324 Eyewitnesses and Others: Readings in American History, Volume 2 The Truman Doctrine and the Four Points 325

One of the primary objectives of the foreign The Truman policy of the United States is the creation of condi tions in From co;gressional Doctrine which we and other nations will be able Record, 80th Congress, and the to work out a way of life free from coercion [force 1st Session; and or the threat of force]. This was a fundamental Congressional Record, 81st Four Points issue Congress, 1st Session. in the war with Germany and Japan. Our victory was won over countries which sought to impose (1947,1949) their will, and way of life, on other nations. To insure the peaceful development During World War II, the United States and the of nations, free from coercion, the United States has taken a Soviet Union were allies. After the war, however, leading part in establishing the United Nations, The • The the Soviets were determined to take over the Eastern United Nations is designed to make possible lasting United Nations European countries that they had occupied. The United freedom and independence for all its members. We is designed to States opposed this, and the two countries were soon shall not realize our objectives, however, unless we make possible locked into a Cold War. At the same time, communist are willing to help free people to maintain their parties in many European countries began gaining free institutions and their national integrity against lasting freedom power. President Truman sought ways to end this aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them and spread of communism without war. totalitarian regimes [systems of government in which independence all aspects In 1947 communist rebels in Greece threatened of people’s lives are rigidly controlled]. for all its to overthrow the conservative Greek government. Tru This is no more than a frank recognition that totali members. tarian regimes imposed on free peoples, man asked Congress for $400 million in aid for Greece, by direct or indirect stating a plan that became known as the Truman aggression, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the Doctrine. Then, in his inaugural address in January United States. 1949, he outlined his Four Point Foreign Policy, The peoples of a number which of countries of the included his continued support of the European world have recently had totalitarian regimes Recovery forced Program (the Marshall Plan) and America’s upon them against their will. The government of responsibility to the underdeveloped areas of the world. the United States has made frequent protests against As you read the excerpts from Truman’s address to the coercion and intimidation, in violation of the Congress, in which he outlined the Truman Doctrine, Yalta agreement, in Poland, Romania and Bulgaria. and the fourth point of his Four Point Foreign Policy, I must also state that in a number of other countries consider what Truman thought might happen f the there have been similar developments. United States failed to provide aid to Greece. At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not 1947 a free one. One way of life is based upon am fully aware of the broad implications in the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free volved if the United States extends assistance institutions, J representative government, free elections, guarantees to Greece and Turkey, and! shall discuss these impli of individual liberty, freedom of speech and cations with you at this time. religion, and freedom from political oppression. 1 326 Eyewitnesses and Others: Readings in American Histoiy, Volume 2 The Truman Doctrine and the Four Points 327

The second way of life is based upon the will evil soil of poverty and strife. They reach their full of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. growth when the hope of a people for a better It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled life has died. We must keep that hope alive. press and radio, fixed elections and the suppression The free peoples of the world look to us for of personal freedoms. support The free peoples in maintaining their freedoms. If we falter I believe that it must be the policy of the United in our leadership, of the world look we may endanger the peace of States to support peoples who are resisting attempted the world—and to us for support we shall surely endanger the welfare subjugation [takeover or control] by armed minor of our own in maintaining nation. Great responsibilities have been . ities or by outside pressures. . . I believe that our placed upon us by the swift movement of events. I their help should be primarily through economic and am confident that the Congress will face these re freedoms. financial aid, which is essential to economic stability sponsibilities squarely. and orderly political processes. The world is not static [motionless] and the 1949 status quo [present situation] is not sacred. But we We must embark on a bold new program cannot allow changes in the status quo in violation for making the benefits of our scientific advances of the charter of the United Nations by such methods and industrial progress available for the improvement subterfuges [deceptions] and growth as coercion, or by such as of underdeveloped areas. political infiltration. In helping free and independent More than half the people of the world are nations to maintain their freedom, the United States living in conditions approaching misery. Their food will be giving effect to the principles of the charter is inadequate. They are victims of disease. Their of the United Nations. economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty It is necessary only to glance at a map to realize is a handicap and a threat both to them and prosper that the survival and integrity of the Greek nation ous areas. are of grave importance in a much wider situation. For the first time in history, humanity If Greece should fall under the control of an armed possesses the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering minority, the effect upon its neighbor, Turkey, would of these people. be immediate and serious. Confusion and disorder The United States is pre-eminent might well spread throughout the entire Middle among nations in the development of industrial and East. scientific tech niques. The material resources which It would be an unspeakable tragedy if these we can afford to use for the assistance of other countries, which have struggled so long against over people are limited. But our imponderable resources whelming odds, should lose that victory for which in technical knowl edge are constantly growing and are they sacrificed so much. Collapse of free institutionS inexhaustible. I believe that we should make available and loss of independence would be disastrous not to peace- loving peoples the benefits of our store of technical only for them but for the world. Discouragement knowledge in order to help them realize their aspira and possibly failure would quickly be the lot of neigh tions for a better life. And, in cooperation with other boring peoples striving to maintain their freedom nations, we should Foster capital investment in areas and independence. needing development. The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured Our aim should be to help the by misery and want. They spread and grow in the free peoples of the world, through their own efforts, to produce 328 Eyewitnesses and Others: Readings in American Htctosy, Volume 2 The Truman Doctrine and the Four Points 329

