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A Agnivesh, Swami, 82 Abortion, 99, 198, 220, 248, 249 Ahimsa, 265, 268 Abrahamic religions, 42, 43 Ahmadiyyas, 34, 201 Absolutism, 314 Ahmedabad, 171, 263 Adi Granth, 96, 303 Ajao, Adrian Russel, 231 Adivasi Christians, 230 Ajivakas, 297 Advaita, 126 Akbar, Emperor, 310, 310n18 Advaita-Vedanta, 147 Alabama, 293 Aesop, fables of, 257 Al-Arquam, 137 Afghanistan, 52, 53, 74, 170, Alienation, 31, 114, 133, 151, 175, 175, 208 214, 270, 326 Africa, 13, 18, 50, 51, 60, 66, 87, Al Qaeda, 129 112, 144, 163, 229 Alter Christus, 275 African Altruism, 150, 270, 322 Independent Churches, 145 Amaterasu, 72 nations, 11 Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji, 237, 244 slaves, 163 Ameli, Saied Reza, 108 African Americans, 15, 193, America, 57, 99, 127, 133, 135, 238n33, 293 143n38, 146, 147, 149–151, Āgama Hindu Dharma, 139 154, 159, 168, 171, 184, 188, Āgama Hinduism, 140 190, 193, 194, 291

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 361 Switzerland AG 2021 F. Wilfred, Religious Identities and the Global South, New Approaches to Religion and Power, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60738-8 362 INDEX

American Ᾱtmaparivartan, 223 Academy of Religion, 11 Augustine, St, 31, 223 Catholicism, 274 Aum Shinrikyo, 98, 129, 151 Dawah organization, 229 Aung San Suu Kyi, 209 Hinduism, 174 Austria, 200n10 Muslim, 194 Authoritarianism, 6, 7, 206, 285, Unitarians, 147 286, 321 Amin, Idi, 165 Autocracy, 287 Amoris Laetitia, 93 Avatar, 133, 135, 151, 155 Amritānandamayı,̄ 147, 155 Ayyappa, 15, 121 Anabaptists, 66 Andhra Christians, 181 Anglican, 187 B Church, 68, 68n9, 200n10 Baby boomer generation, 126 Anglicanism, 4, 215, 244 Babylon, 161 Angola, 139 Bainbridge, William, 134 Anscombe, Elizabeth, 249 Bali, 139 Anthropocene, 319 Balkan confict, 69 Anthropocentrism, 159, 250 Balkan countries, 66 Anti-colonial struggles, 6, 100 Bamiyan, 95 Anti-cult movements, 149 Bangladesh, 13, 54, 74, 87, 164, 174, Anti-racist movements, 30 179, 200, 208 Apocalypticism, 98–99 Bauman, Chad, 146n45, 227 Apostasy, 142, 234 Bauman, Zygmunt, 76n27, 260 Appadurai, Arjun, 13 Beidelman, Tom, 224 Appiah, Anthony Kwame, 26, Belief system, 112, 134n23, 199–200, 311, 311n21 248, 278, 325 Aristotle, 29 Believing without belonging, 2, 106 Armageddon, 98 Bell, Catherine, 117 Artifcial intelligence (AI), 319, 320n3 Bellah, Robert, 60, 290 Art of Living, The, 148, 150 Belo, Bishop, 82 Arul, 294 Benedict XVI, Pope, 16, 314n26 Aryan invasion, 177 Benedictines, 293 Arya Samaj, 45, 226, 289 Berger, Peter, 86, 90, 298 Ashoka, Emperor, 223, 289, 310 Berlin, 53, 173 Asian(s) Beyer, Peter, 9 context, 284 Bhabha, Homi, 29, 311 religions, 10, 43, 48, 178, 259, Bhagavad Gita, 75, 96, 303 280–283, 288 Bhagavata Purana, 96 values, 208 Bhakti tradition, 155 Assimilation, 190, 191, 194 Bhaktivedanta, Swami, 156 Assisi, 314, 314n26 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 209 INDEX 363

Bhutan, 312 C Bible, 75, 96, 241, 278, 303, Caffarra, Cardinal Carlo, 93, 176 305, 308 California, 156, 177 Bible Belt states, 94 Caliphate, 67, 101 Biggar, Nigel, 278 Cameron, David, 193 Bioethics, 198 Campion, Kristy, 95 Blumberg, 274, 275 Canada, 165–168, 182, 183, Boko Haram, 66, 92 187, 193, 243, 260, 311, Bologna, 176 311n22 Bonhöffer, Dietrich, 262 Capitalism, 59–61, 194, 309, 321 Borgmann, Erik, 217 Capitalistic dispensation, 309 Bose, Sugata, 312 Caribbean, 51, 52, 112, 144 Bosnia, 84 Carter, Kevin, 259, 260, 260n25 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 56, 66, 79, 80 Casanova, José, 4n7, 8, 274 Bosnian War, 72, 87 Caste(s) Bourdieu, Pierre, 76, 112 discrimination, 15, 187 Brahma Kumaris, 139, 154 hierarchy, 15 Brahmin, 202, 238 inequality, 15 Brandmüller, Walter, 93 society, 11, 49 Brazil, 139, 146, 274 Catechism, 173, 203 Bricolage, 62, 134, 298 Catholic(s) Britain, 67, 169, 174, 178, 182, Oriental church, 188 187, 211 Patriotic Association, 204 British Syro-Malankara Church, 188 colonial Raj, 147 tradition, 118, 258 colonizers, 142, 236 Catholicism, 4, 55, 68, 121, 200n10, East India Company, 164 204, 204n20, 244 Hinduism, 174 Celibacy, 141 Raj, 236 Center of Islamic Studies, 178 Bruckner, Pascal, 24 Centralization, 144, 287 Buddha, 95, 223 Césaire, Aimé, 33 Buddhadasa, 309 Chabad, 148 Buddhism Chadwick, Owen, 5n12 Noble Eightfold Path in, 257 Chakravarti, Uma, 179 Vajrayana, 120 Chandhoke, Neera, 199n7, 208 Buddhist Charitable institutions, 201 jataka stories, 257 Charlie cartoon issue, 17 pilgrimage, 121 Charvakas, 297 world, 25 Chechnya, 66 Burke, Raymond, 93 Chevalier de la Barre, 90 Burridge, Kenelm, 224 Chicago, 150, 252 364 INDEX

