ou TikTok, sont aujourd’hui le symbole des prouesses économiques de la Chine, faisant écho aux Gafam (Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, Patrick Allard est consultant auprès Microsoft) américaines. Comme tout ce qui du Centre d’analyse, de prévision et touche à la Chine, elles sont objets de fasci- de stratégie, ministère des Affaires étrangères, ancien haut fonctionnaire nation, du fait de la vigueur de leur essor et au ministère de l’Écononmie et au de leur taille, tant en termes de capitalisation ministère des Affaires européennes et boursière que d’empreinte commerciale. Mais étrangères. elles sont aussi sources de crainte, en raison de leur intimité obligée avec le Parti communiste chinois, dans des domaines – l’Internet, les tech- nologies de la communication et l’intelligence artificielle (IA) – dont la maîtrise sert, avec une efficacité renouvelée et amplifiée, la propagande et les ambitions de contrôle social, y compris par-delà les frontières, d’un régime demeuré foncièrement léniniste jusque dans son usage contrôlé de l’économie de marché. Tencent (jeux en ligne, réseaux sociaux, portails Web, commerce en ligne, messagerie instantanée WeChat) et Alibaba (plateformes de ventes interentreprises et de détail, services de cloud computing) sont les principales capitalisations boursières en Chine. Au 7e et au 8e rang, elles font partie des dix premières firmes mondiales par la capitalisa- tion boursière, derrière les Gafam, avec une valeur boursière compa- rable à celle de Facebook mais inférieure à un tiers de celles d’Apple et Microsoft ou la moitié de celles d’Amazon et de Google. D’autres entreprises chinoises engagées dans les télécoms (China Mobile) et l’e-commerce (Pinduoduo) font également partie de ce classement. Tencent (grâce à ses plateformes de jeux en ligne), Pinduoduo, JD et Alibaba comptent parmi les entreprises dont la valeur boursière a le plus progressé depuis le déclenchement de la pandémie de Sars- CoV-2, bien moins toutefois que celle des Gafam. NOVEMBRE 2020 NOVEMBRE 2020 33 le siècle de la chine En revanche, Baidu (moteur de recherche) et Xiaomi (téléphonie mobile et électronique grand public), de même qu’une multitude de firmes innovantes comme DIDI (service de VTC sur Internet), JD (e-commerce), NetEase (moteur de recherche, jeux en ligne), Mei- tuan Dianping (réservation, livraison de repas), iFlytek (reconnais- sance vocale et produits Internet associés), DJI (drones), SenseTime (reconnaissance faciale et intelligence artificielle), Hikvision (matériel de vidéosurveillance) ou Megvii (reconnaissance faciale) n’ont pas une capitalisation boursière suffisante pour figurer dans le classement mon- dial même si elles sont parmi les plus dynamiques du marché chinois. Ni Huawei (téléphonie), officiellement détenue à 100 % par ses salariés, ni ByteDance (plateformes de distribution de contenus basées sur l’ap- prentissage automatique, comme TikTok et Douyin) ne sont cotées sur un marché boursier public. Aucune firme technologique chinoise, sauf Huawei au 93e rang, ne figure au classement mondial établi par Forbes des 100 marques commerciales les plus valorisées. Des rejetons adultérins de l’État chinois et de la finance américaine Toutes ces sociétés sont de création récente, la plus ancienne est Huawei, créée en 1987. Elles ont pour fondateurs des personnages souvent charismatiques, entreprenants et innovants, nés sous une bonne étoile, devenus milliardaires, bien introduits auprès des auto- rités civiles et militaires des régions côtières, les plus dynamiques de Chine (Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Beijing, Hong Kong), et respectueux des grands du régime, parfois jusqu’à l’obséquiosité, autant que des préceptes du feng shui. Les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) ont bénéficié du soutien politique et financier des pouvoirs publics chinois, au niveau local et national, tout au long des trois dernières décennies, au travers de programmes successifs. Les plus récents visent à intégrer le numérique dans des secteurs économiques traditionnels et donnent la priorité à l’IA, dans ses applications civiles et militaires. 