Abbas, Shemeem Burney, 177 , 177N39 , 179N44 Abrogated

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41691-7 — Blasphemy and Freedom of Expression Edited by Jeroen Temperman , András Koltay Index More Information

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I N D E X

Abbas, Shemeem Burney, 177 , 177n39 , Afghanistan, blasphemy laws in, 575 179n44 African Union, 675 – 76 Abrogated blasphemy laws Ahern, Dermot, 466 – 67 overview, 4 , 18 – 19 Ahmed, Asad Ali, 176 – 77 , Netherlands. (See Netherlands) 177n38 , 188 N o r w a y . ( See Norway) A i k e n h e a d , h omas, 141n30 United Kingdom. ( See U n i t e d Akram, Zamir, 664 , 669 Kingdom) Alekhina, Mariya Vladimirovna, 295 , Accelerants 296n5 overview, 709 Ali, Ayaan Hirsi, 171 , 628 dei ned, 708 Alivizatos, Nicos, 406 , 407 – 8 speaker ai nity groups as, 710 al Qaeda, 1 , 73 – 74 , 650 – 51 speakers as, 709 – 10 America Alone (Steyn), 484 , 490n30 , victim ai nity groups as, 710 – 11 499 victims as, 711 Amnesty International, 512 – 13 Accidental blasphemy, 168 , 186 Amor, Abdelfattah, 649 Achterbusch, Herbert, 360 Amos, Tori, 194 Active blasphemy laws Andorra, blasphemy laws in, 155n105 overview, 15 – 16 Androulakis, Mimis, 395 – 96 , 403 Finland. ( See Finland) Antinous, 579n10 G e r m a n y . ( See Germany) Anti- Semitism G r e e c e . ( See Greece) in Canada, 482 – 84 I t a l y . ( See Italy) in Finland, 330 P o l a n d . ( See Poland) in France, 69 Actus reus of blasphemy, 122 – 23 , 205 , in Norway, 570 – 71 468 – 69 “Apocalypse” (art work), 284 – 85 Adams, John, 104 Apostasy, 141 – 42 A i nity groups Aquinas, h omas, 580n12 , 582n23 speaker ai nity groups Arab League, 675 – 76 as accelerants, 710 Argentina as audience, 705 – 6 National Institute Against as decelerants, 712 Discrimination, Xenophobia victim ai nity groups and Racism, 672 as accelerants, 710 – 11 16/ 18 process in, 659 , 672 , 676 as audience, 705 – 6 Årsheim, Helge, 19 as decelerants, 713 Arthur, George, 513

719

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41691-7 — Blasphemy and Freedom of Expression Edited by Jeroen Temperman , András Koltay Index More Information

720

720 Index

Artistic expression Human Rights Committee General generally, 263n16 Comment 34 and, 524 in Charlie Hebdo, 355 ICCPR and, 524 , 526 – 27 in ECtHR, 269 – 72 , 279 – 81 insult and ridicule, protection gratuitous of ence and, 272 – 73 against, 532 – 33 in Greece, 394 – 401 Law Reform Commission, 525 – 26 j u s t i i ed blasphemy and, 423 – 24 Model Criminal Code, 520 Otto-Preminger- Institut v. Austria, National Gallery of Victoria, 510 – 11 269 – 72 National Human Rights in Poland, 423 – 27 Consultation, 526 – 27 political speech versus, 279 – 81 New South Wales Asad, Talal, 392n6 Blasphemous and Seditious Libels Ashraf, Sana, 172n18 Act 1827, 513 Atheist Union of Greece, 403 blasphemy laws in, 512 , 514 Atkinson, Rowan, 613 Crimes Act 1900, 514 , 519 Audience Defamation Act 1974, 514 overview, 702 – 3 hate speech laws in, 530 – 31 captive audience problem, 687 , Imperial Acts Application Act 687n25 , 687n28 1969, 514 i ghting words and, 703 – 4 insult and ridicule, protection incitement to hatred laws and, 704 – 5 against, 528 speaker ai nity groups as, 705 – 6 (See Law Reform Commission, 526 also Speaker ai nity groups) Religious Opinions Act 1871 speaker- audience- victim analysis, (proposed), 522 701 – 2 Norfolk Island, blasphemy laws in, 514 victim ai nity groups as, 705 – 6 Northern Territory, blasphemy laws (See also Victim ai nity groups) in, 517 Augustine of Hippo (Saint), 171 , 580n12 Queensland Australia blasphemy laws in, 516 – 17 Australian Capital Territory insult and ridicule, protection blasphemy laws in, 517 – 18 against, 527 Law Reform (Abolition & Objectionable Literature Act Repeals) Act 1996, 517 – 18 1954, 518 blasphemy laws in Rationalist Society, 523 g e n e r a l l y , 4 sacrilege laws in, 520n40 overview, 18 , 510 – 12 , 532 – 33 South Australia challenges posed by, 527 – 32 blasphemy laws in, 514 , 517 historical background, 513 – 14 Classii cation of h eatrical reform proposals, 521 – 27 Performances Act 1978, 517 Broadcasting Act 1942, 521 Criminal Law and Penal Methods Commission on Human Reform Committee, 525 Rights, 526 – 27 insult and ridicule, protection Constitution, 524 – 25 against, 528 Criminal Code Act 1995, 514 T a s m a n i a dei nition of blasphemy in, 519 blasphemy laws in, 513 , 519 hate speech laws in, 527 – 28 , 530 – 31 Criminal Code Act 1924, 515 – 16 Human Rights and insult and ridicule, protection Equal Opportunity against, 527 Commission, 526 – 27 Police Of ences Act 1935, 516

721

Index 721

V i c t o r i a Binderup, Lars Grassmé, 16 – 17 blasphemy laws in, 514 Black, Hugo, 108 Crimes Act 1958, 515 Blackstone, William, 201 – 2 , 227 insult and ridicule, protection Blair, Tony, 129n81 against, 527 B l a s p h e m y . See specii c topic Racial and Religious Tolerance Blasphemy: How the Religious Right Act 2001, 527 – 28 , 529 – 30 , is Hijacking Our Declaration 529n85 , 531 – 32 , 531n94 of Independence (Dershowitz), Western Australia 103 – 4 blasphemy laws in, 517 Blasphemy laws. See specii c topic insult and ridicule, protection Blunkett, David, 128 , 601 – 2 against, 528 Boko Haram, 73 – 74 Jetties Regulations 1940, 518 Bolkestein, Frits, 628 Austria Bonner, Hypatia Bradlaugh, 586n34 blasphemy laws in, 96 – 97 , 118 – 19 , Book of Common Prayer, 121 173 – 74 , 181 Bouyeri, Mohammed, 628 – 29 Copyright Act, 285 Bradlaugh, Charles, 586 , 586n34 in ECtHR, 97 Brandeis, Louis, 296n8 Freedom Party, 284 – 85 , 285n108 Breivik, Anders, 497 , 498 – 99 , 671 16/ 18 process in, 676 British Broadcasting Corporation Avebury, Lord, 130 , 601 – 2 (BBC), 95 , 123 – 24 , 126 , Äystö, Tuomas, 15 126n61 , 163n145 , 600 , 695n58 Burke, Edmund, 498 Bakewell, Joan, 126n61 Bury, J.B., 190n91 Bangstad, Sindre, 564 Bush, George H.W., 107 Ban Ki-Moon, 174 – 75 Bush, George W., 107 Barelwis sect, 176 – 77 , 188 Barendt, Eric, 614 de Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Regis, 33 de la Barre, Chevalier, 29 Cameron, David, 92 Baudelaire, Charles, 35n30 C a n a d a Baumgartner, Christoph, 170 Alberta Human Rights Code, 482 , 484 Bazian, Hatem, 160 anti- Semitism in, 482 – 84 Beard, Mary, 579n10 blasphemy laws in Behemoth (band), 425 – 26 g e n e r a l l y , 4 Benedict XVI (Pope), 89 , 350 , 367 overview, 17 – 18 , 480 – 81 , 508 – 9 Benesch, Susan, 702 minority religions and, 481 Berger, Peter, 170 – 71 British Columbia Human Rights Bhatti, Shahbaz, 653 , 671 Code, 482 , 484 , 495 Bhutto, Benazir, 178 Canada Human Rights Act, 482 , Bible 482n9 , 483 , 484 Denmark, desecration in, 444 , 445 – 46 Charter of Rights and Freedoms, P o l a n d 482 – 83 blasphemy in, 96 – 97 Criminal Code desecration in, 425 – 26 blasphemy under, 480 – 81 , 480n1 as religious object, 414 – 15 hate speech under, 481 – 82 , 482n8 , as source of blasphemy laws, 199 – 200 483 , 485 United Kingdom, blasphemy in, 204 , hate speech laws in 227 – 28 , 519 , 577 overview, 481 – 82 Bielefeldt, Heiner, 439 – 41 challenges of, 485 – 87

722

722 Index

Canada (cont.) Islam versus Christianity and Islam and, 484 – 85 , 489 – 91 Judaism in, 341 – 42 Mark Steyn case, 495 – 99 Italy religion as target of hate speech blasphemy laws and, 353 – 56 laws, 482 – 85 defamation of religion laws Holocaust denial in, 483 and, 354 Human Rights Tribunal, 483 Muhammad, depictions of incitement to hatred laws in, 481 – 82 generally, 56 , 159n127 insult and ridicule, protection as artistic expression, 355 against, 499 – 501 as blasphemy, 57 – 58 , 341 – 42 Inter- faith Bridging Programme, 676 ECtHR jurisprudence and, 286 – 87 New Brunswick Human Rights Italian blasphemy laws Code, 483 – 84 and, 353 – 56 Northwest Territories Human Rights Norwegian blasphemy laws Code, 482 and, 573 – 74 religious membership, attribution of refusal of other media to publish belief and, 487 – 89 cartoons, 250 Saskatchewan Human Rights Code, terrorism, linking Islam to, 58 482 , 483 terrorist attack against (See Charlie 16/ 18 process in, 659 , 663 , 673 , 676 Hebdo attack (2015)) Western Guard Party, 483 xenophobic cartoons in, 55 , 58 – 59 Captive audience problem, 687 , Charlie Hebdo attack (2015) 687n25 , 687n28 generally, 1 – 2 , 53 , 139 , 432 , 455 , 645 , Carey, Lord, 162 , 617 – 18 702 Carr, Bob, 528 overview, 12 CERD. See Committee on the blasphemy as cause of, 147 – 49 , 223 Elimination of All Forms of Committee of Ministers and, 225 Racial Discrimination (CERD) freedom of expression and, 81 – 82 Chait, Jonathan, 252 , 253 German blasphemy laws and, 358 Charbonnier, Stéphane, 1 insult and ridicule as cause of, 194 Charles I (England), 201 Norwegian blasphemy laws and, 19 Charles VII (France), 27 Parliamentary Assembly and, 225 Charleston shooting (2015), 709 – 11 , public order and, 249 709n21 , 710n22 , 714n35 , 16/ 18 process and, 20 , 667 715 – 16 workplace, ef ect on, 697 – 98 Charlie Hebdo (French magazine) Chassan, Joseph Pierre, 37 generally, 359 – 60 Chatelain, R.T., 37 artistic expression in, 355 Chikh, Slimane, 664 blasphemy case against, 46 – 48 Chile British blasphemy laws and, 617 blasphemy laws in, 559 , 559n27 chilling ef ect on, 360 O i cina Nacional de Asuntos Danish Cartoon Controversy Religiosos, 672 compared, 355 – 56 16/ 18 process in, 659 , 672 Dutch blasphemy laws and, 638 – 39 Chilling ef ect freedom of expression and, 251 of blasphemy laws Greek blasphemy laws and, 408 – 9 in Ireland, 456 hate speech in, 248 in Pakistan, 175n28 immoral cartoons in, 55 , 58 – 59 in Poland, 427 – 28