Children, 30, 31, 74, 100, 156, 162, Civil 173, 185, 189, 212, 230, 236, movements, 14 260, 261, 294, 304, 304n7 religion, 290–291, 291n36 Chile, 268 rights, 16, 204n20, 209, 216, Chin, 201 286, 293 China, 11, 44, 56–58, 60, 61, rights movement, 293 113–115, 114n23, 125, 128, 164, rights, suppression of, 209 179, 195, 202–205, 204n22, 225, society, 194, 207 228, 242–244, 287, 288 society initiatives, 295n44 Chinese Civilization, 23–25, 43, 48, 94, 125, Communist Party (CCP), 57, 66, 193, 195, 197, 238, 259, 311 114, 203–205 Chinese, 125 diaspora, 137 clash of, 24, 195 state, 114, 144, 205, 206n25 classifcation of, 25 Christ Church mosque, 95 Claim for power, 143 Christendom, 6 Clare, Elizabeth, 154 Christian(s) Cohesive societies, 280 doctrine, 274, 290 Coleman, John A., 130n17, 215n46 faith, 44, 50, 92, 107, 180, 187, Coleman, Simon, 124 192, 216, 237, 290, 294–296 Collective suicide, 99, 156 heritage, 1 Colonial immigrants, 181–184 government, 265 maturity, 189 period, 46, 211, 225 migrants, 163, 176, 181, 182, 313 power, 46, 47, 52, 179, 225 mission, 74, 225, 232, 240 violence, 233 presence, 51, 182 Colonialism, 29, 43, 44, 46, 47, 47n15, public theology, 294, 295 52, 164, 179, 180, 194, 208 religious heritage, 3 Colonized nations, 6, 11 Right, 89, 99 Colonized societies, 11, 47 Christianity Comaroff, Jean, 224 contextualization of, 180 Comaroff, John, 224 defenders of, 2 Commercialization, 287 Evangelical, 149, 274 Communalism, 47n15, 296 Church Communication, systems of, 14 attendance, 5, 8 Communism, 98 community, 8, 189 Communist Party, 57, 202–204 of South India, 187 Communists, 115, 202, 204, 242 Underground, 203, 204 Community worship, 127, 171 Universal and Triumphant, 154 Compassion, 57, 74, 125, 259–262, Citizens Amendment Bill (CAB), 208 267, 322 Citizenship, 167, 208, 213, Competition, 38, 61, 77, 79, 122, 229 309n16, 322 economic, 38, 77 INDEX 365

Comte, Auguste, 65 imposition, 241 Concentration camp, 84 movements, 14 Confucianism, 24, 60, 114, 125, 143, nationalism, 99 204n20, 243, 267 relativism, 255 Constantinople, 83 Revolution, 202, 242, 243 Constitution studies, 111 of China, 203 Culture(s), 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 14, 23–26, of India, 238, 239n35 28, 37, 43, 44, 48–50, 52, 58, of the Republic of the Philippines, 207 62, 71, 73, 77, 78, 88, 94, 100, Constitutionalism, 194 107, 115–116, 127, 128, Consumerism, 54, 55, 158, 262, 287 138–141, 145, 159, 164, 166, Contraception, 198 174, 180, 185, 188–193, 195, Conversion 211, 217, 218, 226, 230, 233, activities, 231 236, 238, 241, 250, 253, 255, history of, 225 256, 259, 279, 282, 284, 285, personal, 224 287, 294, 303, 308, 310, Coromandel Coast, 225 311n23, 323, 324 Cosmic Cultured Despisers, 65 energy, 113 Cyber-religion, 108 war, 98 Czestochowa,̨ 123 Cosmological vision, 114 Cosmopolitan approach, 307 D transcendence, 310 Dachau, 84 Cosmopolitanism Dalai Lama, 57, 82, 204 bourgeois theory of, 309 Dalit(s) colorless, 312 Christians, 181, 186, 227, 230, community-sensitive, 310 235, 244 humanistic, 310 non-Christian, 231 misconceived, 312 Dance, 112, 116–120, 146 political, 310 Daoism, 24, 35, 44, 57, 60, 125, 143, rooted, 311, 311n21, 312 159, 204, 243, 289, 304 vernacular, 309–311, 311n23 Darshan, 120, 172 Countercultural movement, 53, 133 Darwin, Charles Robert, 249, 250 Cox, Harvey, 298 Davie, Grace, 2, 4n7, 8, 106, 106n3 Cults, 112, 129–133, 129n8, 134n23, Dayananda Saraswati, Swami, 45, 136n28, 143n38, 195, 204 226, 233n23 Cultural De Beauvoir, Simone, 37 assimilation, 191 De Certeau, Michel, 112 change, 141, 243, 244 Decalogue, the, 247 Christians, 242, 243 Declaration Toward a Global Ethic, determination, 284 252, 254 366 INDEX

Decolonization, 50, 165 cross-cultural, 224 Deconstruction, 267 Diaspora Deculturation, 88 communities, 168, 169, 172, 176, Defense of the poor, 287 185, 195 Democracy invisible, 181 liberal, 24, 269 Diasporic modern political analysis of, 4 condition, 163 substantive, 206, 279 situation, 53, 176 Democratic Dictatorship of relativism, 16, 314n26 governance, 197, 282, 283 Digital world, 67, 108, 110, 111, 284 order, 4, 321 Dignitatis Humanae, 214–217 principles, 4, 206 Dignity, vii, 14, 15, 30, 33, 46, 77, Democratization 80, 102, 145, 197, 212, 214, of governance, 206 215, 232, 268, 274, 278, 294, of society, 206 296, 309 Demystifcation, 90, 91 Discrimination Denmark, 4 experience(s) of, 234 De Nobili, 127 social, 30 De Pace Fidei, 83 Disembodiment, 107, 108 De-secularization, 298 Displacement, 163, 194 Despotism, 286 Diversity Destruction of the World Trade of cultures, 14, 71 Center, 138 of religions, 14, 71, 241 Detachment, 312, 313 Divine revelation, 273 Deterritorialization, 52, 87–89, 108, Dogmatism, 308 159, 279, 279n13 doctrinaire, 308 Devadasis, 120 Domination, 17, 22, 29, 44, 46, 247, Development, vii, 3, 13, 15, 32, 38, 253, 254, 265, 270 42, 46, 50, 52, 62, 65, 70n13, Dualism, 112 79, 91, 99, 101, 111, 118, of body and mind, 112 131–134, 136, 152, 158, 163, Duncan, Isidora, 119 169, 173, 186, 194, 204n22, Durkheim, Emile, 65, 126, 261, 315 207, 210, 230, 234, 240, 241, Dutch, the, 46, 164, 232 248, 264, 270, 271, 274, 288, 320, 321, 327 economic, 79, 91 E Dewey, John, 249, 250 Eastern Dhammapada, 303 Europe, 51, 86, 203, 243 Dharma, 10, 147, 234, 247, 257 religions, 122 Dialogue, ix, 18, 19, 24, 33, 83, 89, rites, 181 102, 110, 175, 224, 239, 240, Eastern Orthodox Church, 73 254, 266–267, 271, 292–294, 296, East Timor, 82 297, 301–303, 310, 313, 316 Eberle, Christopher J., 280 INDEX 367