is a program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair-dealing. All countries, including our own, will greatly benefit from a constructive program for the better use of the world’s human and natural resources. Expe rience shows that our commerce with other countries expands as they progress industrially and economi cally. Greater production is the key to prosperity and President Harry Tru peace. And the key to greater production is a wider man addresses a joint and more vigorous application of modern scientific session of Congress to and technical knowledge. propose the foreign pol Only by helping the least fortunate of its mem icy initiative later called bers to help themselves can the human family achieve the Truman Doctrine. the decent, satisfying life that is the right of all people. more food, more clothing, more materials for hous Democracy alone can supply the vitalizing force ing, and more mechanical power to lighten their to stir the peoples of the world into triumphant burdens. action, not only against their human oppressors, but We invite other countries to pooi their techno also against their ancient enemies—hunger, misery, logical resources in this undertaking. Their contribu and despair. tions will be warmly welcomed. This should be a cooperative enterprise in which all nations work to gether through the United Nations and its special ized agencies wherever practicable. It must be a REVIEWING THE READING worldwide effort for the achievement of peace, 1. What do you think President Truman plenty, and freedom. thought might happen if the United States With the cooperation of business, private capi failed to provide aid to Greece? tal, agriculture, and labor in this country, this pro 2. What resources of the United States did gram can greatly increase the industrial activity in President Truman think the United States other nations and can raise substantially their stan could offer to underdeveloped countries? dards of living. Which American resources did he say Such new economic developments must be de were limited? vised and controlled to benefit the peoples of the areas in which they are established, Guarantees to 3. Using Your Historical Imagination. How the investor must be balanced by guarantees in the do you think Truman visualized the carry interest of the people whose resources and whose ing out of his two plans? What do you labor go into these developments. think he saw as a long-range end result The old imperialism—exploitation for foreign of the programs he proposed? profit—has no place in our plans. What we envisage 334 Eyewitnesses and Others: Readings in American Histor,, Volume 2 Victor Navasky Describes the Costs of”McCartlryicm” 335

did more than bring misery to the lives of hundreds Victor Navasky of thousands of Communists, former Communists, fellow travelers [associates of hidden communists], From Naming Names by Victor S. Navasky. Describes the Costs and unlucky liberals, It weakened American culture and it weakened itself. of “McCarthyism” Unlike the Palmer Raids [nationwide raids by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer against sup (1950s) posed subversives] of the early I 920s, which were violent hit-and-run affairs that had no long-term ef During the late 1940s a new wave of fear swept fect, the vigilante spirit [Joseph] McCarthy repre across the United States. Several incidents led Ameri sented still lives on in legislation accepted as a part cans to believe that communists had infiltrated the of the American political way. The morale of the highest levels of the U.S. government. Public hearings United States’ newly reliable and devoted civil service held by the House Un-American Activities Committee was savagely undermined in the I 950s, and the purge followed, with informers accusing scores of public of the foreign Service contributed to our disastrous figures of communist activities or connections. Careers miscalculations in Southeast Asia in the 1960s and were destroyed virtually overnight. the consequent human wreckage. The congressional investigations of the 1940s and 1950s fueled the Senator Joseph McCar. In 1950 Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy, thy displays photo in an attempt to further his own anti-Communist hysteria which eventually led to career, claimed that the investment of thousands of billions of dollars graphs of alleged he knew of 205 “card-carrying communists” who in a nuclear arsenal, with risks that boggle the minds communists at a Senat held high positions in the State Department. Although of even those who specialize in thinking about the hearing. he never produced the names or provided any form of proof, McCarthy attacked and ruined the careers of an untold number of government officials over the next four years. Finally, McCarthy went too far. His irrational tactics became obvious to the public, and the people turned against him. Later that year the Senate passed a vote of condemnation against him, and his star fell as quickly as it had risen. The reputations and careers of McCarthy’s victims, however, would never be the same, As you read the following excerpts from journalist Victor Navasky’s book on McCarthyism, try to determine the meaning of the term “McCarthyism” as it might be used today.

he social costs of what came to be called McCar Tthyism have yet to be computed. By conferring its prestige on the red [communist] hunt, the state 336 Eyewitnesses and Others: Readings in American Histo,y, Volume 2 Victor Navasky Describes the Costs qf “McCarthyism” 337