723

Index 723

o n Charlie Hebdo, 360 Clinton, Hillary, 91 , 174 , 214 – 15 , 657 Danish Cartoon Controversy and, 452 Coke, Lord, 587 , 588n42 freedom of expression, chilling ef ect Coleman, Peter, 512 , 524 of terrorism on, 360 Coleridge, Lord, 203 – 4 , 589 China, censorship in, 221 Commission on Human Rights Christian V (Norway), 555 – 56 (UNCHR) Christianity generally, 649 B i b l e . ( See Poland) blasphemy laws and, 144 – 45 blasphemy in, 140 – 41 , 199 – 200 Declaration on Religious Charlie Hebdo, Islam versus Intolerance and Discrimination Christianity and Judaism and, 648 – 49 in, 341 – 42 Defamation of Religion Resolutions, discrimination against, 225 , 226 , 2 – 3 , 57 , 67 – 69 , 115 , 208 – 9 , 358 – 60 650 – 53 European Union, attempts to enshrine historical background, 646 – 47 , 677 Judeo- Christian heritage Otto-Preminger- Institut case, 144 – 45 in, 87 – 88 Sub- Commission on the Prevention hostility toward, 162n141 of Discrimination and secularism versus, 225 – 26 Protection of Minorities, 677 Christodoulos (Archbishop), 396 , 410 Committee on the Elimination of All Christopoulos, Dimitris, 403 , 406 , 407 Forms of Racial Discrimination Christus mit der Gasmaske (art work), 360 (CERD), 403 – 4 , 405 , 570 Church Café (Finnish Internet Committee of Ministers forum), 329 blasphemy laws and, 5 Church of England Charlie Hebdo attack and, 225 generally, 205 , 609 ECHR and, 475 British blasphemy laws limited to, Ireland and, 473 , 475 124 – 26 , 131 , 203 , 597 , 601 – 2 , Communitarianism versus 603 , 608 , 614n114 , 615 individualism, blasphemy laws Church of Ireland, 603 and, 212 – 15 Church of Norway, 560n30 Conscience, freedom of. See F r e e d o m Church of Scientology, 171 , 301n33 of conscience Churches, protection against defamation Constantine (Rome), 579 – 80 as reason for restrictions on Context freedom of expression, 234 – 35 of blasphemy, 302 Cianitto, Cristiana, 16 of blasphemy laws, 217 – 19 City of God (Augustine), 580n12 of expression, 305 – 6 Civility, 501 – 4 Convention on the Rights of Persons Cizik, Richard, 712 with Disabilities, 567 Clashing universalisms, 76 – 81 Convention against Torture, 648 “Clash of civilisations” Conversion blasphemy, 187 – 88 generally, 224 Copenhagen attack (2015), 1 , 358 , 432 , overview, 168 447 , 455 blasphemy laws and, 175 – 78 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 215 – 16 human rights and, 224 – 25 de Cordier, h ierry, 396 – 98 h e Clash of Civilisations Cornils, Matthias, 15 – 16 , 17 (Huntington), 627 Corpus Christi (play), 400 – 1 , 400n33 , Clémenceau, Georges, 38 402 , 404n43 , 406

724

724 Index

Council of Europe protests regarding, 707 – 8 Committee of Ministers refusal of other media to publish blasphemy laws and, 5 cartoons, 250 Charlie Hebdo attack and, 225 self- censorship and, 452 Ireland and, 473 , 475 self- restraint model and, 161 – 62 ECtHR. ( See European Court of 16/ 18 process and, 672 , 675 Human Rights (ECtHR)) workplace, ef ect on, 697 – 98 Parliamentary Assembly. (See Danish PEN (NGO), 432 , 441 – 42 , 447 , Parliamentary Assembly) 453 Venice Commission( See Venice Danish People's Church (Folkekirke), Commission) 448 – 49 , 450 Cox, Neville, 12 , 170 , 179 , 226 , 229 , Dansk Muslimsk Forening, 450 243 – 44 , 460 Darski, Adam “Nergal,” 415n13 , 425 – 26 Cram, Ian, 13 , 287n113 Darwin, Charles, 588 – 89 h e Crisis of Rights (Christopoulos), 409 Das Liebeskonzil (i lm), 269 , 273 Criticism of religion, right of, 375 – 77 Dawkins, Richard, 507 Croatia, blasphemy laws in, 96 – 97 Death penalty for blasphemy, 182 Crucii xes, 351n36 Death to Prison, Freedom to Protest Cruz, Ted, 91 (Pussy Riot song), 310 “Cultural racism,” 492n41 Debate- speech, 287 – 93 Cumper, Peter, 13 – 14 Decelerants Curtis Culwell Center attack (2015), 1 , a t er provocation, 715 – 16 358 dei ned, 708 – 9 Cyprus, blasphemy laws in, 96 – 97 before provocation, 714 Czech Republic, blasphemy laws in, 96 – 97 during provocation, 714 – 15 speaker ai nity groups as, 712 Dacey, Austin, 142 speakers as, 712 Dalloz (publisher), 37 victim ai nity groups as, 713 Danish Cartoon Controversy victims as, 713 generally, 139 , 179n44 , 194 , 223 , 250 , Declaration on Religious Intolerance 286 – 87 , 341 , 359 , 432 , 452 – 53 , and Discrimination, 646 – 49 , 455 , 702 651 , 677 attempts to prosecute regarding, Defamation of religion laws 436 – 37 overview, 207 – 10 Charlie Hebdo compared, 355 – 56 blasphemy laws compared, 150n74 chilling ef ect and, 452 changes in blasphemy laws and, 117 – 20 Copenhagen attack and, 1 in Finland, 322 – 23 , 324 dif erential treatment of Islam and freedom of conscience and, 207 – 8 , Christianity, 162n144 651 – 53 ECtHR and, 146 freedom of expression, protection of in Finland, 327 , 333 , 336 churches against as reason for freedom of expression and, 251 restrictions on, 234 – 35 incitement to hatred laws and, 187 in Germany insult and ridicule, cartoons as, basic principles, 367 – 69 499 – 500 fundamental rights analysis, 373 – 74 lack of prosecution regarding, 173 public order as argument for pro- in Netherlands, 639 hibition of, 370 – 73 in Norway, 562 , 573 hate speech laws compared, 68 – 69

725

Index 725

Human Rights Council and, 115 religious community incitement to hatred laws and, 208 requirement, 443 in Italy religious promulgators and, 438 – overview, 346 – 47 39 , 450 – 51 Charlie Hebdo, depictions of status of of ence and, 434 – 39 Muhammad in, 354 Conservative People's Party, 446 , 451 individuals, 348 – 50 Copenhagen attack (2015), 1 , 358 , religious denominations, 350 – 52 432 , 447 , 455 mens rea in, 349 , 352 Criminal Law Council in Norway, 571 – 73 report, 442 – 45 public morality and, 80n59 generally, 432 , 441 , 451 Special Rapporteur and, 652 – 53 arguments for abolishing blas- Defamation of Religion Resolutions, phemy laws, 442 – 44 2 – 3 , 57 , 67 – 69 , 115 , 208 – 9 , arguments for retaining blas- 650 – 53 phemy laws, 444 – 45 Deference by European Court of Human Danish PEN and, 447 Rights, 143 – 47 , 146n55 , 264 – 66 , political parties, views of, 445 – 47 265n21 , 271 – 72 , 275 – 77 , 288 – religious communities, views 89 , 290 , 420 of, 448 – 51 D e i ning characteristics, religion Danish Cartoon Controversy. (See and, 71 – 72 Danish Cartoon Controversy) D e i nitions Danish PEN (NGO), 432 , 441 – 42 , blasphemy, 57 , 140 – 42 , 198 – 99 , 447 , 453 203 – 4 , 227 – 28 , 459 – 60 , 519 , Danish People's Party, 441 – 42 , 447 , 577 – 78 451 religion, 207 freedom of expression in, 442 – 43 Deliberative democracy, 213 hate speech laws in, 434 , 444 , 452 , Denmark 454 abolition, 432 Institute for Human Rights, 432 , 439 , Alien's Act, 17 , 432 , 438 – 39 441 blasphemy laws in insult and ridicule, protection generally, 4 , 97 , 173 – 74 , 181 against, 433 – 34 , 444 – 45 , 452 overview, 16 – 17 , 431 – 32 , 451 – 55 Jesus, depictions of, 435 – 36 arguments for abolishing, 442 – 44 Jews in, 449 – 50 , 453 arguments for retaining, 444 – 45 Liberal Alliance, 441 – 42 , 446 – 47 conformity with other Ministry of Justice, 435 – 36 , 448 countries, 443 multiculturalism in, 443 dormant nature of, 434 – 39 Penal Code of 1866, 433 freedom of expression versus, 442 – 43 Penal Code of 1933 historical background, 433 Article 140 generally, 431 – 32 minority religions, ef ect on, 453 , Article 266b, 434 , 444 , 452 , 454 454 Criminal Law Council report narrow construction of, 444 and, 442 – 45 as outdated, 442 dormant nature of, 434 – 39 prosecutions under, 434 – 37 , 444 historical background, 433 public order and, 433 , 444 , 445 , Institute for Human Rights 453 – 55 and, 441 rarity of use, 173 political parties, views of, 445 – 47

726

726 Index

Denmark (cont.) Douglas, William O., 108 recent developments, 441 – 42 Douthat, Ross, 226 religious communities, views Dupin, André, 39 of, 448 – 51 Dutch Association against Cursing, 626 Special Rapporteur and, 440 Dworkin, Ronald, 152 , 188 , 246 – 47 , 250 Quran, desecration of, 453 – 54 Red- Green Alliance, 446 East India Company, 587 – 88 religious sensitivities, protection of, Ecclesiastical courts in England, 200 – 1 , 433 – 34 , 452 584 – 86 Roman Catholicism in, 449 ECHR. See European Convention on 16/ 18 process in, 670 – 71 , 672 , 676 Human Rights (ECHR) Social Democratic Party, 445 – 46 , ECtHR. See European Court of Human 451 Rights (ECtHR) Socialist People's Party, 446 Edmund- Davies, Lord, 205 Social- Liberal Party, 446 Edward VI (England), 121 Special Rapporteur and, 17 , 432 , Eliot, T.S., 210 , 221 – 22 439 – 41 , 453 Elizabeth I (England), 582n23 Venice Commission and, 443 Ellis, Anthony, 229 Venstre Party, 446 Emanuel American Methodist “Your Faith—My Faith,” 676 Episcopal Church (Charleston) Denning, Lord, 166 , 600 shooting (2015), 709 – 11 , Dershowitz, Alan, 103 – 4 709n21 , 710n22 , 714n35 , Dialogue (Dutch magazine), 625 715 – 16 Dignity Employment, religious rights and. ( See freedom of expression and, 286n109 Workplace, religious rights in) hate speech laws and, 246 – 47 End Blasphemy Laws Now religious sensitivities, protection campaign, 403 – 5 of, 255 E n g l a n d . See United Kingdom Dimitras, Panayote, 404 – 5 , 404n45 , 406 English Reformation, 121 – 22 , 201 , 582 Discourses on Livy (Machiavelli), 109 – 12 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 358 Disruption of religious proceedings Ergüven, Abdullah Riza, 300 – 1 in Finland, 322 – 23 Esposito, John L., 715 in Italy, 352 – 53 European Commission on Human in Poland, 415 – 16 Rights Doe, Norman, 117 , 119 , 601 , 602 , 603 , generally, 421n36 604 , 605 , 606 – 7 Ireland and, 460 – 61 Donahoe, Eileen, 658 Otto-Preminger- Institut v. Austria, Donatist Schism, 579 – 80 270n40 Dormant blasphemy laws Poland and, 420 , 426 overview, 4 , 16 – 18 European Convention on Human Australia. ( See Australia) Rights (ECHR) Canada. ( See Canada) actus reus of blasphemy and, 468 Denmark. ( See Denmark) ambivalence regarding blasphemy I r e l a n d . ( See Ireland) laws, 97 United States. ( See United States) Article 7, 603 , 616 Double standards regarding blasphemy Article 8, 286 laws, 2 – 4 Article 9 Douglas, Lawrence, 243 generally, 426 , 578n7