Ecclesiology, 290 choice, 266 Eck, Diana, 170, 172 conduct, 257 Economy, 6, 8, 52, 59–62, 67, 78, 86, discourse, 247–271 122, 136, 164, 165, 179, 242, impulse, 262, 322 243, 270, 282, 287, 292n40, point of view, 253 294, 321 potential, 247, 262, 271 Ecosystem, 266 principle, universal, 266 Edict of Nantes, 215 realm, 263 Educational institutions, 214, 280 sensitivity, 252, 262, 270 Egypt, 268 tradition, 259, 267 Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, 89 transformation, 264 Elwin, Verrier, 226 vision, 262, 263 Emic approach, 11 Ethics Enclave churches, 187–190, 192 deontological, 256, 262, 263 England, 141, 164, 200n10, 215 environmental, 265 English education, 91 global, 252–255, 261 Enlightenment, European, 5, 90, 117, humanistic, 271 251, 259, 284 narrative, 255–258 Environment, 31, 42, 53, 78, 85, 86, normative, 251, 254, 259 91, 117, 122, 123, 126, 140, political, 268 141, 146, 151, 157, 159, 166, practice of, 248, 270 167, 171, 173, 174, 179, 189, of self-cultivation, 259–262, 267 190, 199, 219, 244, 250, of self-limitation, 262 270, 294 social, 271 liberal, 185 Ethnic Environmental crisis, 288, 307 antagonism, 2 Environmentalism, 293 identity, 45, 68, 69, 72, 107, 166, Epicureans, 125 169, 200, 201, 219, 226 Epistemology, 21n1, 36, 112, 249, Ethnicity, 22, 23, 25, 65, 70, 308, 312 77, 79, 80, 107, 137, 139, Epistle to Diognetus, The, 314 166–167, 189, 200–201, Equality, 37, 154, 210, 237, 270, 278, 219, 225, 310 285, 286, 298, 309 Ethno-nationalism, 18 principle of, 208, 213 Ethnoscape, 13 Erikson, Erik, 31 Etic approach, 11 Esperanto, 14, 326 Europe(an) Essentialism, 32, 106, 255 heritage, 1 strategic, 32, 33 Hindu, 194 Essentialist conception of religion, 97 Muslim, 72, 194 Essentialization, 212 Sikh, 194 of religious identities, 212 Union, 2, 181, 309n16, 313 Ethical Euthanasia, 198 action, 250, 257, 267 Evolutionary perspective, 3, 12 368 INDEX

Exclusion Frankfurt, vii, viii, 53, 170, 178 experience of, 262 Freedom of religion, 277, 283 of conscience, 213, 214, Exclusionary identity, 96, 97 216, 239n35 Exclusive identities, 97 defense of, 286 Exclusivism, 32, 78, 86, 130, of religion/religious freedom, 4, 38, 303, 304 66, 197–221, 215n44, 232, Extremism, political, 5, 70, 86, 199 233, 239, 277, 279, 283, 287 Freud, Sigmund, 94 Frykenberg, Robert, 180 F Fukuyama, Francis, 24 Faith Fumiko Fukase-Indergaard, 72 analogy of, 289 Fundamentalism communities, 178 Catholic, 101 and knowledge, 274 confation of, 94 perspective of, 273 eco-, 86 Falun Gong, 57, 114, 137, 143, 204 emergence and growth of, 87, 89 Falwell, Jerry, 99 Hindutva, 100, 101 Fanaticism, 69 intra-religious, 92–93 Fascism, 288 market, 86 effects of Hindu, 288 Marxist, 86 Fasting, 266, 268 project on, 85n1, 86 Federation of Asian Bishops’ Protestant, 85n1, 87 Conferences (FABC), 241 Western analysis of, 279 Feminism, 30, 100, 179 Fundamentalist(s) Feminist(s), 15, 19, 31, 37, 37n30, approach, 85 100, 111, 116, 212, 284 groups, 89, 94, 97, 99, 100, 138 studies, 111 movements, 89, 97, 98, 102, 131 theorizing, 116, 284 Fundamental rights, 201, 217 women’s movements, 15 Fernandez, James, 224 Fiji, 52, 165 G Financescape, 13 Gagnon V.P. Jr, 69 Foucault, Michael, 111, 111n15, Gallagher, Eugene, 129 259, 267 Gandhi, Mahatma, 30, 164, 233–237, Foundationalism, 106 248, 248n2, 258, 262–266, 268, France, 41, 55, 58, 123, 182, 186, 269, 289 193, 210 Ganges, 121 Francis, Pope, 92, 93, 241, Garvapsi, 226 271n42, 304n7 Gaudium et Spes, 304n7 Francis Xavier, St, 238 Geertz, Clifford, 60, 224 INDEX 369

Gemzöe, Lena, 55, 122 Griffths, Fr Bede, 240 Gentiles, 162 Guha, Ramachandra, 268 German(s), viii, 21n1, 68, 167, 174, Gujarat, 171, 230, 288 178, 184, 261 Gulf States, 182 Council of Science, 178 Guru, 126, 133, 135, 137, 146–148, Hinduism, 174 151, 152, 154, 155, 174, 282 Germany, vii, 53, 58, 66, 84, 170, 173, 182, 184, 185, 185n46, 193, 266, 268, 280 H Al-Ghazali, 113 Habermas, Jürgen, 218, 274, 278, Giddens, Anthony, 12, 12n28, 108 279, 309n16 Gion Matsuri Festival, 121 Habitus, 112 Giordano, Christian, 211 Hajj pilgrimage, 121 Girard, René, 94 Hamm, 173 Globalization, vii, viii, 4, 7, 9–17, 19, Hanover, 173 24, 32, 33, 48, 50, 52–60, 62, Harari, Yuval, 319 66, 85–103, 105, 106, 112, 115, Hare Krishna movement, 53, 135, 118, 121–159, 162, 166, 179, 146, 148, 157, 168 194, 202, 214, 224, 225, 227, Haridwar, 121 229–231, 242, 244, 247, 248, Harijans, 30, 236 253, 262, 264, 267–269, 271, Harishchandra, 257 281, 294n42, 299, 316, 323, 326 Harmony, 67, 70, 80–84, 86, 102, process of, 14, 21, 24, 31, 33, 106, 113, 125, 177, 185, 192, 195, 107, 137, 138, 152, 230, 270, 199, 214, 219, 221, 229, 281, 301, 323 287, 296, 307 Globalized society, 107 Heaven’s Gate, 129, 156 Glory, 77, 101 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, Goa, 124n46, 181 21n1, 24, 26, 249 Goan Christians, 181 Heresy, 90n9, 290 God Hermeneutics, 96–97, 173, 193, 305 nonexistence of, 125 critical, 96–97 reverence for, 58, 220 Herzegovina, 66 Goethe University of Frankfurt, Heschel, Joshua (Jewish Rabbi), 293 vii, 178 Heterodoxy, 50, 203, 221n61 Gospel of John, 103 Hexham, Irving, 128n5, 135 Grand Imam of Al-Azhar, 241 Hierarchy, 10, 15, 26, 77, 106, 109, Greco-Roman world, 125 109n10, 132 Greece, 195, 257 decline of, 77 Greeks, 161, 257 Hijab, 296 Green Belt Movement, the, 293 Himalayan Institute of Honesdale, 155 Gremillion, Joseph, 82 Himsa, 265 370 INDEX