unthinkable.” Unable to tolerate a little subversion his critically acclaimed novel The Ecstasy of Owen (however one defines 10—if that is the price of free Muir. . , . The FBI had a permanent motion-picture dom, dignity, and experimentation—we lost our crew stationed across the street from the Four Conti edge, our distinctiveness. McCarthyism decimated nents Bookstore in New York, which specialized [partially destroyed] its target—the American Com in literature sympathetic to the Soviet Union’s brand munist Party, whose membership fell from about of Marxism. How to measure a thousand such pollu seventy-five thousand in 1957 (probably a high per tions of the cultural environment centage of these lost were FBI informants)—but the real casualties of that assault were the walking wounded of the liberal left and the already impaired momentum of the New Deal. No wonder a new r REVIEWING THE READING generation of radical idealists came up through the 1. What is the meaning of the term ‘McCar peace and civil-rights movements rather than the thyism” Democratic Party. The damage was The damage was compounded by the state’s 2. What does Navasky think of the informers compounded by chosen instruments of destruction, the professional used by the government in its attempt the state’s informers—those ex-Communists whom the sociolo to rid the country of communists2 gist Edward chosen Shils described in 1956 as a host of 3. Using Your Historical Imagination. Na instruments of frustrated, previously anonymous failures. vasky says that McCarthyism weakened It is no easier to measure the destruction, the impact of McCar American culture and it weakened itself. thyism on culture than on politics, although emblems What examples does he give to prove professional of the terror were ever on display. In the literary informers his point2 What does he believe to be community, for example, generally thought to be the only possible good to come out of more permissive than the mass media . . . the distin McCarthyism? guished editor-in-chief of the distinguished publisher Little, Brown & Co. was forced to resign because he refused to repudiate [give up] his progressive politics and he became unemployable. Such liberal publications as the New York Post and the New Republic refused to accept ads for the transcript of the trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg [husband and wife who were tried and convicted in 1951 of passing atomic secrets to Soviet agents1 electrocuted in 1953]. Albert Maltz’s short story “The Happiest Man on Earth,” which had won the 0. Henry Memorial Short Story Award in 1938 and been republished seventy-six times in magazines, newspapers, and an thologies, didn’t get reprinted again from the time he entered prison in 1950 until 1963. Ring Lardner, Jr., had to go to England to find a publisher for NAME CLASS DATE

On Joining NATO

As the Soviet threat loomed in the aftermath of World War II, the international community sought ways to ensure world peace and stability. In the United States, debates raged over whether U.S. membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) would deter Soviet aggression or intensify competition between the two superpowers.

As you read the passages, try to identify the different consequences that werepredicted to result from U.S. membership in NATO.

Russians ever intended to start an overt war, they CharlesE. Bohien,Witness to History, will not start it when it is certain that they cannot 1929—1969 win the war unless they defeat the United States. Therefore, the security of all Europe is greater NATO was simply a necessity. The developing than it was once the Pact has been ratified.. situation with the Soviet Union demanded the participation of the United States in the defense of Western Europe. Any other solution would have SenatorTomConnally(D-Texas),Chairman, Committeeon ForeignRelations,in an address opened the area to Soviet domination. . . . NATO beforethe UnitedStatesSenate,1949 was. . . regarded as a traditional military alliance of like-minded countries, It was not regarded as a panacea for the problems besetting It is obvious that the United States gains much by Europe, but only as an elementary precaution declaring now, in this written pact, the course of against Communist aggression. action we would follow even if the treaty did not It is difficult now to recapture the mood of exist. Without a treaty, we were drawn into two the late 1940s.The Soviet Union was on the move, world wars to preserve the security of the North not only in carrying out the traditional objectives Atlantic community. Can anyone doubt that we of Russian foreign policy but also in utilizing to would become involved in a third world conflict the full the existence of Communist parties sub if it should ever come?... servient to it the world over. Had the United States From now on, no one will misread our motives

not inaugurated the Marshall Plan,. . and [not] or underestimate our determination to stand in agreed to join NATO, the Communists might easily defense of our freedom. By letting the world have assumed power in most of Western Europe. know exactly where we stand, we erect a funda mental policy that outlasts the daily fluctuations of diplomacy, and the twists and turns of psycho WalterLippmann,political journalist, froma letter logical warfare which the Soviet Union has chosen to ThomasFinietter,April 18,1949 to wage against us. This public preview of our intentions has a steadying effect upon the course Here there doesn’t seem to be any doubt that the of human events both at home, where our people Senate will eventually ratify the Atlantic Pact, want no more Normandy beachheads, and but on the question of money for arming Europe abroad, where men must work and live in the

there is going to be a great big fight. . . . If the sinister shadow of aggression.... budget has to be increased after the Pact, it will The greatest obstacle that stands in the way be very hard to answer the feeling that it doesn’t of complete [European] recovery is the pervading C) C inaugurate a still more intense phase of the race and paralyzing sense of insecurity. The treaty is a of armaments—and that rather knocks into a powerful antidote to this poison. It will go far in ci) cocked hat the argument that the Pact works dispelling fear C.) the that has plagued Europe since C ci) for security. I myself am convinced that if the the war.