34 NOVEMBRE 2020 NOVEMBRE 2020 les champions de l’internet chinois : l’alliance du parti et des applications Les BATX, plus iFlytek, SenseTime, Huawei et Hikvision, ont été désignées comme membres de l’équipe de champions nationaux choisis par les autorités chinoises pour réaliser les objectifs du régime en matière d’intelligence artificielle et se sont vu assigner, dans une logique héritée de la planification, des domaines spécifiques réservés : la voiture autonome à Baidu, les smart cities à Alibaba, les diagnostics médicaux visuels à Tencent, la reconnaissance orale à iFlytek, la recon- naissance visuelle à SenseTime. Alibaba et Tencent ont modifié leurs applications pour intégrer le système de QR codes, mis au point par les autorités, qui a permis d’imposer à la population chinoise des mesures de quarantaine particulièrement intrusives et autoritaires. Hikvision, iFlytek, Megvii et SenseTime ont fourni aux autorités chinoises des équipements utilisés dans la répression des Ouïgours, ce qui leur a valu d’être l’objet de sanctions américaines. La complaisance des autorités chinoises a permis aux fondateurs des principales firmes Internet de créer des groupes à la structure complexe, qui contournent les règles limitant strictement les investis- sements étrangers dans leurs domaines d’activité. Les entreprises du secteur technologique chinois ont ainsi pu bénéficier de financements transnationaux, notamment américains, significatifs. Les BAT, en par- ticulier, ont été créées grâce à des investissements de sociétés amé- ricaines de capital-risque. Les trois principales entreprises, de même qu’une trentaine d’autres firmes Internet chinoises, sont cotées sur les Bourses américaines (New York Stock Exchange et Nasdaq). Leurs sociétés mères, enregistrées dans des paradis fiscaux, comptent une part importante d’actionnaires étrangers (près de 60 % s’agissant d’Ali- baba, près de 40 % s’agissant de Tencent, plus de 25 % s’agissant de Baidu), dont des investisseurs américains comme Yahoo, BlackRock, Vanguard, etc. Elles ont également des membres non chinois à leur conseil d’administration. Les champions de l’Internet en Chine sont les rejetons adultérins de l’État chinois et de la finance américaine. Comme l’a souligné naguère un porte-parole du ministère de l’In- dustrie et de l’Information, les entreprises de l’Internet chinois doivent leurs succès à « l’environnement favorable » créé par le gouvernement chinois, ce qui a empêché que la Chine ne devienne « le royaume de NOVEMBRE 2020 NOVEMBRE 2020 35 le siècle de la chine Google China, Yahoo China and Facebook China », selon les termes du tabloïd nationaliste Global Times. Créées après et, à l’origine, d’après les Gafam, les entreprises Internet chinoises se sont développées et ont établi des positions dominantes en Chine à l’abri de la « muraille dorée » édifiée autour de l’Internet chinois par les autorités dès la fin des années quatre-vingt-dix et constamment consolidée et complexifiée depuis. Au nom de la souveraineté cybernétique, une douzaine d’agences gouver- nementales chinoises déploient des logiciels sophistiqués pour nettoyer, détourner ou bloquer les contenus et les sites censurés. Les entreprises de télécommunications chinoises, notamment China Telecom, China Unicom et China Mobile, sont appelées à mettre en œuvre et à faire appliquer les mesures de censure de l’État, comme Baidu, Alibaba et Tencent, les principales plateformes Internet chinoises. Contrôlant une grande partie du contenu autorisé en Chine, ces entreprises main- tiennent des filtres stricts – se censurant elles-mêmes et leurs utilisateurs – pour se conformer aux exigences gouvernementales. Les émules chinoises des Gafam ont pu à loisir étudier (souvent aux États-Unis mêmes), copier, s’approprier, adapter, améliorer, selon le modèle d’innovation incrémentale qui reste dominant en Chine,
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