Hindu nature, 249 Banares University, 242 rights, 14, 15, 189, 197, 199, 208, Dalits, 227 211, 212, 214, 217, 218, 252, diaspora, 168, 171 253, 258, 271, 278, 284, 287, identity, 28, 147 293, 294, 296 -Muslim confict, 77 right(s), fundamental, 208, nationalism, 148 294, 296 Right, 235, 236 rights, practice of, 199 tradition, 59, 120, 165, 186, rights, violations of, 287 242, 257 sexuality, 141 Hinduism, 10, 24, 25, 35, 42, 44, 45, Humanistic, 137, 271, 275, 294, 48, 52, 53, 58, 75, 87, 119, 121, 295, 310 126, 139, 140, 142, 143, Humanization, 254 147–151, 157, 159, 168–170, Huntington, Samuel, 24, 25, 172, 174, 176, 177, 179–181, 25n8, 195 186–187, 194, 204n20, 208, 221n61, 225, 226, 231, 235–237, 240, 244, 257, 267, I 281, 289, 294n42, 304, 307, Ibn Taymiyyah of Damascus, 92 312, 315 Iconoclastic ideology, 95 Hindutva Identity/identities agenda, 169 affrmation, 1, 44, 46 ideology, 98, 208 by ascription, 27, 30 Right, 237 ascriptive, 30, 32, 36, 227 right-wing, 75, 95, 101, 227, 291 assertion, 18, 21, 26–28, 92 Hinnells, John, 178 Christian, 38, 48, 49, 186 Hispanic(s), 193, 229 collective, 2, 31, 38 Historicism, 249 competing, 26 History of Christian mission, 74, 225 construction, 30, 31, 36–38, 46, 96, Hobbes, Thomas, 77, 320 110, 169, 271 Hobsbawm, Eric, 37 declared, 28 Hogan, Linda, 278 ethnic, 21, 23, 32, 45, 68, 69, 72, Hollenbach, David, 278 107, 166, 169, 200, 201, 219, Holocaust, 7, 266 226, 286n25 Homo Deus, 319 of ethnicity, 22, 23, 65, 70, 107 Homosexuality, 18, 99, 248 formation, 6, 22, 27, 49, 167, 169 Hong Kong, 54, 206, 206n25 ghettoization of, 25 Horton, Robin, 224 of Israel, 35, 107n6, 149 Houston, 189 linguistic, 21, 23, 32, 68, 72, 167, Human 206, 286n25 dignity, 14, 80, 102, 145, 197, 215, marker of, 23, 28, 58, 68, 167, 169, 268, 274, 294, 309 219, 244 INDEX 371

multiple layers of, 25, 166 Indic civilization, 25 national, 6, 23, 37, 46, 68–70, 194, Indigenous religious cults, 112 200, 200n11, 226, 235, 285 Individualism, 60, 109, 189, 219, politics, vii, 21–23, 32, 36, 87, 220 250, 251 purity of, 97 liberal, 60, 219, 250 racial, 21 Indonesia, 44, 66, 70, 84, 87, 139, regional, 21, 23, 32, 68, 143, 167, 179, 200, 201, 204n20, 229, 170, 206, 286n25 283, 288, 313 religious, vii–ix, 1, 6, 10, 14, 16, 18, Industrialization, 65 19, 21, 21n1, 22, 25–28, 30, Inequality, 15, 16, 77, 79, 91, 207, 31, 33–36, 38, 39, 41–63, 247, 253, 270, 287, 316, 321 65–84, 87, 97, 102, 107–110, Infallibility, 141 129, 136, 147, 149, 163, 167, Injustice, experience of, 91 169, 170, 177, 194, 198, 200, Inquisition, 93, 103, 215 206, 212, 218, 219, 223–245, Institutional 247–271, 286n25, 302–304, belonging, 105–107 308, 312, 316, 317, 326 religion, 107, 126 Salaf, 95 Institutionalization self-acquired, 30 of Islam, 1 social construction of, Institutionalized religion, 123, 125, 36–38, 37n30 126, 147 source of, 22 Interactionism of Mead, 37 subjective construction of Interconnectedness, 113, 307 collective, 38 Interculturality, 192 Ideology, political, 236 International Commission on Global Ideoscape, 13 Governance, 252 Imagined community, 37, 203 International Court, 209 Incarnation, 102, 103, 217, 275, 276 International politics, 7, 175, 245, 281 Inculturation, 48, 50, 51, 118, 128, International Society of Krishna 180, 186, 240 Consciousness, 53, 156, 168 India(n) Interreligious, 16, 33, 67, 80, 102, Christians, 179–193, 295 138, 165, 177, 186, 220, 229, Constitution, 208, 211, 214, 238, 233, 294, 301–303, 316 239, 285, 286 dialogue, 33, 102, 294, feminism, 179 301–303, 316 hermeneutical tradition, 305 Intra-religious, 67, 92–93, 213, 220 independence, 164 Iranian mullahs, 87 Muslims, 92 Iranian Revolution, 7, 9n19 nationalism, 169 Iraq, 88, 95, 175, 231 Oriental church, 188 Ireland, 167, 182 Indianness of Christianity, 180 ISI, 66, 66n2, 67 372 INDEX

ISIS, 88, 231 Jihadists, 95 Islam, 2, 25, 34, 44, 46, 48, 52, 61, John Paul II, Pope, 233, 314, 314n26 70, 75, 83, 87, 88, 92, 100n31, John XXIII, Pope, 82, 216, 271n42 112, 120, 138, 139, 143, 145, Jonestown, 99, 156 176, 177, 181, 184, 194, 204, JuBus, 148 204n20, 205, 209, 229, 231, Judaism, 47, 87, 88, 136, 148–149, 234, 237, 238n33, 269, 281, 269, 304 304, 312, 313 Juergensmeyer, Mark, 11, 93 radicalization of, 175 Justice, 38, 71, 77, 79, 81–83, 189, Islamic 198, 237, 248, 254, 270, 271, education, 92 295n44, 321 identity, 34, 138 Justice, economic, 79 laws, 210 Justifcatory reason, 280 Middle East, 44, 46 Justin, Saint, 240 movements, 34, 101, 138, 145 Jyllands-Posten, 17 religious movements, 137, 138 theology, 178 Islamophobia, 2, 75 K Israel, 4n8, 35, 68, 89, 107n6, Kachin, 201 148, 149 Kagamikyō, 152, 153 Italy, 5, 41, 176, 182, 184, 200n10 Kagoshima, 238 Kakar, Katharina, 189 Kakar, Sudhir, 189 J Kālidāsa, 305 Jaffrelot, Christopher, 73 Kalinga War, 223 Jainism, 25, 58, 125, 143, 181, Kami, 145 247, 267 Kane, Danielle, 228 Jakarta, 313 Kant, Immanuel, 117, 249, 250, 277, James, William, 249 309n16, 324, 325 Japan(ese) Kantian universal type, 212 Aum Shinrikyo fundamentalist Kapilavastu, 297 movement, the, 98 Karen, 201 imperialism, 56, 228 Karma marga, 289 Shintoism, 72 Karuna, 261, 267 Jerusalem, 54–56, 111 Kenosis, 102, 103, 275, 312 Jesuit missionaries, 127, 310 Kenotic act, 103 Jesus, 51, 101, 241, 242, Kenya, 89, 145, 164, 181 310n18, 314n26 Kerala, 15, 67, 181–184, 189, 190 movement, 101 Khrist Bhaktas, 241, 242 Jewish identity, 107, 107n6, 149 Kiev, 73 Jews, 55, 74, 79, 106, 107, 148, 149, King, Martin Luther Jr, 268, 293 161, 162, 214, 261, 310 Kingdom of God, 98 INDEX 373