Chapter 26 Sutvey Edition Comparing Primary Sources • 77 Chapter 16 Modern American History Edition NAME CLASS DATE

(continued)

an attack against it, only filled me with impa Senator Robert A. Taft (R-Ohio),in an address tience. What in the world did they think we had beforethe United States Senate, 1949 been doing in Europe these last four or five years? Did they suppose we had labored to free Europe So, Mr. President, I am opposing the treaty. from the clutches of Hitler merely in order to This whole program in my opinion is not a peace abandon it to those of Stalin? What did they program: it is a war program. . . . We are commit suppose the Marshall Plan was all about?... ting ourselves to a policy of war, not a policy of The danger that the European NATO partners peace. We are building up armaments. We are faced in the political field—the danger, that is, undertaking to arm half the world against the of a spread of communism to new areas of the other half. We are inevitably starting an arma continent by political means—was still greater, I ment race. The more the pact signatories arm, the wrote, than any military danger that confronted more the Russians are going to arm. It is said they them. are armed too much already. Perhaps that is true. This preoccupation with military affairs was But that makes no difference. The more we arm, already widespread, I noted. It was regrettable. It the more they will arm, the more they will devote addressed itself to what was not the main danger. their whole attention to the building up of arms. But it behooved us to bear in mind that the The general history of armament races in the need for alliances and rearmament in Western world is that they have led to war, not to peace. Europe was primarily a subjective one, arising from the failure of the Western Europeans to understand correctly their own position. Their best GeorgeF. Kennan. American diplomat, bet was still the struggle for economic recovery Memoirs, 1925—1950 and internal political stability. Intensive rearma ment represented an uneconomical and regrettable The suggestion, constantly heard from the diversion of their effort—a diversion that not only European side, that an alliance was needed to threatened to proceed at the cost of economic assure the participation of the United States in the recovery but also encouraged the impression that cause of Western Europe’s defense, in the event of war was inevitable.

From MEMOIRS: 1925-1950 by George Kennan, Copyright © 1967 by George F, Kennan. By permission of Little, Brown and Co.

QuEsTioNs TO Discuss C,,

1. According to Connally, how would NATO aid the European economic recovery? 2. Explain why some commentators feared that the U.S. commitment to NATO would accelerate the arms race. 3. Why did Connally and Lippmann think that U.S. membership in NATO would deter Soviet aggression in Europe? 4. Why was George Kennan opposed to NATO?

5. Predicting Consequences Both Robert Taft and Tom Connally were partially correct—there was an arms race, but it did not result in war between the superpowers or a takeover of Western Europe. Explain the C., logic used by each senator to predict what he believed would be the I consequences of NATO. C, C a)

78 • Comparing Primary Sources Chapter 26 Survey Edition Chapter 16 Modern American Histo,y Edition NAME CLASS DATE

President Franklin Roosevelt and wartime media affectionately referred to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin as “Uncle Joe.” As relations between the United States and the Soviet Union worsened in the postwar era, so did Americans’ image of Stalin. In the passage below, Stalin’s daughter Svetlana describes her father in the last years of his life. Stalin died in 1953. As you read, compare Svetlana s description with the image most Americans have of the Soviet leader.

owadays when I read or hear somewhere a savings account, but probably not. He never N that my father used to consider himself spent any money—he had no place to spend it practically a god it amazes me that people who and nothing to spent it on, Everything he needed, knew him well can say such a thing. his food, his clothing, his dachasand his servants, It’s true my father wasn’t especially demo all were paid for by the government. The secret cratic, but he never thought of himself as a god. police had a division that existed specially for this His life was most solitary of all towards the purpose and it had a book-keeping department of end, his trip south in the autumn of 1951being its own. God only knows how much it cost and the last he ever took anywhere. He never left where the money all went. My father certainly Moscow again and stayed at Kuntsevo practically didn’t know. all the time. Kuntsevo, meanwhile, was re-built Sometimes he’d pounce on his commandants over and over again. In his latter years a little or the generals of his bodyguard, someone like wooden house was built near the main house, as Viasik, and start cursing: ‘You parasites! You’re the air was fresher there. Often he spent days at a making a fortune here. Don’t think I don’t know time in the big room with the fireplace. Since he how much money is running through your fingers!’ didn’t care for luxury, there was nothing luxurious But the fact was he knew no such thing. His about the room except the wood paneling and the intuition told him huge sums were being frittered valuable rug on the floor. away, but that was all. From time to time he’d As for the presents which were sent to him make an attempt to audit the household accounts, from all corners of the earth, he had them collected but nothing ever came of it, of course, because the in one spot and donated them to a museum. It figures they gave him were faked. He’d be furi wasn’t hypocrisy or a pose on his part, as a lot ous, but he couldn’t find out a thing. All-powerful of people say, but simply the fact that he had no as he was, he was impotent in the face of the idea what to do with this avalanche of objects. frightful system that had grown up around him He let his salary pile up in packets every like a huge honeycomb, and he was helpless month on his desk. I have no idea whether he had either to destroy it or bring it under control.

From TWENTYLETTERS TO A FRIEND by Svetlana Alliluyeva. Translated from the Russian by Priscilla Johnson. (Penguin Books, 1967)

QUESTIONS TO Discuss I

1. According to Svetlana, what was Joseph Stalin like? What kind of life did

he live? C)

2. Distinguishing False from Accurate Images Which image of Stalin as a) portrayed by his daughter would most Americans have trouble accepting? 0a) a) 0

32 • Primary Source Activity Chapter 26 Survey Edition Chapter 16 Modern American History Edition ______