727

Index 727

balancing with Article 10, 151 – 52 , public manifestation of religious 235 – 36 , 272 , 286 – 87 , 473 – 75 , belief under, 89n8 598 – 99 , 600 restrictions on speech under, 54 – 55 , blasphemy under, 603 60 – 61 , 62 – 63 , 77 , 80 freedom of conscience and, 413 – 14 , resurrection of blasphemy laws 460 – 61 , 683 – 84 , 685 – 86 and, 151 – 52 gratuitous of ence and, 273 right to blasphemy in, 114 , 133 insult and ridicule, protection United Kingdom and, 609 against, 143 – 44 , 271 incorporation in, 597 political speech versus artistic workplace, applicability to, 686 – 88 , expression, 279 – 81 687n24 private of ence under, 146 European Court of Human Rights public life, religion in, 234 (ECtHR) Article 10 g e n e r a l l y , 4 – 6 generally, 282 , 283 , 288 , 416 , 459 , overview, 15 , 259 – 60 , 293 605 actus reus of blasphemy and, 468 balancing with Article 9, 151 – 52 , artistic expression in, 269 – 72 , 279 – 81 235 – 36 , 272 , 286 – 87 , 473 – 75 , assimilationism in, 112 – 13 598 – 99 , 600 Austria in, 97 France and, 42 blasphemy laws and freedom of expression under, generally, 416 – 17 260 – 65 , 267 – 68 , 565 – 66 , 683 – overview, 143 – 47 , 296 – 300 , 84 , 685 – 86 591 – 93 gratuitous of ence and, 274 – 75 divisions regarding, 300 Halla- aho case and, 332 l aws in reasoning regarding, 297 insult and ridicule, protection shit in jurisprudence of, 281 , against, 97 , 143 – 44 286 – 87 , 303 – 4 Otto-Preminger- Institut v. Austria, toleration of, 296 – 97 , 298 270 – 71 Choudhury v. United Kingdom, 591 , 684 political speech versus artistic Danish Cartoon Controversy and, 146 expression, 279 – 81 “deep end of pool” metaphor, religious sensitivities, protection 266n22 , 269 of, 476 , 605 deference by, 143 – 47 , 146n55 , 264 – satire and, 284 – 86 66 , 265n21 , 271 – 72 , 275 – 77 , shit in jurisprudence under, 145 288 – 89 , 290 , 420 blasphemy laws and, 603 – 4 , 616 France in, 42 – 43 , 45 – 48 , 49 Committee of Ministers and, 475 freedom of conscience in, 235 – 36 freedom of conscience in, 235 – 36 freedom of expression in, 265 – 66 freedom of expression in, 260 – 65 , Gay News v. United Kingdom, 598 – 99 267 – 68 , 565 – 66 , 683 – 84 , Giniewski v. France, 281 – 82 685 – 86 gratuitous of ence, 271 , 272 – 75 , immoral speech and, 54 – 55 , 60 – 61 , 312 – 13 , 504 62 – 63 , 77 , 80 Handyside v. United Kingdom, 262 – 65 insult and ridicule under, 363 , 683 hate speech laws in, 68 – 69 , 245 jurisdiction, 146 Holocaust denial in, 243n44 Muslim clothing under, 292n132 Human Rights Committee negative obligations under, 288n115 compared, 55n4 positive obligations under, 288n115 İ.A. v. Turkey, 276 – 77 , 300 – 3

728

728 Index

European Court of Human Rights Judeo- Christian heritage, attempts to (ECtHR) (cont.) enshrine in, 87 – 88 immoral speech in, 62 – 63 16/ 18 process and, 675 – 76 insult and ridicule, protection Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, against, 270 – 71 , 683 – 84 320 – 21 , 324 Ireland in, 98 , 473 – 75 Evatt, Clive, 523 Jersild v. Denmark, 267 – 68 Expression, freedom of. (See F r e e d o m Klein v. Slovakia, 283 – 84 , 303 of expression) level of scrutiny in, 278 – 79 Lingens v. Austria, 266 – 67 Facebook margin of appreciation, 264 – 69 , Greece, blasphemous posts in, 265n21 , 271 – 72 , 275 – 77 , 288 – 399 – 400 89 , 290 , 420 Muhammad, of ensive statements Mouvement Raeliën Suisse v. regarding on, 328 – 29 Switzerland, 288 – 93 Family Guy (television program), 186 Muslim clothing in, 292n132 Farinacius, Prosper, 553 Netherlands in, 636 Feinberg, Joel, 59n15 , 60 , 278n77 , 686 Norway in, 565 – 66 Fenwick, Helen, 280n83 o f ensive speech in, 238 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 391 – 92 Otto-Preminger- Institut v. Austria, Fielding, Henry, 124 – 25 42 – 43 , 144 , 173 , 269 – 72 , 312 , Field of Dreams (i lm), 189 683 – 84 h e Fit een Plagues of Maidenhead political speech (Read), 585 artistic expression versus, 279 – 81 Fighting words, 185n70 , 546 – 49 , 703 – 4 blasphemy versus, 304 – 11 Finland “Pussy Riot” case. ( See “Pussy Riot” anti- Semitism in, 330 case) blasphemy laws in reform models in, 165 generally, 4 , 97 , 411n1 religious sensitivities, protection of, overview, 15 , 317 – 18 , 337 – 38 270 – 71 , 380 attempts to abolish, 337 , 337n73 right to blasphemy in, 114 convictions under, 326 – 30 “rule of law” test, 416 , 416n15 discussion of, 333 – 36 “shallow end of pool” metaphor, historical background, 318 – 22 265 – 69 , 266n22 legal analysis of, 322 – 26 TV Vest AS & Rogaland Pensjonistparti Netherlands compared, 338n76 v. Norway, 565 – 66 religious community requirement, United Kingdom in, 19 , 97 – 98 , 324 – 26 126 – 27 , 461 , 591 – 93 , 598 – 99 , secularism and, 334 604 – 6 , 609 , 616 societal context, 318 – 22 Vereinigung Bildener Künstler v. uniqueness of religion and, 334 – 35 Austria, 284 – 86 Constitution, 319 , 321 Wingrove v. United Kingdom, 275 – 76 , Constitutional Law Committee, 323 599 – 600 , 604 – 5 Criminal Code, 317 , 318 , 318n3 , European Humanist Federation, 404 , 319 , 334 – 35 , 338 404n43 Danish Cartoon Controversy in, 327 , European UnionSee also specii c country 333 , 336 blasphemy laws in, 3 , 96 – 99 defamation of religion laws in, Charter of Fundamental Rights, 88 322 – 23 , 324

729

Index 729

disruption of religious proceedings in Alsace-Moselle, 50 – 52 in, 322 – 23 , 324 general principles of contemporary Freedom of Religion Act, 319 , 321 – law, 41 – 49 22 , 324 – 26 Pietists and, 35 – 36 “immigration criticism,” 322 pre- Revolution, 26 – 29 incitement to hatred laws in, 326 Revolution to h ird Republic, independence of, 319 30 – 38 insult and ridicule, protection h ird Republic, 38 – 40 against, 323 Charlie Hebdo. ( See Charlie Hebdo Jesus, depictions of, 327 – 28 (French magazine)) Legal Af airs Committee, 323 Civil Code, 41 mosques, vandalism of, 329 – 30 Civil Constitution of the Clergy Muhammad, depictions of, 327 , 328 (1790), 30 multiculturalism in, 321 Constitution, 39 , 50 – 51 Muslims in, 320 – 21 Constitutional Charter of 1814, 34 Parliamentary Assembly and, 332 – 33 Criminal Code of 1791, 30 Patent and Registration Oi ce, 325 Criminal Code of 1810, 31 – 34 Perussoumalaiset Party, 322 , 322n18 , Déclaration des droits de l’homme 330 (1789), 25 , 41 Suomen Sisu (political organisation), in ECtHR, 42 – 43 , 45 – 48 , 49 322 , 330 German Criminal Code, applicability Suomen Vastarintaliike (political in Alsace-Moselle, 50 – 52 organisation), 322 Marchandeau decree, 40 Vapaa- Ajattelijatry (association), Paris attacks (2015), 68 , 645 327 – 28 Pleven Act, 40 Finnish Orthodox Church, 324 Francis (Pope), 11 , 194 – 95 Fitna (i lm), 632 – 33 Frankfurt, Harry, 170 Flaubert, Gustave, 35n30 Frankfurter, Felix, 107 – 8 Fletcher, Robin, 532 Frederickson, George M., 492 Fokas, Ei e, 16 Frederiksen, Mette, 445 – 46 Forman, Miloš, 303 Freedom of conscience For the Freedom of Art (Takis), 406 blasphemy laws versus, 616 Fortser, William, 522 defamation of religion laws and, Fortuyn, Pim, 628 207 – 8 , 651 – 53 Forum externum, 305 , 312 in ECHR, 235 – 36 Forum internum, 305 , 312 , 335 Article 9, 413 – 14 , 460 – 61 , 683 – 84 , Fox, Jonathan, 99 685 – 86 Fragmentation of international law, 4 – 9 in ECtHR, 235 – 36 France freedom of expression, protection as Act of 22 July 1791, 30 – 31 reason for restrictions on, 235 – 37 Act of 17 May 1819, 34 – 36 , 35n30 Human Rights Committee and, 77 – 78 Act of 25 March 1822, 36 – 37 ICCPR and, 208 , 413 – 14 Act of 29 July 1881, 38 – 40 , 41 – 42 , intellectual liberty and, 215 – 17 46 , 51 – 52 in Ireland, 464 Act of 9 December 1905, 40 , 50 , 51 in Poland, 413 – 14 , 413n8 anti- Semitism in, 69 public morality and, 77 – 79 blasphemy laws in religious sensitivities, protection of, overview, 12 , 25 , 52 151n86

730

730 Index

Freedom of expression churches, protection against artistic expression (See Artistic defamation as reason for, 234 – 35 expression) freedom of conscience, protection blasphemy laws versus, 168 , 616 as reason for, 235 – 37 Charlie Hebdo attack and, 81 – 82 hate speech laws, 245 – 48 , 255 chilling ef ect of terrorism on, 360 Holocaust denial, 63 – 64 , 242 – 45 criminalisation of speech, 207 – 8 , o f ensive speech, 237 – 42 209 public order, protection as reason criticism of religion, right of, 375 – 77 for, 248 – 49 , 255 Danish Cartoon Controversy and, 251 religious sensitivities, protection debate- speech, 287 – 93 as reason for, 237 – 45 democracy and, 262 – 63 , 263n13 , rights versus responsibilities, 249 – 53 265 – 69 satire, 284 – 86 in Denmark, 442 – 43 self- restraint model and, 161 – 62 dignity and, 286n109 societal progress and, 263 in ECHR, 260 – 65 , 267 – 68 , 565 – 66 , in United Kingdom, 612 – 15 683 – 84 , 685 – 86 in United States, 545 – 49 in ECtHR, 265 – 69 viewpoint- based restrictions on, 549 i ghting words, 185n70 , 546 – 49 weight of expression, 262 – 65 in Germany Freethinker (British magazine), 589 criticism of religion, right h e Free h inker (Norwegian of, 375 – 77 magazine), 557 – 58 insult and ridicule, protection Future of blasphemy laws, 19 – 21 against as reason for restrictions on, 381 – 82 Gaenswein, Monsignor, 350 j u s t i i cation for restrictions on, 377 Galileo Galilei, 215– 16 practice of religion, protection as Garcia, Rodrigo, 359 reason for restrictions on, 378 – 79 Garcia Oliva, Javier, 599 , 601 religion- specii c protection, 385 – 87 Gasparri, Alberto, 194 religious sensitivities, protection as Gates, Robert M., 214 – 15 reason for restrictions on, 380 – 81 Gatti, Mauro, 96 – 97 tolerance, protection as reason for Gay News (British magazine), 126n61 , restrictions on, 382 – 85 589 – 90 , 598 – 99 gratuitous of ence and, 271 , 272 – 75 , Gearty, Conor, 265 , 266n22 312 – 13 Geller, Pamela, 1 hate speech laws versus, 497 German Law Association, 362 ICCPR and, 78 , 164n150 , 197 , 206 , 209 Germany individual and, 263 , 287 – 93 Basic Law in Ireland, 458 – 59 , 468 generally, 387 Islam and, 147 – 48 criticism of religion, right of, 375 “marketplace of ideas,” 296n8 fundamental rights in Poland, 416 – 21 analysis, 373 – 74 political speech Holocaust denial under, 63 artistic expression versus, 279 – 81 insult and ridicule, protection blasphemy versus, 304 – 11 against, 362 , 366 , 369 public debate and, 312 – 13 practice of religion, protection as public morality and, 76 – 77 reason for restrictions on restrictions on freedom of expression, 378