Kipp, Rita, 224 Lord Venkateswara or Balaji, 171 Kirghiz, 68 Lovin, Robin, 278 Knowledge, 11, 16, 25, 29, 36, 43, Lower castes, 11, 58, 187, 230, 44, 46, 50, 83, 88, 110, 111, 231, 237n31 144, 159, 176, 178, 292, 297, Luther, Martin, 298 298, 306 Lutheranism, 4 sociology, of, 111 Korea(ns), 51, 56, 60, 68, 116, 135, 144, 179, 182, 193, 206, 228 M Koshy, Susan, 162 Maathai, Wangari, 293 Kosovo, 66, 84 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 35, 250, 251 Koyama, Kosuke, 193, 315 Madan, T.N., 282 Kranenborg, Reender, 136 Mahabharata, 98, 257 Kripalu Center, 155 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Swami, 156 Kshatriya, 202, 238 Mainline Christianity, 186, 215 Kumba mehla, 121 Malayalam, 188 Küng, Hans, 252, 254 Malaysia, 44, 68, 87, 137, 164, 165, Kuru, Ahmet T., 138 170, 200, 219n55, 288 Kymlicka, Will, 219n56, 311 Mali, 89 Kyoto, 121 Mandir, 169 Manea, Elma M., 211, 212 Mao Zedong, 202 L Mara, 309 Laicité, 296 Marcos, Ferdinand, 268 Laissez-faire economy, 86 Marga, 234, 285 Laksana, Bagus, 303, 313 Marginalization, 92, 153, 231 Lakshmi, 62, 165 of religion, 65, 275 Lal, Vinay, 265, 266n35 Market economy, 61, 62, 86, 242, LaMothe, Kimerer L., 117 243, 287, 321 Latin America, 60, 87, 112, 229 Marriage(s) Latinization, 188 inter-, 185 Leeuw, Gerald van der, 119 Mar Thoma Church, 187, 188 Lefebvre, Archbishop Marcel, 101 Marty, Martin, 86, 135, 240 Lefebvre, Henri, 110 Marx, Karl, 65 Lenox, 155 Marxism, 62, 219 Leviathan, 77 Mary, 124, 145n43 Liberation Maslow, Abraham, 26, 132 service of, 293 Mass conversion movements, 235 theology, 293 Mataji, 155 Locke, John, 214 McDaniel, June, 140 London Bridge terror attack, 231 Mecca, 54, 111, 121 Lord Kamadchi, 173 Mediascape, 13 374 INDEX

Medina, 121 Monotheism, 42 Medjugorje, 121, 123 nationalistic philosophy of, 139 Meiji, 73 Montgomery, 293 Meisner, Joachim, 93 Moral Mencius, 261 absolutist, 263 Mesopotamian religions, 88 act, 258, 261 Messianic action, 260 Judaism, 149 autonomy, 277 mindset, 96 categorical imperative, 261 Metaphysics, 29, 249, 276 challenge, 252 Middle East, 44, 46, 66, 79, 87, 165, darkness, 262 182, 199n6 dilemmas, 258, 261 Middle Eastern countries, 229 education, 257 Migrants, 2, 6, 45, 49, 53, 58, 59, 67, empathy, 262 77, 78, 89, 162–178, 162n4, judgments, 250, 263 181–187, 191–195, 208, 209, majority, 99 212, 231, 243, 270, 313 person, 261, 262, 265 Milbank, John, 290 philosophy, 251 Militarism, 56, 228, 287 pluralism, 248 Mill, John Stuart, 214 principles, 247, 248, 256, 258 Mindanao, 207 progress, 257 Minority/minorities relativism, 255, 258 permanent, 286 responses, 260 protection for, 286 sense, 259, 261 rights, 32 sensitivity, 260 Missionaries, 44, 47, 50, 51, 56, 57, teaching, 258 127, 180, 183, 227–230, universalism, 255 235–238, 237n31, 242, 310, values, 253, 268 310n18, 315 weapon, 265 activities of the, 74 Morality Modernity deontological, 262 The Consequences of, 108 heteronomous, 259 Euro-American, 126 of law, 251 liquid, 262 personal, 264 Modernization, 12, 13, 137, 151, political, 264 237n31, 243, 244 realm of, 264 Modern religious movements, rule-bound, 256 146, 149 sexual, 141 Mohammed, Prophet, 17 of truth, 265 Monogenism, 308 Mormons, 157 Monopoly, 314 Moro National Liberation Front of truth, 314 (MNLF), 207 INDEX 375

Moscow, 73 Negritude, The, 33 Mott, John R. Dr., 237 Neo-Buddhist movement, 148 Mozambique, 139 Neo-Hasidism, 148 Multiculturalism, 193–195 Neo-Hinduism, 150 Multireligious experience, 195 Neopaganism, 131 Multireligious situation, 198 Neo-traditional movements, 145 Mungiki movement, 145 Nepal, 312 Munich Security Council, 193 New Asian religious movements, 137 Münster, vii, 66, 178 New Goloka Temple, 148 Murid brotherhood of Senegal, 145 Newman, John Henry, 244 Muslim/Islam New religious movements, 38, 99n28, identity, 28, 34, 138 127–159, 301 Muzumdar, Pratap Chandra, 147 New social movements, 269–270 Myanmar, 44, 66, 75, 200, 201, 209, New Testament, 44, 101 287, 288 New York, 54, 137 Mystery, 239, 306–307 New Zealand, 95 Mysticism, 57, 92, 113, 221n61, Nicholas of Cusa, 83 317, 327 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 65 Nigeria, 66, 67, 71, 84, 89, 91 Nirmala Devi, 155 N Noah, 304 Nandy, Ashish, 282 Nobel Peace Prize, 209 Nation, 1, 6, 13, 23, 24, 28, 32, 37, Nongovernmental 44, 46, 47, 50, 52, 65, 69, 71, organizations, 52, 213 72, 74, 76, 115, 166, 168, 175, Non-violence, 233, 265 194, 207, 208, 226, 228, 236, Non-Western, 11, 46 244, 286n25, 290, 291, 295, Nordic countries, 4 296, 310, 311, 311n21, 324, 325 North America, 4, 17, 19, 87, Nationalism, 37, 45, 56, 69, 71–73, 182, 298 99, 148, 168, 169, 179, 228, North Carolina, 148 235, 291n36, 295, 324, 325 North Korea, 287 muscular, 99 North, the, 51, 157, 161, 198, Nationalist 214–218, 324, 325, 327 chauvinism, 291 Norway, 173, 191, 280 Socialism in Germany, 268 Nostra Aetate, 241 Nationhood, 68 Native language, 139 Naturalism, 274 O Natural law, 248, 258 Oceania, 112 Natya śāstra, 119 Odisha, 230, 288 Nazir Ali, Michael Bishop, 184 Odos, 102 Nazi regime, 262 Old Testament, 98 376 INDEX