United States History: Book 3 Name Lesson 34 Handout 34 (page 1) Date

In the Bad Old Summertime

Part A. Read the following account of poiio in the 1950s, and complete the fact-opinion exercise at the end by marking in front of each statement an F if It is a fact and an 0 if It Is an opinion. The first syrnpton was the ache and the stiffness in the lower back and neck. Then general fatigue. A vaguely upset stomach. A sense of dissociation. Fog closing in. A ringing in the ears. Dull, persistent aching In the legs. By then the doctor would have been called, the car backed out of the garage for the trip to the hospital; by then the symptoms would be vivid: fierce pain, as though the nerves In every part of the body were being probed by a dentist’s device without Novocain. All this took a day, twenty-four hours. At the hospital, nurses would command the wheelchair—crowds in the hallway backing against the walls as the group panic made Its way down the hall to the examining room, where, amid a turmoil of interns, orderlies, and nurses, the head nurse would step up and pronounce instantly, with authority, “This boy has polio,” and the others would draw back, no longer eager to examine the boy, as he was laid out on a cart and wheeled off to the isolation ward while all who had touched him washed their hands. Poliomyelitis is a disease caused by a viral agent that invades the body by way of the gastrointestinal tract, where it multiplies and, on rare occasions, travels via blood and/or nervous pathways to the central nervous system, where it attacks the motor neurons of the spinal cord and part of the brain. Motor neurons are destroyed. Muscle groups are weakened or destroyed. A healthy fifteen-year-old boy of 160 pounds might lose seventy or eighty pounds in a week. As long ago as the turn of the century doctors agreed that It was a virus, but not everyone believed that the doctors knew. One magazine article had said It was related to diet. Another article said it was related to the color of your eyes. Kids at summer camp got it, and when a boy at a camp in upstate New York got it in the summer of 1953, a health officer said no one would be let out of the camp till the polio season was over. Someone said that public gatherings had been banned altogether in the Yukon. In Montgomery. Alabama, that summer the whole city broke out; more than eighty-five people caught It. An emergency was declared, and In Tampa, Florida, a twenty-month-old boy named Gregory died of it. Five days later, his eight-year-old sister, Sandra, died of it while their mother was In the delivery room giving birth to a new baby. The newspapers published statistics every week, As of the Fourth of July, newspapers said there were 4,680 cases in 1953—more than there had been to that date in 1952, reckoned to be the worst epidemic year in medical history, in which the final tally had been 57,628 cases. But none of the numbers were reliable; odd illnesses were added to the total, and mild cases went unreported. Nonetheless, the totals were not the most terrifying thing about polio. What was terrifying was that, like any plague, you never knew where or when it might strike. It was more random than roulette—only it did seem to strike children disproportionately, and so it was called infantile paralysis—and It made parents crazy with anguish. The rules were: Don’t play with new friends, stick with your old friends whose germs you already have; stay away from crowed beaches and poois, especially in August; wash hands before eating; never use another person’s eating utensils or toothbrush or drink out of the same Coke bottle or glass; don’t bite another person’s hands or fingers while playing or (for small children) put another child’s toys in your mouth; don’t pick up anything from the ground, especially around a beach or pool, or swallow any of the water in the pool; don’t

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the

a of In

1953.

off

42.

smooth

was

sheets,

biggest

of

to

of

damn.

them), in

bed but

in some

get

white

June

door

were

were your

only

pull any

620

and

the

the

the the

for

It. of

he

to

A

a

of It of

to

I 4 ______

United States History: Book 3 Name Lesson 34 Handout 34 (page 3) Date -

1. Gamma globulin injections were an effective preventive measure against polio. 2. Most cases of polio occurred during the summer months. 3. Not everyone who contracted polio died or was severely crippled. 4. It was best to limit parental visits to young polio victims to once a week. 5. Polio struck children in a disproportionate ratio. 6. Children had to be kept from the knowledge that they had polio because the shock was too great for them. 7. Frequenting crowded places and events increased one’s chances of getting polio. 8. Susceptibility to polio was linked closely to the color of one’s eyes. 9. Diet was an important factor in the incidence of polio. 10. At its height, there were over 50,000 reported cases of polio a year. 11. Doctors agreed that polio was caused by a virus. 12. No one could predict with any degree of accuracy the time or place where polio would strike. Part 13.Describe a modern threat to children that can create the same feeling of panic among parents today as polio did in the 1950s.

Cite several examples of the panic caused by this threat.

© COPYRIGHT, The Center for Learning. Used with permission. Not for sale.

217 Lesson United Handout

Part House

©

COPYRIGHT,

visible date ple, booming ago Levitt’s view through A.

largest from have community lines, shopping farm swimming road

trunk 16,000 lossal previously

town been products nity during a one-half LI., fred shortage, and appearing and than colors the ing touch

States

33

quarter

that

Read

33

Levitt

local

and

from them.

building As

in Starting

after

sold “The converted Self-confidence and

registering now

Mass

value—selling

Levittown:

$10,000 station,

(page

country

acts hall—all

arteries,

the

school

a

comes houses farmhouse city

History: America,”

long

Levitt

the

The

years.

acreage kitchen

the farmers new

hand

this

&

of of father

will

17,500

the first

center,

Through

most

on ever planned offered

in Sons 1)

production

of Center

pools,

mass

a

as

the

two farmhouse

Levittown—the

century, from site

war.

out the the have 70,000.