731

Index 731

public order and, 363 tolerance, protection as reason for religion- specii c protection, 385 , restrictions on, 382 – 85 386 – 87 German Law Association, 362 restrictions on freedom of hate speech laws in, 379 expression, 377 insult and ridicule, protection blasphemy laws in against, 364 – 67 , 381 – 82 , 411n1 generally, 4 , 15 – 16 , 97 , 173 – 74 , Muhammad, depictions of, 361 181 , 192 – 93 Quran, desecration of, 370 – 71 overview, 387 – 88 religion- specii c protection, 385 – 87 attempts to abolish, 361 – 62 religious sensitivities, protection of, changes in, 117 , 118 , 119 364 – 67 , 380 – 81 Charlie Hebdo attack and, 358 tolerance, protection of, 382 – 85 constitutional legitimacy of, 374 – 75 Ghanea, Nazila, 20 convictions under, 361 h e Ghost (i lm), 360 Holocaust denial compared, 63 – 64 Gil, Guilhem, 12 public order as argument for, 363 Giménez Barbat, María Teresa, 412n5 support for, 363 Godard, J.P., 43 – 44 Criminal Code God has no need of a public attorney: generally, 629 Church, Blasphemy, and Golden blasphemy in, 117 , 358 , 361 , 362 Dawn (HLHR book), 402 – 3 defamation of religion laws in, Golgota Picnic (art work), 359 367 – 69 , 370 , 373 – 74 Goodall, Kay, 604 , 618 insult and ridicule, protection Gorgoroth (Norwegian band), 424 – 25 against, 364 , 367 Gratuitous of ence, 271 , 272 – 75 , 312 – religious sensitivities, protection 13 , 504 of, 364 , 367 Greece restrictions on freedom of artistic expression in, 394 – 401 expression under, 377 Bavarian Code of 1813, 391 – 92 tolerance, protection of, 382 – 83 blasphemy laws in defamation of religion laws in generally, 4 , 97 basic principles, 367 – 69 overview, 16 , 389 – 91 , 408 – 10 fundamental rights attempts to abolish, 401 – 5 analysis, 373 – 74 Charlie Hebdo and, 408 – 9 public order as argument for debate regarding, 406 – 8 prohibition of, 370 – 73 discriminatory application of, 408 freedom of expression in historical background, 391 – 94 criticism of religion, right prosecutions under, 394 – 401 of, 375 – 77 resurfacing of, 391 insult and ridicule, protection uniqueness of religion and, 407 – 8 against as reason for restrictions Constitution, 390 , 398 , 402n37 on, 381 – 82 Criminal Code j u s t i i cation for restrictions on, 377 Article 198, 390 , 403 – 4 practice of religion, protection as Article 199, 390 , 398 , 403 – 4 reason for restrictions on, 378 – 79 Criminal Law of 1834, 391 religion- specii c protection, Facebook, blasphemous posts on, 385 – 87 399 – 400 religious sensitivities, protection as “God's Advocates,” 389 reason for restrictions on, 380 – 81 Golden Dawn Party, 400 – 1

732

732 Index

Greece (cont.) challenges of, 485 – 87 Hellenic League for Human Rights Islam and, 484 – 85 , 489 – 91 (HLHR), 402 – 3 Mark Steyn case, 495 – 99 Human Rights Committee and, religion as target of hate speech 404n42 laws, 482 – 85 insult and ridicule, protection civility versus, 502 – 3 against, 390 , 411n1 conduct as speech, 701n1 Jesus, depictions of, 394 – 401 defamation of religion laws Ministry of Justice, 405 compared, 68 – 69 Ministry of Press and Tourism, 393 in Denmark, 434 , 444 , 452 , 454 “Morality Police Force,” 392 dignity and, 246 – 47 O i ce of the Ombudsman, 402 in ECtHR, 68 – 69 , 245 Organization for the Promotion of freedom of expression versus, 497 Greek Culture, 402 in Germany, 379 self- censorship in, 406 – 7 gratuitous of ence and, 504 Greece (Ancient), blasphemy laws in, 199 history of violence and, 497 – 98 Greek Helsinki Monitor, 404 – 5 , 404n43 ICCPR and, 68 – 69 , 379 Greek Orthodox Church, 408 incitement to hatred laws Greve, Vagn, 454 versus, 247 – 48 G r i i th, Samuel, 516 – 17 misinformation and, 496 Grosz, George, 360 in Netherlands blasphemy versus hate speech, Habermas, Jürgen, 213 636 – 37 , 638 Haderer, Gerhard, 398 – 99 criticism of religion versus, 638 – 40 Hadrian (Rome), 579n10 homosexuality and, 635 Hagen, Carl I., 561 , 562 in Norway Hail Mary (i lm), 43 – 44 overview, 566 – 71 Hajncel, Paweł, 427 anti- Semitism and, 570 – 71 Hale, Lord, 202 – 3 , 581 – 82 , 581n20 , blasphemy versus hate speech, 571 583 , 584 , 586 , 588 , 589 disability and, 567 Halla- aho, Jussi, 322 , 330 – 33 , 334 , 336 homosexuality and, 567 , 569 Hambler, Andrew, 20 Nazis and, 569 – 70 Handyside, Richard, 264 in Poland, 418 Hannaford, John, 530 public debate and, 496 – 97 Harassment in workplace, 688 – 91 religious hate speech, 210 – 12 Hare, Ivan, 19 , 603 – 4 , 607 , 614 restrictions on speech, 245 – 48 , 255 Harries, Richard, 160 16/ 18 process and, 211 Harris, Evan, 608 – 10 in United States, 549 Hate speech laws. ( See also Incitement violence, prevention of, 211 – 12 to hatred laws) Havansi, Erkki, 335 generally, 14 Hayat, Farooq, 181n53 overview, 20 – 21 , 210 – 12 Hayat, Zahra, 177 , 181n52 , 182 , attribution of belief and, 487 – 89 185n68 , 192 – 93 in Australia, 527 – 28 , 530 – 31 Hellenic League for Human Rights beliefs versus groups as targets of (HLHR), 402 – 3 speech, 486 – 87 Henriksson, Anna-Maja, 333 – 34 in Canada Henry, Patrick, 105 overview, 481 – 82 Henry VIII (England), 121 , 582 , 582n23

733

Index 733

Herrenberg, Tom, 174 – 75 , 175n28 incitement to hatred laws and, 705 Herzfeld, Michael, 392n6 Norway and, 564 – 65 Hess, Rudolf, 569 public morality and, 79 , 80 Hill, Mark, 13 , 19 , 603 Human Rights Council Hillgruber, Christian, 363 Declaration on Religious Intolerance Historical background of and Discrimination and, 647 blasphemy laws defamation of religion laws overview, 199 – 200 and, 115 in Australia, 513 – 14 Defamation of Religion Resolutions in Denmark, 433 and, 209 in Finland, 318 – 22 incitement to hatred laws and, 115 in Greece, 391 – 94 Norway and, 565 in Italy, 342 – 44 16/ 18 process. ( See 16/ 18 process) in Netherlands, 620 – 23 Human Rights First, 674 in Norway, 554 – 60 Human Rights Watch, 512 – 13 in Poland, 413 Hungary, blasphemy laws in, 120 in United Kingdom, 94 – 96 , 121 – 27 , Huntington, Samuel, 164n149 , 199 , 200 – 6 , 596 – 601 175n29 , 627 in United States, 535 – 39 Hussain, Abid, 472 Hitchens, Christopher, 507 Al Hussein, Zeid Ra’ad, 645 Hochmann, h omas, 183 Huxley, h omas, 588 – 89 Holder, Cindy, 160 Holdsworth, William S., 588 I C C P R . See International Covenant Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 217 , 250 – 51 , on Civil and Political Rights 296n8 (ICCPR) Holocaust denial Iceland, blasphemy laws in, 153 , 411 – 12 generally, 14 ICERD. See International Convention blasphemy compared, 242 – 45 on the Elimination of All in Canada, 483 Forms of Racial Discrimination in ECtHR, 243n44 (ICERD) in Germany, 63 İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin, 653 , 656 – 57 in Netherlands, 639 Illman, Mika, 331 – 32 restrictions on, 63 – 64 , 242 – 45 Immoral speech. (See also Public Honour killings, 340n4 morality) Howard, Erica, 19 in Charlie Hebdo cartoons, 55 , 58 – 59 Humanist Union of Greece, 403 – 4 community, of ensiveness to, 62 – 67 Human Rights Committee ECHR and, 54 – 55 , 60 – 61 , 62 – 63 , overview, 6 – 7 77 , 80 blasphemy laws and, 76 – 77 , 116 , ICCPR and, 54 – 55 , 60 – 61 , 77 , 79 – 80 132 , 206 , 298 – 99 individuals, of ensiveness to, 59 – 62 ECtHR compared, 55n4 “N” word, 60 , 61 freedom of conscience and, 77 – 78 political correctness and, 60n16 General Comment 34 restrictions on, 55 – 56 , 59 – 67 Australia and, 524 I m m u t a b i l i t y blasphemy laws and, 76 – 77 , 116 , religion and, 69 – 71 132 , 167 , 206 , 298 – 99 religious sensitivities, as argument Ireland and, 471 – 72 , 473 , 477 for protection of, 230 – 32 Greece and, 404n42 Inadvertent blasphemy, 168 , 186

734

734 Index

Incitement to hatred laws. (See also Insult and ridicule, protection against Hate speech laws) overview, 137 – 40 overview, 115 , 704n12 argument for, 99 – 103 arguments against model, 156 – 57 in Australia, 532 – 33 arguments for model, 155 – 56 as basis of blasphemy laws, 682 – 86 audience and, 704 – 5 blasphemy distinguished, 596 blasphemy versus in Canada, 499 – 501 incitement, 615 – 16 Charlie Hebdo attack and, 194 in Canada, 481 – 82 civility and, 501 – 4 Danish Cartoon Controversy Danish Cartoon Controversy and, and, 187 499 – 500 defamation of religion laws and, 208 in Denmark, 433 – 34 , 444 – 45 , 452 in Finland, 326 in ECHR, 363 , 683 hate speech laws versus, 247 – 48 Article 9, 143 – 44 , 271 Human Rights Committee Article 10, 97 , 143 – 44 and, 705 in ECtHR, 270 – 71 , 683 – 84 Human Rights Council and, 115 in Finland, 323 ICCPR and, 197 , 208 , 704 – 5 , 705n15 in Germany, 364 – 67 , 381 – 82 , 411n1 in Ireland, 462 , 468 in Greece, 390 , 411n1 in Italy, 346 , 356 indirect insult, 630 – 32 in Netherlands, 632 – 35 in Ireland, 464 – 66 “Pussy Riot” case and, 305 , 313 – 14 in Italy, 346 – 47 , 354 , 411n1 Rabat Plan of Action and, 115 – 17 , in Netherlands, 630 – 32 115n6 , 155 , 171n13 in Poland, 413 – 14 , 417 – 21 as reform model, 154 – 58 public signii cance of religion religious sensitivities and, 167n3 , and, 507 – 8 172 “Pussy Riot” case and, 305 , 312 16/ 18 process, under, 155 , 657 – 58 , rational criticism versus, 505 – 6 673 – 74 in United Kingdom, 588 – 94 , 596 in United Kingdom, 128 – 31 , 610 – 12 , in United States, 545 – 46 615 – 16 Venice Commission and, 6 Venice Commission and, 155 , Intellectual liberty, blasphemy laws 155n105 and, 215 – 17 India Intent to cause harm, blasphemy laws Penal Code, 172 , 175 – 76 , 182 , 184 – and, 182 – 83 85 , 189 , 190 , 592n62 Inter- American Court of Human religious conl ict in, 172 , 187 – 88 Rights, 559 , 559n27 Individualism versus communi- Inter- faith disputes, 141 tarianism, blasphemy laws International Convention on the and, 212 – 15 Elimination of All Forms Indonesia of Racial Discrimination Ministry of Religious Af airs, 671 – 72 (ICERD), 19 , 354 – 55 , 403 – 4 , 16/ 18 process in, 671 – 72 , 676 526 , 567 , 570 I n e q u a l p o w e r . See Powerlessness International Covenant on Civil and h e Innocence of Muslims (i lm), 174 , Political Rights (ICCPR) 194 , 341 , 359 – 60 , 675 , 707n20 generally, 184 , 578n7 Innocent III (Pope), 580 – 81 overview, 6 – 8 Inquisition, 215 – 16 , 580 abrogated blasphemy laws and, 19