Online religion, 108, 110n13, 111 Pentecostalism, 18, 56, 63, Oppression, 15, 18, 30, 38, 45, 76, 116n29, 131 144, 186, 201, 237, 270 People’s Republic of China, 57, 242 of women, 184 Peoples Temple, 99, 156 Oppressive situation, 83 Perpetuity, 141 Orientalism, vii, 12, 29, 43n4 Perry, Michael, 278 Orientalist studies, 176 Persecution, 66, 75, 88, 170, Oriental scholarship, 176 198, 203 Orthodox Pew Research Foundation, 107 Church, 73 Phan, Peter, 193 Judaism, 149 Phan Thi ̣ Kim Phúc, 260 Serbian fundamentalists, 100 Philippines, the, 47, 60, 66, 75, 182, Orthodoxy, 1, 50, 62, 92, 94, 129, 206, 207, 232, 268 130, 142, 192, 203 Philosophy of history, 24, 323 liberal, 322 P Pickett, J. Waskom, 235 Pacem in Terris, 82, 216, 271n42 Pilgrimage Pagan, 131 to Haridwar, 121 Pakistan, 28, 54, 66, 70, 74, 164, 174, to river Ganges, 121 179, 184, 200, 201, 208, 288 traditional, 121, 122 Palmer, David, 113 Plato, 326 Panchatantra, 257 Pluralism Paradise on Earth Research Institute, legal, 210–212, 218 the, 153 postmodern, 140 Paravars, 225 Plurality of languages, 14 Paris, 17, 312 Poland, 7, 123, 268 Park, Jung, 228 Political Patriarchate of Moscow, 73 autonomy, 277 Patriarch of Istanbul Bartholomew, 73 liberalism, 32, 320 Patriotism, 203 Politicians, 4, 5, 151, 162n4, 237 Paul, St, 223 Politics, vii, 4, 6–8, 21, 23, 26, Pauperization of the peasantry, 287 31, 36, 69, 76, 78, 87, 89, Paz, Octavio, 195 175, 218, 220, 223–245, 251, Peace, 38, 62, 79–84, 102, 125, 177, 264, 281, 282, 294, 325 191, 223, 241, 243, 253, 254, right-wing, 2 269–271, 271n42, 281, 295n44, Polygenism, 308 312, 321 Polytheism, 42 Peirce, Charles, 249 Pondicherry, 182 Pennsylvania, 155 Pontoniere, Paolo, 129 Pentecostal experience, 115 Portugal, 181, 200n10 Pentecostal initiatives, 181 Portuguese colonies, 139 INDEX 377

Postcolonial morality, 264, 265 critique of the category of philosophy, 291 religion, 3 reason, 276–280 situation, 3 sphere, 167, 199, 199n7, 274, 279, societies, 3, 4, 6, 23 280, 291, 298 theory, 29, 52 theology, 273, 284, 289–297, 299 Postman, Niel, 279n13 Punjab, 181 Postmodernity, 105, 116n29, 118, Putnam, Joseph, 126 123, 141, 157, 266–267, 275 Puttaparthi, 146 Post-structuralism, 30, 78 Power confict, 91 Power-politics, 3 Q Pragmatism, 167, 249, 250 Qigong, 57, 114, 115 realpolitik of, 194 Quasi religions, 132 Praxis, 57, 80, 189, 282, 297, 310 Quebec, 99, 156, 311n22 Pre-Enlightenment, 17 Quest for truth, 263, 317 Prejudice, 2, 6, 16, 131, 159, 176, Qur’an, 66, 75, 303, 313 179, 284, 302 Primordial loyalties, 69 Private, 5–8, 77, 116n29, 167, 197n1, R 198, 201, 213, 216, 217, 264, Race, 12, 23, 31, 32, 65, 80, 83, 139, 265, 273, 277, 283–285, 289, 200–201, 241, 293 298, 304, 304n7 Racial discrimination, 170, 184, 293 Private narratives, 284 Racism, 2, 184, 185, 267, 308 Privatization, 5 Radical groups, right-wing, of religion, 136 2, 3, 5, 16, 56, 72, 75, Procession, 90, 171–173 89, 95, 99, 101, 168, Process of individualization, 106, 152 176, 187, 198, 207, Procrustean bed, 10 208, 212, 227, 291, Proselytization, 74, 227, 236, 239 314n26 Protestant(s) Raj, Selva, 190 Christianity, 131, 282 Rajagopalachari, C., 237 conservative movement, 85n1, 92 Rajaneesh or Osho, 53, 141, 154, 155 Protestantism, Evangelical, 243 Rama, 75, 100, 174 Psychoanalysis, 256 Ramabai, Pandita, 179 Psychotherapy, 256 Ramakrishna Mission, 150 Public Ramayana, 174, 186, 256 concern, 286–289 Rancho, 156 debate, 5, 273 Ratzinger, Joseph, 16 Hinduism, 139 Ravishankar, Sri, 148, 150 life, 3, 4, 6, 38, 92n14, 164, 213, Rawls, John, 274, 276–280 217, 218, 262, 273–299 Redemptoris Missio, 241 378 INDEX