Built,”

to

with

rooftops factory sites, people The

Book saw;

Into

eight newspapers, conceived

of

perfectly

faith

are Abraham

fact go

appliances where

raised

for the

homes selections

market State headquarters

migration mortal

of

(Levitt parking

William,

scratch,

light, fourroom

doctors,

erupted

up

the

In

closing

prepared

3

paint Learning.

for

a

one

square

that In Levitts

baseball continue is

and

and

Paved on

one

sidings,

wide

densely

and

but Levitt window methods of Remodeling

only

substantially

one there planned

spray

creation.

carpenters

air,

1,100 In

Pennsylvania. customers speckled In

spectacularly

of

designed, answer

lots,

the

light fees, his

Into

a

window

thrown

the garden streets,

Used miles dentists spinach.

say....

to

below

first

to

the Levitt

decisions advance,

few

convenience

of

to

Levitts In

diamonds,

brother streets

gun) three accommo

are

Levittown,

populated

churches,

midst

the

poles new

landscap

with

like most

right

batch

commu

the months

five

of

plainly

house,

the

in

from clubs, in.

of

sewer

tenth

years

never

permission. made open

built peo

have

The rail

and of

will Bill and

cut

of less

two

by

co

for

Al

all

on questions

of so

a

a

“Dream

207

the

Date Name

you shows culs-de-sac plots, houses from yards blank and-nose

blankly the protected lings blank anthill.

like Is eled added Not grown most so sprouted transformation. ported, disguised covered niced, have formed spreading pathetic and erings soon-to-be-married rococo ished Levittown tion Interiors,

to

many

for

center

Perfect

House—Large

can -

at

any

Look The

to

California But

experience

A hardly

been

has

but

a

sale. every

that

faces

faces

and on

one

bare

the

into renovations the

of similar

into

across

dormers

in

see lower,

other

two dormers breezewayed, to combos, saplings

pergolas

by

It’s a

taken

to,

at

door

homes.

shadows

In

and raised,

redwood,

as

separate

cupolaed. max.

section end.

woman

big

single drive

In

In

ranches,

the

set

the

fifty

an

shuttered still

brick

extended,

they

the

the

house.

at

ramblers. merging,

enough form

Individuating copterlike

a

Community

None

facades

few

in place The aerial

through

strange kind

and

dormers.

pitched, on each In

glare

thousand

and have

were

aerial one

Economy

of friend

couple

and blank

and

them sided

pathetic-looking

order

identical

roofs splanches,

Sides

it

of

so

curving Nor

In

of

porches,

photograph

of

to

of windows

other. seems

back

grown

broken built

of

fieldstone,

the

casting photographs. what

privacy

scary. And

give and

and their the

them

are the

in to

spaces

like

elevation

looking have

expanded,

the

have

houses

Fronts

Inspect

cedar

in

shade

out,

Size” robotic

transforma shade

unexpected place

those I interiors you

The utterly

like

roads

any

Individual

individual

and

posed

developed 1949

roof has

colonials,

been

cozy

out,

flanking

over

staring

see

remod

for they’ve

shake,

empty

of

taken

trans

and today

looks flour

once- to

some

been

lines trees

that have

sap

and

and

eye-

as cov car cor

un

are

the

our

the

Al

an

re

of

a

“The United

Handout Lesson

©

COPYRIGHT.

fined blocks, formidable the town,

panic rows lost

just turned lady awesome never stances flapping chime pretty for

for esprit cess it nomenally When seemed zation by

the customers extra-sized trary extra their clipping proved on a

that a than and most mIng as Growing

States

33

week

turned time.

33

removing

the

It, identity

Levitt

Sunday.

there

community,

of Late

People (perhaps

Levittowners, 2,000 The

getting

Levittown The

heard original

no

can (page L. the

got

of

to an

a

like

pool, fine buildings or

de

expense.

the loose History:

nowadays via,

There allergic

rash

sometimes

to

The

In I.,

reduced

some

more

result commuters,

trees a

tennis

used out,

myself

accommodate ordinary Levitts houses

price

corps.

massive Levltts.

grow

just looking

point—like

2) families house novel 17,500 bewildered low

of,” in lots liked

resisted

Center mass

which

It’s

a of

in

started,

design.

will some

liked

enhance these swinging

to

hedge.

Book

social head

Bill

was

feasible. lawns

grow’d—and

to

a

all around

deteriorate. progressively By

looking

discovered The courts The

they

idea

it. it,

for house hung

and

itself be

backyards.

along

learned mowing Infection)

in Levitt

city. tennis can occupies mostly

contours

people. some grew

form

3 17,500 anyhow,

reported

prefabricated

lacerations

Learning.

eight

a

They crime lost

must the

theorists, for

solved

the man

acquired

the

the

make children

chance

only

out

window their

Like occasionally

for But

of

In

fond recalls.

of

a

deed.

identical among

wash mysterious

value swimming court,

young

tone

found wastebasket.

mirrors.

more as

be pairs

mass street

Levittown, on

Trees

four

the

rate of

grow’d. no Used

use they were

Topsy,

the

Levittowners houses The

of

healthier.

of

a

mowed

Long

they

the to

never swept

wash, of

of

pane more

that persons it. When a

of suddenly sense

a

was of

identical with lawn

epidemic

out, which immuni

ex-G.

are

struggle also

names

property

circum

grateful

a

acquire

a certain

People,

shorts rather

street

Levit

“I

family

Island swim

door- built,

being

at

permission.

poois

to

their from

flaps phe once

con over pra

land

and de the got the

l.’s

Pa.

no of

at at

a

I

208 I

field,

Name Date

first cabineted interiors have intricately

ful and Levittown—every aligned, opened What’s

mained sweep resemble and

the the quickly—it’s where they anything them thousand-dollar been instead

when from Into Not they calculation larger more done Beautiful provides whole ality the swered enon rhapsodizes quotes me, ing

for

article

phenomenon insides -

‘This way

home.