735

Index 735

Australia and, 524 , 526 – 27 Constitutional Convention, 65n30 , blasphemy laws and, 116 , 206 461 , 467 , 470 freedom of conscience and, 208 , Constitution of 1922, 459 , 463 – 64 413 – 14 Constitution of 1937 freedom of expression and, 78 , Article 40.1, 464 164n150 , 197 , 206 , 209 Article 40.6.1, 458 – 59 , 469 , 470 – 71 hate speech laws and, 68 – 69 , 379 Article 44, 460 – 61 , 460n18 , 464 immoral speech and, 54 – 55 , 60 – 61 , blasphemy under, 64 – 65 , 456 – 57 , 77 , 79 – 80 458 – 61 , 603 incitement to hatred laws and, 197 , fundamental rights under, 458 208 , 704 – 5 , 705n15 promulgation of, 458 Ireland and, 477 – 78 unenumerated rights under, 458 Norway and, 564 Constitution Review Group, 459 , restrictions on speech under, 54 – 55 , 461 , 469 – 70 60 – 61 , 77 , 79 – 80 Corway v. Independent Newspapers 16/ 18 process and, 664 – 65 , 666 , (Ireland) Ltd., 603 – 4 667 – 68 , 673 Defamation Act 1961, 462 – 64 , 471 United States and, 197 – 98 Defamation Act 2009 International Crisis Group, 512 – 13 generally, 65n29 , 89 – 90 , 90n14 , International Humanist and Ethical 298 , 456 – 57 , 470 – 71 , 674 Union, 404 overview, 64 – 66 , 464 – 67 Internet, blasphemy laws and, 220 – 21 insult and ridicule, protection Intra- faith disputes, 141 against, 17 , 228 , 464 – 66 Ioakeimidis, Christos, 396 Pakistan compared, 173 I r a n as reform model, 149 – 54 blasphemy laws in, 173 – 74 , 438 Section 36, 464 – 66 censorship in, 221 Section 37, 464 – 66 Ireland Department of Justice and bill to abolish blasphemy ban, 457 Equality, 467 blasphemy laws in Director of Film Classii cation, 461 generally, 4 , 97 , 192 – 93 , 674 in ECtHR, 98 , 473 – 75 overview, 17 , 456 – 57 , 478 – 79 equal treatment of religion in, 460 – 61 , attempts to abolish, 456 – 57 460n18 chilling ef ect of, 456 European Commission on Human Constitutional Convention, Rights and, 460 – 61 criticism by, 470 freedom of conscience in, 464 Constitution and, 458 – 61 freedom of expression in, 458 – 59 , 468 Constitution Review Group, Human Rights Committee General criticism by, 469 – 70 Comment 34 and, 471 – 72 , 473 , dearth of case law regarding, 460 477 freedom of expression ICCPR and, 477 – 78 versus, 468 incitement to hatred laws in, Law Reform Commission, 462, 468 criticism by, 467 – 69 insult and ridicule, protection Pakistan compared, 64 , 173 against, 464 – 66 Censorship of Films Act 1923, 461 Law Reform Commission, 461 , 462 , Committee of Ministers and, 475 , 463 , 464 – 65 , 467 – 69 476 – 77 Law Reform Commission Act 1975, 467

736

736 Index

Ireland (cont.) “Islamophobia” Parliamentary Assembly and, 473 , OIC and, 649 , 650 – 51 475 – 77 self- restraint model and, 160 – 61 , Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred 160n135 Act 1989, 462 , 468 16/ 18 process in, 660 – 62 , 664 , 665 , Rabat Plan of Action and, 473 , 477 – 78 666 religious sensitivities, protection Italy of, 475 – 77 Albertine Statute of 1848, 342 – 43 , Special Rapporteur and, 472 345 Stephen Fry incident, 462 blasphemy laws in Universal Periodic Review and, 472 – 73 generally, 4 , 97 Venice Commission and, 473 , 476 – 77 overview, 16 , 339 – 42 , 356 – 57 Irish Faith Centre, 98 Charlie Hebdo, depictions of Irving, David, 63 Muhammad in, 353 – 56 ISIL. See Islamic State of Iraq and the confessional principle, 343 – 44 Levant (ISIL) crucii xes and, 351n36 Islam decriminalisation of, 346 Barelwis sect, 176 – 77 , 188 historical background, 342 – 44 blasphemy in, 80 – 81 , 140 – 41 , 164n151 in Kingdom of Sardinia, 342 blasphemy laws and, 197 reform of, 346 – 47 Canada, hate speech laws in, 484 – 85 , religious denomination 489 – 91 requirement, 347 Charlie Hebdo, Islam versus secularity principle, 344 Christianity and Judaism Constitution, 343 – 44 , 345 , in, 341 – 42 347 , 357 dei ning characteristics and, 71 – 72 Criminal Code in Denmark, 450 Article 402, 343 , 344 – 46 , 348n23 freedom of expression and, 147 – 48 Article 403, 347 , 348 – 50 , Halla- aho case and, 330 – 32 , 333 353 , 354 immutability and, 69 – 71 Article 404, 347 , 350 – 52 jihad, 74 – 75 Article 405, 347 , 352 – 53 Muslim clothing, 292n132 Article 406, 343 “Muslim Tide” and, 484 , 489 – 91 , Article 409, 353n40 497 , 498 Article 594, 346 – 47 as political ideology, 491 Article 595, 346 – 47 public morality and, 81 , 82 – 83 Article 724, 343 , 344 , 345 – 46 Quran( See Quran) defamation of religion laws in race versus culture, 491 – 92 overview, 346 – 47 secularism versus, 225 – 26 Charlie Hebdo, depictions of sensitivity to blasphemy, 150 – 52 , 334 Muhammad in, 354 shari'a l a w , 7 3– 7 4, 7 5 individuals, 348 – 50 terrorism, linking to, 58 – 59 , 73 – 75 , religious denominations, 350 – 52 491 – 95 disruption of religious proceedings Islamabad Declaration, 676 in, 352 – 53 Islamic Council of Victoria, 531 funerals, disruption of, 353n40 Islamic Defence Council, 561 honour killings in, 340n4 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant incitement to hatred laws in, 346 , (ISIL), 1 , 68 , 73 – 74 , 645 356

737

Index 737

insult and ridicule, protection in Finland, 330 against, 346 – 47 , 354 , 411n1 in France, 69 Lateran Treaty of 1929, 343 , 344 , 345 blasphemy in, 140 – 41 , 199 – 200 multiculturalism in, 339 , 340 – 41 Charlie Hebdo, Islam versus Christianity National Institute for Statistics, 339n1 and Judaism in, 341 – 42 religious factor in culturally motivated in Denmark, 449 – 50 , 453 crimes, 340 European Union, attempts to religious sensitivities, protection of, enshrine Judeo- Christian 346 – 47 , 354 heritage in, 87 – 88 Rocco Criminal Code of 1932, 343 – 44 Julius Caesar (Rome), 579 – 80 unii cation of, 342 Juristikirje (Finnish magazine), 335 Villa Madama Agreements of 1984, 344 J u s t i i ed blasphemy, 423 – 24 Zanardelli Criminal Code of 1889, Jyllands-Posten (Danish newspaper), 342 – 43 , 346 , 516 – 17 58 , 162n144 , 286 – 87 , 359 , 360 , 698n68 . ( See also Danish Jackson, Robert H., 108 Cartoon Controversy) Jaeger, Hans, 557 Jahangir, Asma, 154 , 208 , 652 – 53 Kahn, Robert, 14 , 152n88 , 225 , 250 James I (England), 580n12 Kallinikos (Metropolitan), 396 James II (England), 201 Kamali, Mohammad Hashim, 150 – 51 , Janssen, Esther, 19 157 Jazairi, Idriss, 664 Kant, Immanuel, 191n94 J e f erson, h omas, 104 , 107 Karzai, Hamid, 707n20 Jensen, Siv, 562 Kazantzakis, Nikos, 394 Jeremy, Anthony, 614 Keane, David, 159n127 Jerry Springer: the Opera (play), 95 , Kearns, Paul, 142n38 123 – 24 , 163n145 , 591n55 , 600 , Kekkonen, Urho, 320 606 – 7 , 695n58 Keller, Helen, 216 “Je Suis Charlie,” 1 , 53 , 83 , 148 , 341 , 408 – 9 Khan, Muhammad Asif, 181n53 , 182 , Jesus 185n68 generally, 111 Khomeini, Ruhollah, 561 Denmark, depictions in, 435 – 36 King, Martin Luther Jr., 594n67 , Finland, depictions in, 327 – 28 716 – 17 Greece, depictions in, 394 – 401 King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz hate speech regarding, 245 International Centre for o f ensive depictions of, 162n144 , Inter-religious and 237 , 252 Inter- cultural Dialogues, 676 workplace, blasphemy in, 692 – 94 Kirill (Patriarch), 308 , 312 Je vous salue, Marie (i lm), 519 Kirkup, James, 685n14 Jihad, 74 – 75 Klinsmann, Jürgen, 367 John (England), 580 – 81 Knechtle, John C., 14 John Paul II (Pope), 281 Koch, Henning, 454 Jones, Terry, 214 – 15 , 706 – 7 , 707n20 , Koestler, Arthur, 330n52 712 – 13 , 715 Koltay, András, 14 – 15 Jones, William Lorando, 512 , 521 – 22 Koskinen, Harro, 319 , 320 , 327 , 338 Judaism Kostaras, Alexandros, 389 anti- Semitism Kozak, Michael G., 665 , 666 in Canada, 482 – 84 Kropotkin Vodka (Pussy Riot song), 309

738

738 Index

Kulesza, Jan, 16 Maclean's (Canadian magazine), 484 Kulesza, Joanna, 16 Madison, James, 98 , 105 , 107 Madonna, 194 , 426 , 626 LaBute, Neil, 360 Mahmood, Saba, 148n70 Laclau, Ernesto, 402 Malaysia, 16/ 18 process in, 673 Lady Gaga, 194 Malta, blasphemy laws in, 96 – 97 LaNauze, John A., 525 Mandela, Nelson, 716 – 17 Langer, Lorenz, 152n91 M a n s i eld, Lord, 578n7 , 588n42 Lassen, Eva Maria, 16 – 17 h e Many Faces of Jesus (i lm), 126 h e Last Days of the Romanovs Margin of appreciation in European (Wilton), 330 Court of Human Rights, 143 – 47 , h e Last Temptation of Christ (i lm), 44 , 146n55 , 264 – 66 , 265n21 , 394 – 96 , 403 , 559 271 – 72 , 275 – 77 , 288 – 89 , 290 , Laws, John, 578n7 , 593 420 League of Defence Against Sects, 425 Maria Syndrome (play), 359 , 374 Legate, Bartholomew, 580n12 “Marketplace of ideas,” 296n8 Leigh, Ian, 596 Márquez, Gabriel García, 457 Lennon, Ann (Annie), 523 Massacre (Siné), 126 Lester, Anthony, 604 McConnell, James, 153 – 54 Lester, Lord, 613 – 14 McCrea, Ronan, 87 Levy, Leonard, 143 McGonagle, Tarlach, 17 Lewis, Tom, 15 , 312 – 13 McKellen, Ian, 699n70 “Liberalism of fear,” 168 , 179 – 85 McNally, Terrence, 400 – 1 “ h e Liberalism of Fear” (Shklar), 168 Meischberger, Walter, 284 – 85 , 286 h e Life of Jesus (Haderer), 398 – 99 “ h e Memorial and Remonstrance Likelihood of harm from blasphemy, against Religious Assessments” 302 , 305 (Madison), 105 Limon, Marc, 20 Mens rea Lintula, Oula- Antti, 337 of blasphemy, 125 – 26 , 205 , Lisbon Treaty, 87 206 , 466 Lithuania, blasphemy laws in, 96 – 97 of defamation of religion, 349 , 352 Little Red School Book, 264 Metaxas, Ioannis, 393 Locke, John, 498 , 587 Mexico Loizos, Phillipos, 399 – 400 , 402 – 5 , 406 General Directorate for Religious Louis IX (France), 26 Associations, 672 Louis XII (France), 27 Interfaith Councils, 676 Louis XIV (France), 28 National Council to Prevent “ h e Love Af airs of Jesus Christ” (i lm Discrimination, 672 manuscript), 435 16/ 18 process in, 672 , 676 “ h e Love h at Dares to Speak its Michel, Albert Edward, 516 Name” (Kirkup), 126 , 126n62 , Midsummer Night’s Dance 589 – 90 , 598 – 99 , 685 , 685n14 , (Salama), 319 699n70 Mill, John Stuart, 61 , 61n18 , 231 – 32 , 263 Lucius III (Pope), 580 Milton, John, 505 Luther, Martin, 218 Models of reform overview, 163 – 66 Macaulay, Lord, 175 – 76 , 189 , 190 incitement to hatred, 154 – 58 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 13 , 109 – 12 resurrection of blasphemy laws, 149 – 54 Machina (Polish magazine), 426 self- restraint, 158 – 63