Religion language, 274 conceptualization of, 9 movements, 62, 75, 109n10, 114, and identity, 2, 32 134–139, 141–146, 149, 150, return of, 7–9, 323 159, 168, 231 Religiosity, 48, 49, 54–56, 62, 107, myths, 173 113, 115, 116, 120, 125, 136, narrative identity, 36 275, 301 nationalism, 45, 69, 71–73 Religious nation-state, 69 Affairs Bureau, 204 pluralism, 159, 239, 245, 316 affliation, 138, 187, 239, 243, 317 and political debate, 1 aggression, 217 purity, 88, 99 coexistence, 3 space, 111 conficts, 47, 66, 71–79, 82, stories, 35 85, 87, 220 symbols, 4, 190, 213, 220, 290, conservativism, 18 291, 324 conversion, 31, 38, 223–245 traditions, 2, 15, 24, 25, 27, 33–35, cosmopolitanism, 122, 124, 302, 44, 47, 54, 56, 59, 62, 82, 88, 303, 307, 310, 313, 315–317 103, 106, 109n10, 112, 113, cyberwar, 67 119, 122–127, 122n42, dance, 112, 117, 118, 120 134–137, 136n28, 143, 147, disarmament, 217 153, 159, 165, 173, 175, 176, ethnography, vii, 3, 11, 322 178, 179, 182, 186, 189, 195, experience, 107, 109, 115, 116, 199, 223, 225, 227, 234, 240, 116n29, 119, 120, 145, 241, 245, 251, 254, 256, 261, 275, 301 266–267, 275, 276, 278, 282, forces, 7, 70, 90, 198 294, 295, 303–306, 310n18, freedom, 4, 38, 197–221, 232, 233, 313, 314n26, 315, 326 239, 277, 279, 287 violence, 66, 95, 233 freedom, denial of, 66, 204 war, 66, 84, 215, 215n44, 310n18 fundamentalism, 18, 85–103, 169, Renewal movement, 136, 148 288, 303 Ressourcement, 326 fundamentalist movements, 89, 97, Restorative movement, 101 102, 131 Ricci, Matteo, 128 harmony, 70, 102 Rice Christians, 235 identity, vii–ix, 1, 6, 10, 14, 16, 18, Ricoeur, Paul, 34n25, 35, 256 19, 21n1, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, Rights, suppression of the, 287 33–36, 38, 39, 41–63, 65–84, Rio de Janeiro, 312 87, 97, 107–110, 129, 136, 147, Rochester, 184 149, 163, 169, 170, 177, 194, Rohingyas, 66, 201, 209 198, 200, 212, 218, 219, Roman 223–245, 247–271, 302–304, Catholic Church, 16, 50n24, 82, 308, 312, 316, 317, 326 92, 216, 217, 241, 271n42 INDEX 379

missal, 118 Sebastia, Brigitte, 186 Synod on Family, 18 Sects, 99, 129–133, 134n23, 136n28, Rome, 111 201, 204 Rorty, Richard, 248–250, 248n2, 257 Secular Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 290, 320n4 democracy, 165 Roy, Olivier, 50, 88 nationalism, 69 Rufaqa, 137 nation-state, 69 Rumi, Mevlana Jalaluddin, 120 Secularism Rushdie, Salman, 167 Asian conception of, 285 Russia/Soviet Union, 66, 73 critical analysis of, 281 Euro-American, 126 xenophobic, 86 S Secularists, liberal, 46, 217, 273, 274 Sabarimala, 15 Secularist society, 190 Saccidananda Ashram, 240 Secularization, 2, 3, 4n7, 5, 7, 8, 19, Sacred 38, 44, 90, 91, 106n3, 122, 125, hierarchy, 15 126, 133, 137, 151, 152, 184, sense of the, 5 273–276, 281, 282, 298, topography, 54, 171 299, 327 Saivite, 294 process of, 90 Sakuntalá ̄, 305 Secularizing kenosis, 275 Salvation, 59, 83, 101, 216, 234, 315 Self Same-sex marriage, 99, 198 -cultivation, 57, 107, 113, Sampradaya, 170 259–262, 267 Sanatana Dharma, 147 -discipline, 113 Sanjay Subrahmanyan, 296 -identity, 30, 31, 110 Sanskrit, 41 -purifcation, 268 Sanskritization, 11 -realization, 147 Santa Fe, 156 -transformation, 31 Santiago, 54, 55, 122 Selma, 293 Santiago, Camino, 122 Semitic religious tradition(s), 59, 269 Sapiens, 319 Sen, Amartya, 292, 311 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 291, 292 Separation of religion and politics, 4 Sarva samaya samabhava, 285 Separation of religion and state, 4, 198 Satanic Verses, 175 Sephardic movement, 148 Sathya Sai Baba, 53, 146, 155 Seventh Day Adventism, 154 Saudi Arabia, 229 Sex-revolution, 141 Scapegoat theory, 94 Sexual permissiveness, 141 Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 65 Sex-workers, 184 Schneider, Jane, 224 Shah, regime of, 7 Scriptures, Christian, 97, 102, Shakers in America, 154 119, 306 Shakyamuni, 223 380 INDEX

Shamanism, 144–146 South Asia, 18, 28, 48, 87, 165, 173, Shamans, 297 174, 179, 181, 184–187, 194, Shambuka, 186 195, 257, 283, 291, 295 Shariah law, 212 South Asian Sharma, Arvind, 258 Christians, 181, 182, 186, Shiite Golden Mosque, 95 187, 192–193 Shinto, 72, 152 culture, 180, 193 Sicarii, 101 diaspora, 165–167, 170, 174, 185, Siddhartha Gautama, 297 194, 195 Sikh, 67, 95, 97, 173, 176, 181, migration, 164, 166, 182, 184 186, 194 South Korea, 206, 228 Sikhism, 25, 87, 181, 194, 289 South, the, 3–7, 9, 17–19, 51, 131, Sikka, Sonia, 278, 279 144–146, 149, 151, 198, 212, Singapore, 60, 280, 281 219, 280–282, 286–289, 301, Sinhalese, 68, 78, 91 321, 323–325 Skepticism, 205 Soviet Union, 66, 73 Smiling Islam, 70 Spain, 45, 122, 184, 200n10, 274 Smith, Wendy, 137 Spirit of voluntarism, 172 Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, 10 Spiritual Social metabolism, 307 contract, 69, 320, 322 transformation, 264 Gospel movement, 150 Spirituality, 57, 63, 106, 112, 113, harmony, 67, 80 122, 123, 125, 126, 132, 136, media, 36, 56, 67, 284 141, 143n38, 147, 150, 151, movements, 238, 269–270 236, 304 and political forces, 3, 235 without God and religion, 125 Socialism Srebrenica, 84 Marxist, 86 Sri Lanka, 44, 47, 66–68, 74, 78, 80, National, 74, 266 91, 164, 170, 179, 181, 182, Social-psychology, 21 191, 200, 225, 288 Society of Saint Pius X, the, 101 Srinivas, M.N., 11 Sociology, 11, 19, 21, 111, Stackhouse, Max, 290 224, 290–292 Staines, Graham, 230 Sociopolitical experiences, 5 Stark, Rodney, 134, 134n23, 156 Socrates, 297 Starvation deaths, 287 Solar Temple, Order of the, 156 State Solidarity, 15, 33, 125, 143, 218, 250, despotism, 286 270, 310, 313–316, 321–323 favored religion, 287 Somalia, 89 theology, 82 Song, C.S., 193 Stepan, Alfred, 4 South Africa, 52, 164, 169, 268 Stoics, 125 South America, 9n19, 44, 53, 89 Storytelling, 257 INDEX 381