Just

“You been the sprung; this build paid This

While

redefinition? The Got Dombey,

On

with

a

their

to

the

sale.

as I

implications

of

it’s

behind

one came

out,

the

peculiarly

the

of

Levittown

It

several

place

and

we

each

house

else

a a

Levittown,

a

is the

see,

off

beginning,

hollowed

called

nonstop gonna author, a in nautical

than what’s

trading

in.

The the Second homes of

woman same,

story

challenge going

carved-out,

mtne.

more

lot

about closed

saw

not

across

the

their

today,

Levittown

redefined.

rooms

key It’s a

other

they’ve

and

article

of

this

only will

a

Levittown

lot

like

the

Levittown

of this Is be

square

Income

purchase been on. mere nor

This down-to-earth Levittown

inside

the been to

up

seven-,

Chance.”

Drood,

remodeler

of

a of

Gomes, off,

remodeling out,

they’ve

sing

phenomenon.

Dickensian.

“people a interiors

or

frenzy

expensive word piece:

they’re my

of was have

the I

do rampant the

way: got.

and remodeling

Levittown

to

1956

found the

kind

house mortgage

and

conformity

houses,

built

any of inside

some going

compartmented, Nothing

and

to

Inch

original

ostensibly

meaning

They

to families

eight-,

the

original.

I been

“How

my

been archives.

House of

dispose

rich

redivided,

who of

the

think

phenomenon price two

describe

who

out, a

will

in,

in

interiors

remodeling

other

nonstop.” remodeling

to spirit.’”...

of

clue

source

craze

on

build

plowing

explained

but

Like

interiors Individu

chimney

phenom resident, payment

have

latched, level, divided, Copper

or

carry

look explains owners,

has

them—

the

Beauti

had

by

there’s

of

House

of

pretty

here?

to

about

nine-

it

place

out,

and

had

the the say title

like

left

the

the re an re

on

re

of

as

he

it

4 I I I

I United States History: Book 3 Name Lesson 33 Handout 33 (page 3) Date -

planted at the rate of one every twenty-eight the phenomenon by saying, “Maybe be feet—two and one-half trees per home. cause they all started out looking so much In the struggle against monotony the the same . . . that’s why they’re trying so same floor plan has been enclosed by four hard to be different.” different types of exteriors, painted in There is a deceptively simple truth In seven varieties of color—so that your shape that statement about the nature of individ of Levittown house occurs In the same ualism. At the heart of individualist Ideol color only once every twenty-eight times. ogy is not the idea that all people start out Streets are curved gently for further es Irrevocably different, People are not born thetic effect, and to slow down auto traffic. “originals.” In fact it’s the opposite: aU men Most ambitious of all is the mass are created equally unformed, equally un builders’ solution for what Lewis Mumford original with an equal capacity to grow and has called the need for “a return to the remodel themselves into different and orig human scale”—a scale small enough to be inal individuals, recognizable, intimate enough to be neigh And so we can look at the Levittown borly, cohesive enough to function. experience as an exact metaphor for the Levittown, Pa., will be subdivided Into theory of American Individualism. Those sixteen separate “neighborhoods,” each identical blank-faced Cape Cod pods all bearing distinctive place names like Stony- created equal, ready to be Inhabited, invig brook, Lakeside, Birch Valley. (Every street orated, Individuated by democratic, in Stonybrook, for example, begins with undictated-to expressions of free will, We “S”—a big help to the postman and late can look at Levittown as an almost perfect celebrants.) “Birch Valley lies In a little laboratory demonstration of the inexorable valley where hundreds of birch trees grow,” workings of the American individualist im a publicity release Idyllizes. pulse. Sociologically speaking, the 300 to How individuality got a second 600 famIlies In each of these distinguish chance, America has always been about able communities will be encouraged to starting over with a clean slate. That blank think of themselves as Lakesiders rather green plain that challenged the Dutch sail than Levittowners, to create their own gar or’s capacity for wonder was a tabula rasa den clubs, Little League baseball teams, for those extricated from the carved and veterans’ organizations, and neighbor pitted plains of Europe. But after two wars hood Idiosyncrasies. Thus, It is hoped, and a depression had shaken the confi tender shoots of friendship, kindness and dence of the country In its Innocence, goodwill can push through the chaos and American Individuality needed a second blight of our machine society. chance, a belief that it was possible to start The most pressing requirement of the over in innocence with the slate wiped Ideally planned town, Mumford believes, is clean once again, a chance for Americans diversity. “Levittown offers a very narrow to seek out and rediscover the validity of range of house type to a narrow Income the original individualist Impulse. Bill Lev range. It is a one-class community on a itt’s Levittown and the blank-slate burbs great scale—too congested for effective va he gave birth to provided a unique oppor riety and too spread out for social relation tunity for the postwar generation to reen ships necessary among high school chil act the discovery of America. dren, old folks and families who can’t afford outside help. Mechanically, it Is admirably done. Socially, the design is backward.” From Penn Kimball, “Dream Town—Large Economy Ron Rosenbaum, “The House that Levitt Built,” Size” inNew York Times Magazine(December 14, 1952) Esquire Vol. 100, No. 6 (December 1983): 388. reprinted In William L. O’Neill,American Society Since 1945 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969), 37—42.