739

Index 739

Mohammed Gets a Boner (play), 360 National Coalition Against Møller, Per Stig, 454 Censorship, 402 de Montesquieu, Baron, 541 , 541n54 National Gallery of Monty Python's Flying Circus (television Victoria, 510 – 11 program), 186 , 186n73 , 188 National Secular Society, 126n62 , Monty Python's Life of Brian (i lm), 699n70 126 , 186 , 186n73 , 558 – 59 , 626 Nayler, James, 576n2 Moon, Richard, 17 – 18 Nearer to h ee (Reve), 625 Moral objections to blasphemy Necessity test for blasphemy laws, 179 – 80 laws, 421 – 23 Mortensen, Reid, 529 Netherlands M o u f e, Chantal, 402 blasphemy laws in M to the power of N (Androulakis), generally, 3n5 , 4 395 – 96 , 403 overview, 19 , 619 – 20 , 640 – 41 Muhammad (Prophet) Charlie Hebdo and, 638 – 39 Barelwis sect and, 176 – 77 Communism, in response blasphemy and, 150 , 157 , 178 , 182 , to, 620 – 23 183 – 84 , 194 Finland compared, 338n76 Charlie Hebdo, depictions in hate speech laws generally, 56 , 159n127 versus, 636 – 37 , 638 as artistic expression, 355 historical background, 620 – 23 as blasphemy, 57 – 58 , 341 – 42 intent element, 623 – 24 ECtHR jurisprudence and, 286 – 87 repeal of, 153 , 298 , 411 – 12 , Italian blasphemy laws and, 353 – 56 635 – 38 Danish Cartoon Controversy. (See Constitution, 636 Danish Cartoon Controversy) Criminal Code of 1881 Facebook, of ensive statements overview, 620 regarding on, 328 – 29 Article 137c, 630 , 631 – 32 , 633 Finland, depictions in, 327 , 328 Article 147(1), 621 , 623 – 25 Germany, depictions in, 361 blasphemy under, 629 Halla- aho case and, 330 – 32 , 333 Danish Cartoon Controversy hate speech regarding, 245 in, 639 o f ensive depictions of, 237 , 252 Defamation of Islam case, 619 , terrorism, cartoons linking to, 437 630 – 32 , 638 Yasak Tümceler, depiction in, 276 – Democratic Party, 629 , 635 77 , 300 – 1 Donkey trial, 619 , 623 – 26 YouTube video controversy, 223 , in ECtHR, 636 251 – 52 Freedom Party, 628 Mühl, Otto, 284 – 85 French Criminal Code and, 620 Muiznekis, Nils, 403 group defamation in, 630 , 631 – 32 , Muslim clothing, 292n132 633 – 34 “Muslimophobia,” 160 – 61 , 160n135 hate speech laws in “Muslim Tide,” 484 , 489 – 91 , 497 , 498 blasphemy versus hate speech, Musri (Imam), 713 636 – 37 , 638 criticism of religion versus, Nalliah, Daniel, 531 638 – 40 Narrow scope of blasphemy laws, homosexuality and, 635 183 – 84 Holocaust denial in, 639 Nash, David, 190 , 520 incitement to hatred laws in, 632 – 35

740

740 Index

Netherlands (cont.) anti- Semitism and, 570 – 71 insult and ridicule, protection blasphemy versus hate speech, 571 against, 630 – 32 disability and, 567 Labour Party, 628 homosexuality and, 567 , 569 Liberal Party, 628 Nazis and, 569 – 70 Ministry of Justice, 629 , 639 – 40 Human Rights Committee and, 564 – 65 National Railway Company, 621 Human Rights Council and, 565 “new politics” in, 628 ICCPR and, 564 “pillar system” in, 627 – 28 Law on Christian Dissenters of 1845, Reformed Protestant Party, 625 , 557 , 557n13 , 559n29 635 – 36 Law on Faith Communities of Scientii c Research and 1969, 560 Documentation Centre, 629 , Norwegian Anti- Racist Centre, 570 639 – 40 Penal Code of 1902 VARA (broadcasting company), 626 generally, 553 , 553n2 Neuvonen, Riku, 318 , 326 blasphemy under, 557 – 58 “New atheists,” 507 declaration of faith under, 562n44 “New racism,” 492n41 defamation of religion New York Times, 224 , 360 under, 571 – 72 Nieznalska, Dorota, 423 – 24 hate speech under, 566 – 69 Niinistö, Ville, 333 – 34 reform proposals, 561 – 63 9/ 11 attacks, 650 – 51 Progress Party, 561 , 562 N o r w a y 16/ 18 process in, 671 blasphemy laws in Vigrid case, 570 – 71 generally, 4 , 439 , 443 Norwegian Anti- Racist Centre, 570 overview, 19 , 553 – 54 , 574 – 75 Nuotio, Kimmo, 334 Charlie Hebdo and, 573 – 74 “N” word, 60 , 61 Charlie Hebdo attack and, 19 Nygaard, William, 561 historical background, 554 – 60 reform proposals, 561 – 63 Oaths, 586 – 88 repeal of, 298 , 411 – 12 , 574 Obama, Barack, 214 – 15 , 666 , 712 Boot Boys case, 569 – 70 O f ensive speech, 237 – 42 Broadcast Act, 565 – 66 O i ce of the High Commissioner on Christian Vs Norske Lov (Christian Human Rights (OHCHR) V’s Norwegian Law), 555 – 56 g e n e r a l l y , 8 Church Ordinance, 555 Rabat Plan of Action, 115 – 17 , Constitution, 556 , 561 , 564 115n6 Criminal Code of 1842, 556 – 57 16/ 18 process and, 660 , 667 – 68 , 673 Danish Cartoon Controversy in, 562 , Olav Haraldsson (Norway), 554 573 Olesen, Jens Arnfred, 557 – 58 defamation of religion laws in, 571 – 73 Organisation of Islamic in ECtHR, 565 – 66 Co- Operation (OIC) Film Board of Norway, 558 – 59 generally, 68 , 83 , 170 , 174 , 334 Freedom of Expression Commission, criticism of, 652 – 53 562n44 Defamation of Religion Resolutions Gulatingslov (canonical law), 554 – 55 and, 2 – 3 , 152 , 208 , 577n3 , 650 – 53 hate speech laws in “Islamophobia” and, 649 , 650 – 51 overview, 566 – 71 rapprochement with West, 653

741

Index 741

16/ 18 process in, 209 – 10 , 646 , Parliamentary Assembly 653 – 54 , 655 – 58 , 659 – 68 , 670 , overview, 4 – 6 675 – 76 , 678 – 79 blasphemy laws and, 4 – 6 , 332 – 33 , terrorism and, 74 416 – 17 , 605 , 616 Organisation of Islamic States, 97 Charlie Hebdo attack and, 225 Organization for the Promotion of Christianity, on discrimination Greek Culture, 402 against, 225 Organization of the Islamic Finland and, 332 – 33 Conference. (See Organisation Ireland and, 473 , 475 – 77 of Islamic Co-Operation (OIC)) Poland and, 416 – 17 Orhun, Ömür, 664 Passion (art work), 423 – 24 , 424n39 Otto- Preminger- Institut, 269 – 70 Passive blasphemy, 191n96 Outlook (art exhibition), 396 – 98 , 401 – 2 , Patrick, Jeremy, 10 – 11 , 481 403 , 406 Paul III (Pope), 582n23 Øverland, Arnulf, 558 Pell, George, 510 – 11 Oxford English Dictionary, 207 Penalties for blasphemy, 182 h e People vs. Larry Flynt (i lm), 44 , 283 , Paisios, Elder, 399 303 , 626 P a k i s t a n Petraeus, David, 214 – 15 blasphemy laws in Pew Forum, 3n5 generally, 14 , 66n32 , 173 – 74 , 179n44 , Pew Research Center, 195 , 512 – 13 181 , 189 , 192 – 93 , 438 , 575 , 674 Philippe de Valois, 26 overview, 175 – 77 Philipson, Gavin, 280n83 chilling ef ect of, 175n28 Piddington, Albert, 523 death penalty, 182 Pietists, 35 – 36 draconian nature of, 173 , 178 Pig Coat of Arms (art work), 320 extra- judicial attacks and, 185n69 Pig Messiah (art work), 320 Ireland compared, 64 , 173 Pilavakis, Marios, 396 overbreadth, 183 – 84 Piss Christ (art work), 194 , 510 – 11 , 519 recommendations regarding, 184 – 85 Platformes (Greek activist religious identity and, 169 – 70 platform), 401 – 2 resistance to change, 191 P o l a n d standing, 182 artistic expression in, 423 – 27 vagueness, 183 – 84 Bible Criminal Code, 182 blasphemy of, 96 – 97 Defamation of Religion Resolutions desecration of, 425 – 26 and, 115 , 208 , 650 – 51 blasphemy laws in National Conference on Interfaith generally, 4 , 10 , 97 Harmony, 676 overview, 16 , 411 – 16 , 427 – 28 Penal Code, 182 chilling ef ect of, 427 – 28 16/ 18 process in, 671 , 675 , 676 freedom of expression Pannick, David, 274 versus, 416 – 21 Pannizar, Oskar, 269 frequency of use, 412 – 13 , 412n6 Papaioannou, Kostis, 404 , 405 historical background, 413 Paraskeoupoulos, Nikos, 404 necessity test, 421 – 23 Paris attacks (2015), 68 , 645 objects of religious worship, Parker, Lord, 589 414– 15 , 417 – 21 Parker, h omas, 594n67 proportionality test, 421 – 23

742

742 Index

Poland (cont.) Pringle, Helen, 18 public debate regarding, 416 Proportionality test for blasphemy Roman Catholicism and, 414n10 laws, 421 – 23 Constitution, 412 – 13 , 413n8 , 416 , Protestant Reformation, 200 , 360 , 555 418 , 421 , 421n37 Public debate Constitutional Tribunal, 418n22 , blasphemy versus 421n36 in Poland, 416 disruption of religious proceedings in United States, 538 in, 415 – 16 freedom of expression and, 312 – 13 European Commission on Human hate speech laws and, 496 – 97 Rights and, 420 , 426 Public morality. ( See also freedom of conscience in, 413 – 14 , Immoral speech) 413n8 blasphemy laws and, 56 , 76 – 81 freedom of expression in, 416 – 21 clashing universalisms and, 76 – 81 hate speech laws in, 418 defamation of religion laws and, 80n59 insult and ridicule, protection freedom of conscience and, 77 – 79 against, 413 – 14 , 417 – 21 freedom of expression and, 76 – 77 League of Defence Against Sects, 425 Human Rights Committee and, 79 , 80 Parliamentary Assembly and, 416 – 17 Islam and, 81 , 82 – 83 Penal Code of 1932, 413 secularism and, 82 Penal Code of 1997 Public order Article 26, 423n38 blasphemy laws and Article 195, 415 – 16 overview, 219 – 20 Article 196, 412n6 , 413 – 15 , 416 – in Denmark, 433 , 444 , 445 , 453 – 55 21 , 424 – 28 in Germany, 363 Article 256, 418 Charlie Hebdo attack and, 249 Public Oi ce for Statistics, 414n10 defamation of religion laws, as religious sensitivities, protection of, argument for, 370 – 73 413 – 14 , 417 – 21 freedom of expression, protection Political correctness, 60n16 as reason for restrictions on, Political speech 248 – 49 , 255 artistic expression versus, 279 – 81 Punishment motive, blasphemy laws blasphemy versus, 304 – 11 and, 168 , 189 – 92 Pooley, h omas, 583n24 Punk Prayer: Virgin Mary, Drive Putin Pope, blasphemy of in workplace, 691 – 92 Away (Pussy Riot song), 15 , Portalis, J.E., 30 , 36 177 – 78 , 294 – 95 , 304 Portugal, blasphemy laws in, 96 – 97 , 118 “Pussy Riot” case Post, Robert, 181 – 82 , 191 , 192 , 235 , 241 – 42 generally, 15 , 175 , 191 – 92 , 359 – 60 Power, Hilary, 20 overview, 177 – 78 , 294 – 96 Powerlessness context of expression in, 305 – 6 as argument in favor of legal extremism and, 304 , 309 protection against gratuitous of ence and, 312 – 13 blasphemy, 101 incitement to hatred laws and, 305 , religious sensitivities, as argument 313 – 14 for protection of, 232 – 33 insult and ridicule, protection self- restraint model and, 160 – 61 , 162 against, 305 , 312 Practical objections to blasphemy political speech versus blasphemy laws, 180 – 82 in, 304 – 11