Structural Temple, 15, 16, 25, 49, 53, 56, 61, assimilation, 191 63, 95, 100, 120, 127, 165, Structuralism, 78 169–174, 187, 210, 236, 262 Sudan, 66, 84, 89 Tenrikyo movement, 128 Suf, 34, 92 Terror in the Mind of God, 93, 288n29 Suf mysticism, 92 Terrorism, 77, 91, 93, 110n13, Suicide, 93, 99, 129, 156, 260 175, 231 Sūkyō Mahikari, 139 Texas, 66, 156 Sunday School, 173 Thailand, 200, 288 Sunni Muslims, 88 Thapar, Romila, 297, 297n48 Super-religion, 14, 153 Theism, 248 Superstitions, 186, 204, 242, 265, 284 Theocratic model, 4 Surinam, 53, 164, 170 Theology Swadeshi, 236 Christian, 50, 178, 240 Swami Rama, 155 of election, 97 Swaminarayan Movement, 169 for nation-building, 295 Sweden, 122, 280 Theorizing, vii, 3, 8, 16–19, 36, 55, Switzerland, 99, 156 65, 90, 111, 116, 144, 219n56, Syllabus of Errors, 216 260, 274, 284 Syncretism, 48, 62, 88, 301, 301n1, Theosophical Society, 155 314n26, 316 Theosophy, 155 Syrian Orthodox Church, 188 Thomas Christians, 180 Syro-Malabar Church, 188 Thomas, M.M., 295, 295n45 Tirtha, 62, 120 Tiruchirapalli, 124n46, 240 T Tirupati, 171 Tagore, Rabindranath, 325 Tokyo, 98 Taizé, 123, 124 Tolerance, 138, 178, 194, 219, 220, Tajiks, 68 233, 285, 286n25, 296, 298 Tamil Toronto, 189, 201n15 Christians, 181 Totalitarianism, 269, 285 Sinhala confict, 68, 78, 91 political, 102 Tan, Jonathan, 190, 191, 193 Tower of Babel, 304 Tanneerpalli, 240 Toynbee, Arnold, 24 Tanzania, 164 Traditionalism, 132 Taylor, Charles, 4n7, 8, 10, 26, 34, 76 Tradition, Chinese, 113 Technology, 5, 13, 65, 82, 101, Transatlantic slave trade, 163 111n15, 124, 288, Transcendence, 31, 103, 113, 143n38, 319–320n3, 320 310, 311 Technopoly, 279n13, 319n3 Transcendental Technoscape, 13 meditation, 132, 140, 149, 156, 157 Telugu, 188 Meditation movement, 53 382 INDEX

Transmission of religious Unifcation Church, 135, 137 tradition, 173 Uniform civil code, 211, 212 Transnational, 1, 24, 46, 59, 66, 67, United Kingdom, the (UK), 4, 5n10, 126, 137, 139, 142, 143n38, 53, 58, 106n3, 127, 165–168, 146, 155, 167, 175, 182, 189, 175, 181, 182, 184, 187, 193, 229, 231, 295n44, 309, 309n16 211, 231, 280, 311 order, 194 United Nations (UN), 281, 281n17 Transnationalism, 166 United Nations declaration of religious Transnationalization, 56–57 freedom, 197 of religious movements, 139 United States, the (US), 3, 26, 28, 45, Trent, Council of, 92, 101 46, 52, 53, 58, 71n17, 85n1, Tribal(s), 23, 181, 201, 213, 226, 86n2, 87, 92, 94, 99, 101, 127, 227, 230, 231, 234, 235, 145, 165–168, 170–172, 237, 288 172n24, 176n29, 177, 182, 183, Christians, 288 187, 189n53, 190, 191, 193, Trinidad, 165, 170 216, 228n15, 229, 243, 254, Trinity, 203, 294, 310n18 281, 290, 325 Tripitaka, 96 Universal Declaration of Human Triumphalism, 102 Rights of 1948, 214 Triveni Sangam, 121 Universalism, 126, 147, 211, 255, Troeltsch, Ernst, 130, 130n17 266, 304 Truth, 6, 14, 30, 36, 58, 78, 81, Universality, 102, 124, 307–309, 326 85n1, 96, 102, 103, 117, 146, Untouchability, eradication of, 263 212, 216, 217, 220, 237, 239, Untouchables, the, 10, 15, 30, 109, 241, 249, 257, 258, 262–266, 186, 210, 237, 244, 288 276, 277, 290, 297, 307–309, Upper-castes, 11, 58, 227, 310n18, 311, 314, 317, 323 229–231, 237n31 and salvation, 234 Urdu, 91 Truthfulness of God, 265 Urmila Goel, 184, 185n46 Tunisia, 268 Ut, Nick, 259–261 Turkish Islamic identity, 138 Uyghur, 58, 204 Turkish Islamic religious Uzbeks, 68 movements, 138 Tutu, Desmond Bishop, 82 Tyranny of the market, 287 V Vailankanni, 124, 124n46 Vaishnavite, 294 U Value orientation, 59, 264 Uganda, 164–166 Value system, 189 Ukraine, 73 Van der Veer, Peter, 126, 126n50, Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 73 174, 174n27 Unemployment, 91, 185, 287 Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram (VKA), 227 INDEX 383

Varanasi or Banares, 242 epistemology, 112 Vasudhaiva kutumbakam, 304 experience, 146 Vatican, 109n10, 204, 205 society/societies, 4, 68, 151, 174, Vatican I, 92 176, 185, 298 Vatican II, 82, 92, 101, 214–216, Williams, Raymond Brady, 172n24, 241, 279 178n32, 189, 189n53 Vattimo, Gianni, 218n52, 249, 249n4, Will of God, 97, 233, 249, 309 275, 276 Wilson, Bryan, 133, 133n22 Vedanta society, 168 Wittenberg, 298 Vedas, 42 Women, 15, 16, 26, 31, 58, 63, 74, Vietnam, 44, 179, 182, 202, 205, 287 84, 99, 100, 109, 111, 120, 135, Vietnam War, 260 145, 153–155, 177, 183–185, Violence 210–212, 230, 261, 270, 271, confation of, 94 288, 293, 294, 296 global, 93–95 oppression of, 184 performance, 93 World Commission on Culture and spiritualization of, 98 Development, the, 252 Virtual religion, 108–110 World Council of Churches, 83, 241 Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), 139, World Parliament of Religions, 147, 168, 170 150, 252 Viswanathan, Gauri, 237 World War I, 325 Vivekananda, 150, 289 World War II, 7 Voltaire, 65, 90 Worship, 33, 49, 56, 58, 60, 66, 75, Vrata, 263 93, 106, 108, 112, 118, 120, 127, 129, 157, 170–172, 178, 192, 197n1, 200, 202, 203, 207, W 219n55, 230, 236, 240, 282, Waco, 156 293, 310n18, 324–326 Wahabi Islamic movement, 91 Wahabism, 101 Wall of separation, 206, 245, 285 X Walsh, Patricia, 253, 253n14 Xenophobia, 2, 219 Washington DC, 293 Xinjiang, 58, 66, 204 WCC General Assembly, 116 Weber, Max, 60, 90, 130, 130n16 West Asia, 66, 79, 84 Y Western Yang, C. K., 113 attitudes, 6 Yezidis, 88 Christian history, 131, 214 Yoga, 114, 132 culture, 73, 159, 217, 236 Yogi Amrit Desai, 155 Enlightenment heritage, 17 Yugoslavia, 123 384 INDEX

Z Zen, Cardinal Joseph, 206, 206n25 Zealots, 101 Zen movement, 148 Zeliot, Eleanor, 244 Zion, 161 Zen, 44, 114 Zoroastrianism, 25, 109n10