743

Index 743

religious sensitivities, protection of, resurrection of blasphemy 305 , 312 laws, 149 – 54 sentences in, 310 , 311 – 12 self- restraint, 158 – 63 Putin, Vladimir, 15 , 295 , 305 , 306 – 8 , Release the Cobblestones (Pussy Riot 309 , 310 , 311 song), 309 , 310 Putin Wet Himself (Pussy Riot song), Religion, freedom of. (See Freedom of 308 – 9 , 310 conscience) Pyysiäinen, Ilkka, 336 Religious characteristics of blasphemy, 140 – 42 Qatar Religious identity, blasphemy laws and Doha Conference for Interfaith overview, 168 Dialogue, 676 overly restrictive view of, 169 – 72 16/ 18 process in, 659 , 665 , 676 Religious organisations, protection Quran against defamation as reason Denmark, desecration in, 453 – 54 for restrictions on freedom of Germany, desecration in, 370 – 71 expression, 234 – 35 group defamation and, 633 Religious sensitivities, protection of sensitivity to blasphemy and, 150 overview, 137 – 40 , 254 terrorism and, 74 – 75 argument for, 99 – 103 United States, burnings in, 214 – 15 , decline of religion in Europe 706 – 7 , 707n20 , 712 – 13 , 715 and, 229 – 30 in Denmark, 433 – 34 , 452 Rabat Plan of Action (RPA) dignity and, 255 generally, 8n24 , 181 , 184 , 187 , 193 in ECHR, 476 , 605 overview, 8 , 155n104 , 299n24 in ECtHR, 270 – 71 , 380 blasphemy laws and, 132 , 167 , 173 , free choice as argument 299 – 300 against, 230 – 32 incitement to hatred laws and, 115 – freedom of conscience and, 151n86 17 , 115n6 , 155 , 171n13 freedom of expression, as reason for Ireland and, 473 , 477 – 78 restrictions on, 237 – 45 16/ 18 process and, 666 , in Germany, 364 – 67 , 380 – 81 667 – 68 , 673 immutability as argument for, 230 – 32 Rabczewska, Dorota “Doda,” 417 – 21 incitement to hatred laws and, Racism 167n3 , 172 “cultural racism,” 492n41 in Ireland, 475 – 77 “new racism,” 492n41 Islam, sensitivity to blasphemy race versus culture, 491 – 92 in, 150 – 52 Ramadan, Tariq, 158 in Italy, 346 – 47 , 354 Rational criticism, 505 – 6 o f ensive speech and, 237 – 42 Rationalist Society, 523 in Poland, 413 – 14 , 417 – 21 Ratzinger, Joseph. See Benedict powerlessness as argument XVI (Pope) for, 232 – 33 Rawls, John, 98 , 111 public versus private nature of Read, James, 585 religion, 233 – 34 Reagan, Ronald, 107 “Pussy Riot” case and, 305 , 312 Reform models uniqueness of religion and, 229 , 241 overview, 163 – 66 in United Kingdom, 588 – 94 incitement to hatred, 154 – 58 Venice Commission and, 158 – 59

744

744 Index

Republican theory, blasphemy laws Saarela, Anna, 326 , 334 – 35 and, 109 – 12 Sacrilege laws, 520n40 , 544 – 45 Resolution 16/18. See 16/ 18 process Sajó, Andras, 88n7 Resurrection of blasphemy Salama, Hannu, 319 – 20 , 320n11 , 327 , laws, 149 – 54 336 , 338 van het Reve, Gerard Kornerlis, Salvation Army, 532 320n11 , 625 Samutsevich, Yekaterina Stanislavovna, 295 Ridicule, protection against. (See I n s u l t Sandberg, Russell, 13 , 19 , 601 , 602 , 603 , and ridicule, protection against) 604 , 605 , 606 – 7 , 614 Rigby, Lee, 671 , 672 Sanders, Bernie, 91n17 Right to blasphemy San Marino, blasphemy laws in, 155n105 overview, 13 , 114 – 17 Sarai nos, Dimitris, 408 blasphemy laws and, 132 – 33 h e Satanic Verses (Rushdie), 223 , 359 , in ECHR, 114 , 133 460 – 61 , 499 – 501 , 561 , 591 , in ECtHR, 114 591n54 , 599 , 627 , 684 evolution of, 117 – 20 Satire, 284 – 86 in United Kingdom Satirical blasphemy, 168 , 186 , 195 abolition of of ence, 128 – 32 Saudi Arabia historical background, 121 – 27 blasphemy laws in, 173 – 74 Robinson, Phil, 189 16/ 18 process in, 659 , 665 – 66 Roman Catholicism Scarman, Lord, 204 , 519 , 590 – 91 , 598 in Denmark, 449 S c h a r f s, Brett, 20 – 21 Poland, blasphemy laws in, 414n10 S c h e f er, Paul, 628 Rome (Ancient) Schroeter, Werner, 269 blasphemy laws in, 190n91 , 199 Scorsese, Martin, 44 , 394 , 559 religion and state in, 579 – 80 , 579n10 Scot, Daniel, 531 Romney, Mitt, 105n63 Secular- faith disputes, 141 Roof, Dylan, 709 – 11 , 709n21 , 710n22 , Secularism 714n35 , 715 – 16 Christianity versus, 225 – 26 Rose, Flemming, 162n142 , 251 , 436 , 452 in Finland, 334 Ross, Robert Samuel, 522 – 23 Islam versus, 225 – 26 Ross’s Monthly (Australian public morality and, 82 magazine), 522 – 23 Sedley, Charles, 585 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 111n93 Sedley, Steven, 584n28 RPA. See Rabat Plan of Action (RPA) Self- censorship R u b i o , M a r c o , 9 1 Danish Cartoon Controversy and, 452 Rumi, 163 in Greece, 406 – 7 Rushdie, Salman, 125 , 139 , 146 , 184 , in United States, 360 223 , 359 , 460 – 61 , 499 – 501 , 561 , Self- restraint model, 158 – 63 564 , 591n54 , 599 , 627 , 684 de Sénancour, E., 37 R u s s i a Separation of powers, 541 – 42 , 541n55 blasphemy laws in, 177 – 78 , 191 – 92 Seppo, Juha, 319 extremism in, 304 , 309 Seraphim (Bishop), 401 , 405 “Pussy Riot” case. ( See “Pussy Serrano, Andres, 510 – 11 Riot” case) Seutonius, 579n10 16/ 18 process in, 665 Sexual harassment, 696 – 98 Russian Orthodox Church, 15 , 304 – 9 , Shadows of Humour (performance art 311 – 12 , 313 – 14 group), 426 – 27

745

Index 745

Shari’a l a w , 7 3– 7 4, 7 5 O i ce of the High Commissioner Sharples, Eliza, 586n34 on Human Rights and, 660 , Sherwood, Yvonne, 575 667 – 68 , 673 Shklar, Judith, 168 , 168n4 , 179 OIC and, 209 – 10 , 646 , 653 – 54 , 655 – 58 , Siddall, Nicholas, 698n67 659 – 68 , 670 , 675 – 76 , 678 – 79 Siddique, Osama, 177 , 181n52 , 182 , oversight, lack of, 669 192 – 93 policy and, 670 Simojoki, Martti, 319 politics of, 655 – 58 Siné, 126 Rabat Plan of Action and, 666 , Singapore, 16/ 18 process 667 – 68 , 673 in, 659 , 666 recommendations regarding, 679 – 80 Singleton, Chris, 715 – 16 reporting process, 660 16/ 18 process. (See also specii c country a s s o t law, 668 – 69 implementing) Universal Periodic Review and, 670 generally, 11 , 115n8 , 167 Western Group and, 646 , 657 , 659 – overview, 20 , 209 – 10 , 645 – 46 , 68 , 670 , 678 – 79 677 – 80 Skinner, Quentin, 111 African Union and, 675 – 76 Slovakia, blasphemy laws in, 96 – 97 appropriate mechanisms (paragraph Social characteristics of 5(b)), 671 – 72 blasphemy, 140 – 42 Arab League and, 675 – 76 h e Social Contract (Rousseau), 111n93 blasphemy laws and, 673 – 74 South Park (television program), 186 , 188 Charlie Hebdo attack and, 20 , 667 Spain creation of, 653 – 54 blasphemy laws in, 96 – 97 , 119 , 411n1 Danish Cartoon Controversy and, Penal Code, 411n1 672 , 675 Speaker ai nity groups debate, promotion of (paragraph as accelerants, 710 5(h)), 658 , 676 – 77 as audience, 705 – 6 domestic implementation as decelerants, 712 of, 668 – 71 S p e a k e r s European Union and, 675 – 76 as accelerants, 709 – 10 expectations for, 654 – 55 as decelerants, 712 externalisation of, 669 speaker- audience- victim analysis, “Geneva game,” 659 – 68 , 669 701 – 2 hate speech laws and, 211 Special Rapporteur ICCPR and, 664 – 65 , 666 , 667 – 68 , overview, 7 – 8 673 blasphemy laws and, 299 implementation of, 654 – 55 Declaration on Religious Intolerance incitement to hatred laws under and Discrimination and, 648 – (paragraph 5(f)), 155 , 657 – 58 , 49 , 651 673 – 74 defamation of religion laws and, 652 – 53 intolerance, speaking out against Denmark and, 17 , 432 , 439 – 41 , 453 (paragraph 5(e)), 657 – 58 , Ireland and, 472 675 – 76 Specii c scope of blasphemy laws, 183 – 84 “Islamophobia” and, 660 – 62 , 664 , Speech, freedom of. ( See Freedom of 665 , 666 expression) Istanbul Ministerial Meeting, 658 – 59 “ h e Splendour of Truth” (John Paul Istanbul Process, 659 – 68 II), 281 objectives of, 660 – 62 S t a b i l i t y . See Public order

746

746 Index

S t a f ord, Dwayne, 710 – 11 h rane, Marcus, 557 Standing in blasphemy laws, 182 h ursby, Gene R., 189n87 , 190n92 Starry Messenger (Galileo), 215 – 16 Tiberius (Rome), 190n91 Statistics on blasphemy laws, 195 – 97 Time (magazine), 251 – 52 Stephen’s Digest of the Criminal Law, 5 7 7 Titanic (German magazine), 359 – 60 Steyn, Lord, 262 – 63 Tolerance, protection of, 382 – 85 Steyn, Mark, 484 , 490n30 , 491 – 99 , Tolokonnikova, Nadezhda 492n40 , 494n46 Andreyevna, 295 Stone, Harlan F., 108 Tolvanen, Matti, 335 Stop the Islamization of Norway, 572 Tomasz D., 424 – 25 Submission (i lm), 341 , 628 – 29 Tom Jones (Fielding), 124 – 25 Sue, Eugène, 35n30 Török, Bernát, 236 , 237 , 239 , 248 Suhm, Anders, 556 Torture, 220 Summa h eologica (Aquinas), 580n12 , Treaty on the Functioning of the 582n23 European Union, 412n5 Sumner, Lord, 219 – 20 , 583 Treby, George, 587 – 88 , 588n42 Sweden Treilhard, Jean-Baptiste, 33 blasphemy laws in, 118 , 439 , 443 h e Tribune (Dutch Communist 16/ 18 process in, 665 newspaper), 621 S w i t , Jonathan, 506 Trump, Donald, 58 , 68 , 91 Switzerland, blasphemy laws in, 411n1 Tsakirakis, Stavros, 395 Tsapogas, Michael, 391 , 392 , 406 – 7 , 408 Takis, Andreas, 406 Tulkki, Kaj- Erik, 335 Taseer, Salman, 653 , 671 Tumyr, Arne, 572 – 73 Taylor, John, 202 – 3 , 581 – 83 Turkey, 16/18 process in, 673 Taylor, John Ross, 483 Tyndareus, 586n35 Temperman, Jeroen, 15 , 236 – 37 , 701 , 705n15 Uddin, Asma, 169 – 70 , 172 Terrorism UNCHR. See Commission on Human generally, 627 Rights (UNCHR) al Qaeda, 1 , 73 – 74 , 650 – 51 United Kingdom Boko Haram, 73 – 74 Act of the Six Articles 1539, 121 cartoons linking Islam to, 58 Acts of Uniformity 1549/ 1552, 121 Charlie Hebdo a t t a c k ( See Charlie Anti- Terrorism, Crime and Security Hebdo attack (2015)) Bill 2001 (proposed), 601 – 2 , chilling ef ect of, 360 610 – 11 Copenhagen attack (2015), 1 , 358 , Bible, blasphemy of, 204 , 227 – 28 , 432 , 447 , 455 519 , 577 Curtis Culwell Center attack (2015), Bill of Rights (1689), 201 1 , 358 Blasphemy Abolition Bill 1995 ISIL, 1 , 68 , 73 – 74 , 645 (proposed), 601 – 2 Islam, linking to, 58 – 59 , 73 – 75 , 491 – 95 Blasphemy Act 1697, 122n40 , Muhammad, cartoons linking to, 437 584n29 9/ 11 attacks, 650 – 51 blasphemy laws in OIC and, 74 g e n e r a l l y , 4 Paris attacks (2015), 68 , 645 overview, 19 , 90 , 576 – 79 , 594 , h omas, Clarence, 183 595 – 96 , 616 – 18 h orsen, Jens Jørgen, 435 – 36 abolition of of ence, 128 – 32 , 153

747

Index 747

a l t e r n a t i v e o f ences, 610 – 15 ecclesiastical courts in, 200 – 1 , case law regarding, 597 – 98 584 – 86 changes in, 117 , 118 , 119 , 123 – 24 , ECHR, incorporation of, 597 298 in ECtHR, 19 , 97 – 98 , 126 – 27 , 461 , Charlie Hebdo and, 617 591 – 93 , 598 – 99 , 604 – 6 , 609 , 616 Church of England, limitation to, Employment Equality (Religion and 124 – 26 , 131 , 203 , 597 , 601 – 2 , Belief) Regulations 2003, 610 603 , 608 , 614n114 , 615 Equality Act 2010, 93 , 688 , 688n29 , dei nition of blasphemy, 227 – 28 691 , 694 – 95 , 700 , 700n73 discriminatory nature of, 615 Equality Commission for Northern dissolution of government Ireland, 93 – 94 and, 582 – 83 freedom of expression in, 612 – 15 extralegal prosecutions, 123 – 24 , Gabriels v. Lambeth, 698 – 700 126 – 27 Green (R. on application of) v. freedom of conscience and, 616 Westminster Magistrates Court, freedom of expression and, 616 95 , 123 – 24 , 602 , 606 – 7 historical background, 94 – 96 , Heai eld v. Times Newspapers, 691 – 92 121 – 27 , 199 , 200 – 6 , 596 – 601 House of Lords Select Committee on incitement to hatred laws Religious Of ences in England versus, 615 – 16 and Wales, 596 , 600 – 1 , 602 , oaths and, 586 – 88 604 – 6 overbreadth, 616 Human Rights Act 1998, 93 , 265 , repeal of, 96 , 130n87 , 131 , 206 , 597 , 609 , 688n30 276n64 , 591 , 591n55 , 595 , 601 , Human Rights and Equality 602 , 608 – 10 , 685n16 legislation, 93 as strict liability of ence, 597 incitement to hatred laws in, 128 – 31 , vagueness, 616 610 – 12 , 615 – 16 Bowman v. Secular Society, 589 , 589n47 inl uence of English law, 578 – 79 British Board of Film Classii cation, insult and ridicule, protection 126 – 27 , 461 against, 588 – 94 , 596 British Broadcasting Corporation Inter- Faith Network, 676 (BBC), 95 , 123 – 24 , 126 , Law Commission, 601 126n61 , 163n145 , 600 , 695n58 libel in, 199 , 297n12 British Social Attitudes Surveys, 92n24 Magna Carta, 580 – 81 , 580n14 Broadcasting Act 1990, 606 – 7 Monopolies of East India Co. v. Calvin's Case, 587 , 588 , 588n42 Sandys, 587 – 88 Communications Act 2003, 153 – 54 Muir v. Penisarwaun Care Home Coroners and Justice Act 2009, 130n87 Ltd., 692 – 94 Court of High Commission, 200 – 1 National Secular Society, 126n62 , Crime and Disorder Act 1998, 595 – 96 699n70 Criminal Justice and Immigration Oaths Act 1888, 586n34 Act 2008, 96 , 130n87 , 131 , 206 , Obscene Publications Act 1959, 607 276n64 , 591 , 595 , 601 , 602 , Public Order Act 1986, 96n40 , 129 , 608 – 10 , 685n16 206 , 595 , 610 Criminal Law Act 1967, 122n40 Race Relations Act 1976, 611n99 dei nition of blasphemy in, 577 – 78 Racial and Religious Hatred Denmark, desecration in, 444 , Act 2006 445 – 46 generally, 602 , 606 , 610 , 616 – 18

748

748 Index

United Kingdom (cont.) Economic and Social Council overview, 128 – 32 (ECOSOC), 646 – 47 , 677 freedom of expression fragmentation within, 8 – 9 under, 612 – 15 Human Rights Committee. ( See incitement to hatred under, 96 , Human Rights Committee) 610 – 12 Human Rights Council. ( See H u m a n inctment to hatred under, 155 , Rights Council) 206 , 276n64 , 595 I C C P R . ( See International Covenant 16/ 18 process and, 673 on Civil and Political Rights Ramsey and Foote, R. v., 589 (ICCPR)) Religious Of ences Bill 2002 OHCHR. ( See O i ce of the High (proposed), 602 Commissioner on Human religious sensitivities, protection Rights (OHCHR)) of, 588 – 94 R a b a t P l a n o f A c t i o n( See Rabat Plan renewed prominence of religion in of Action) public sphere, 92 – 94 Special Rapporteur. ( See S p e c i a l Richmond Pharmacology v. Dhaliwal, Rapporteur) 688 – 91 Universal Periodic Review, 472 – 73 right to blasphemy in United States abolition of of ence, 128 – 32 assimilationism in, 107 – 9 , 113 historical background, 121 – 27 Bill of Rights, 541 – 42 Sacrament Act 1547, 121 blasphemy laws in secularism in, 89 g e n e r a l l y , 4 See of Rome Act 1536, 122 overview, 18 , 90 , 534 – 35 , 549 – 50 Serious Organised Crime and case law regarding, 543 – 44 Police Bill 2004- 2005 Constitutional restrictions on, (proposed), 610 – 11 197 – 98 , 197n16 Sex Discrimination Act 1975, 696n61 current status of, 540 16/ 18 process in, 659 , 663 , 671 , 673 , 676 First Amendment and, 536 , Star Chamber, 584 – 86 591n56 Stewart v. Cleveland Guest freedom of expression (Engineering) Ltd., 696 – 97 versus, 545 – 49 Taylor's Case, 202 – 3 , 581 – 82 , 581n20 historical background, 535 – 39 h eatres Act 1968, 606 – 7 prosecutions under, 535 – 39 Weeks v. Newham College of Further public debate versus, 538 Education, 697 state statutes, 173 – 74 , 173n23 , 192 Whitehouse and Lemon v. Gay News, Civil Rights Act of 1964, 694 204 – 6 , 589 – 90 Colorado, blasphemy laws, 536 United Nations Curtis Culwell Center attack generally, 512 – 13 (2015), 1 , 358 Commission on Human Rights. (See Declaration of Independence Commission on Human Rights (1776), 104 (UNCHR)) Delaware, blasphemy laws Declaration on Religious Intolerance in, 538 – 39 and Discrimination, 646 – 49 , i ghting words in, 185n70 , 546 – 49 , 651 , 677 703 – 4 Defamation of Religion Resolutions, First Amendment 2 – 3 , 57 , 67 – 69 , 115 , 208 – 9 generally, 525n64

749

Index 749

overview, 103 – 9 Republican Party, 107 Australia compared, 525 sacrilege laws in, 544 – 45 blasphemy laws and, 536 , 591n56 self- censorship in, 360 captive audience problem, 687 , separation of powers in, 541 – 42 , 687n25 541n55 Establishment Clause, 91 – 92 , 105 , 16/ 18 process in, 209 – 10 , 659 , 662 , 542 – 43 , 544 , 546 , 549 – 50 665 , 672 , 673 , 675 , 676 freedom of expression and, 171 , South Carolina, blasphemy laws 545 – 49 in, 173 – 74 Free Exercise Clause, 105 , 542 , State Department, 512 – 13 543 , 546 viewpoint- based restrictions on free- historical background, 540 – 41 dom of expression in, 549 jurisprudence regarding, 105 – 9 Wyoming, blasphemy laws in, 173 – 74 o f ensive speech and, 241 – 42 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, restrictions on blasphemy laws 114 – 15 , 207 – 8 , 648 , 705n15 and, 197 – 98 , 197n16 Universal Periodic Review, 472 – 73 , sacrilege laws and, 544 – 45 565 , 670 Fourteenth Amendment, 543 Universal Rights Group, 655 freedom of expression in, 545 – 49 Unsworth, Clive, 143 Grii n v. City of Portland, 694 – 95 hate speech laws in, 549 Valls, Manuel, 25 ICCPR and, 197 – 98 Van Gogh, h eo, 139 , 341 , 619 , 628 – 29 immoral speech in, 62 Vapaa- Ajattelijat ry (Finnish incorporation to states, 543 association), 327 – 28 insult and ridicule, protection VARA (Dutch broadcasting against, 545 – 46 company), 626 intent to cause harm in, 183n62 Vaz, Keith, 617 judicial review in, 192 Venice Commission Justice Department, 672 blasphemy laws and, 153 Massachusetts, blasphemy laws in, Denmark and, 443 173 – 74 , 173n23 , 192 , 535 , 578n8 freedom of conscience versus freedom National Coalition Against of expression, 165 Censorship, 402 incitement to hatred laws and, 155 , New York 155n105 blasphemy laws in, 536 – 37 , 543 , insult and ridicule, protection 545 – 46 against, 6 establishment of religion in, 542 Ireland and, 473 , 476 – 77 9/ 11 Backlash Taskforce, 672 religious sensitivities, protection O i ce of Faith- Based Community of, 158 – 59 Initiatives, 676 Veraart, Wouter, 631 Oklahoma, blasphemy laws in, 173 – 74 Verdens Gang (Norwegian Pennsylvania, blasphemy laws in, newspaper), 573 173 – 74 , 534n3 , 537 – 38 , 543 – 44 Vermeulen, Ben, 631 Quran, burnings of, 214 – 15 , 706 – 7 , Vespasian (Rome), 579n10 707n20 , 712 – 13 , 715 Victim ai nity groups religious tests in, 92 , 104 – 5 as accelerants, 710 – 11 renewed prominence of religion in as audience, 705 – 6 public sphere, 91 – 92 as decelerants, 713

750

750 Index

Victims Charlie Hebdo attack, ef ect of, 697 – 98 as accelerants, 711 Danish Cartoon Controversy, ef ect as decelerants, 713 of, 697 – 98 speaker- audience- victim ECHR, applicability of, 686 – 88 , analysis, 701 – 2 687n24 Vilii cation laws. See Insult and ridi- harassment and, 688 – 91 cule, protection against o f ensive imagery or slogans, Vilks, Lars, 1 696– 98 Violence, hate speech laws and, 211 – 12 profane language involving Virolainen, Jyrki, 336 sacred, 691 – 95 Visconsi, Elliott, 203 sexual harassment, 696 – 98 Visions of Ecstasy (i lm), 97 – 98 , 126 – 27 , written materials, circulation of, 127n66 , 275 – 76 , 461 , 599 – 600 698 – 700 Voltaire, 29 Wprost (Polish magazine), 426

Waldron, Jeremy, 246 – 47 , 506 Xenophobic speech Wallin, Elisabeth Ohlson, 327 overview, 67 – 69 , 76 Warsi (Baroness), 93 in Charlie Hebdo cartoons, 55 , 58 – 59 Watson, Alan, 180 Defamation of Religion Resolutions Weaver, Russell, 18 and, 67 – 69 Weigel, George, 87 – 88 dei ning characteristics and, 71 – 72 Westergaard, Kurt, 437 immutability and, 69 – 71 Western Group, 16/18 process in, 646 , religion, linking race to, 69 – 73 658 , 659 – 68 , 670 , 678 – 79 restrictions on, 55 – 56 , 67 – 69 Western legal doctrine, 9 – 12 , 13 – 15 terrorism, linking Islam to, 58 – 59 , Western Standard (Canadian 7 3– 7 5 magazine), 484 West Nickel Mines School shooting, Yale University Press, 161 – 62 715 , 716 Yasak Tümceler (Ergüven), 276 – 77 , 300 – 1 Whitehouse, Mary, 126 , 589 – 90 , 685 YouTube, Muhammad video controversy, Wilders, Geert, 1 , 619 , 628 , 632 – 35 223 , 251 – 52 Wildhaber, Luzius, 281n87 Williams, Rowan, 13 , 90 , 99 – 103 , 222 Zero tolerance toward blasphemy laws Wilton, Robert, 330 overview, 168 Wingrove, Nigel, 97 – 98 , 126 – 27 limits of, 173 – 75 Workplace, religious rights in Zia- ul- Haq, Muhammad, 176 , 178 , overview, 20 , 681 – 82 , 700 182 , 189 captive audience problem, 687 , 687n25 Zizek, Slavo, 402