© COPYRIGHT, The Center for Learning. Used with permission. Not for sale.

209 Lesson (Jnited Handout

Part For degree ©

2. 3.

4. 5.

6. 1. 7. COPYRIGHT.

1.

this

Why

List your Cite

How Why

Levittown Explain

What What How Examine How Name

How

B. States 33

of 33

part

examples

examples

did

has position. does

conformity. many many many (page

is is

of History: The

which

the the Levitt

of

street:

conformity

Neighborhood

a

Levitt 4)

in Center

the

yards

houses architectural row

second predominant

the Book

of

of

plan

lesson,

Levittown—old

______

of for

planning

attempt

conformity

1980s

have

houses Learning. 3

are

everything most

been

take

distinctive

there?______

has

styles

to

common

Field Used

color? replaced

on

displayed

a

taken

show

In

survey

a with

or

nearby are Levittown. the

Survey:

______

new—better permission.

landscaping?

variety?

on

color?

same? represented?

in

of

in

a

Levittown?

your

street.

a

210

new

Levittown.

Conformity ______Name Date Not

In

home

look. for

your

expresses ______

Block: sale.

How

or

opinion,

school vs.

has

______

Number Number

the

Individuality

conformity

neighborhood

Describe

American

does

of of

It

homes homes

succeed?

them.

spirit. been

to ______

replaced?

assess

Explain

its

C t Handout United Lesson ©

3. 2.

4.

5. COPYRIGHT.

How List How

List Number Categorize those Total

Examine Most Most Second

States

33

33

the the

many many

popular number unusual

(page

that

History: The

most one-of-a-kind franchise

with

the Center

5)

are

the churches restaurants

cars

popular

traditional

make

Book

of

car

individually

stores for

Chain

cars ______

restaurants. In Learning.

3

of

are a

In

make restaurants.

car

nearby

in

your

In

architecture? Used

your ______

owned.

your ______

neighborhood with

parking

neighborhood?

Describe:

______

neighborhood? permission. ______

lot.

211 — ______Not

Date Name

Number Number

by

Number for -

listing sale.

of of

with

that that

those

Individually

modem

make

make

that

are

architecture?

owned

chain

stores —

and United Lesson Handout

The

Korea

textbook’s

©

COPYRIGHT,

pounding know.

reading Chop, of mountains civilized to Army)—agalnst believe understand. to

bunker Ethiopians, see

gets wait him,

picture fight.

called mixed who and wounded. In bunkers, Red new

States

30

entitled

Alligator

home.

give

30

Cleveland

who

WITH War

They Outlandish Places

The hit

the Cross The How

The But arrivals to War

He

I I

lick

had

(page

And

For

the

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home.

up

History:

them

be in.

of

like

The

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falls geography

dead he

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as

01,

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infantryman

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seared a clutching can

noise

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several shoved

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1) He

week

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I

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the

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names

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fighting?

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dies

Old

the

SEVENTH

slopes yellow GI and

Red of without Is

fights

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places

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and

on

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I

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which

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truck

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lived

Eager

their in understand go Cleveland the

in

of

piercing

of

Baldy,

a

a is blinking rifles

places

3 the again the and

all Chinese danger. Learning.

sorrowful

before

misshapen

himself

a

cold

Korea a Korea:

sissy

home. Korea,

the

hazy

alongside

of

mud,

Is Ricans,

you

Korean

mountain, war

with

the

loads

battle

ground,

bloody

reaches

rest

undreamed suffers

the

between

to

world.

a grey

In DIVISION,

for

with only game,

crazy the

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for

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morning

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the

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burdens

01

the Conflict

replacements find

best on

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horror hill,

soldiers

swinging out broken resting war

wounds

could

with in Infantryman of War

hero

pieces two

them He scream

understands their

and

grinning

Offense,

sunlight?

the

Korea

on

at

toward or

he

wants like of

permission.

KOREA—I

war

days

of

granite

then the

cut

it

defend a of its

Chinese legs.

places. is

flame

when can.

into

little

their Without

of

who

soiled any

in

this? is

like

a

In

over,

he

crippled

door

battalion

off correspondent

the big 187

were all

to

answering

have

the

They

Katusas

[the] places

End

war.

feels

arrive finger

and A can’t

hyenas backs

the

to

skeleton from go

a Date Name

them.

A

battle,

Not military

and

of puzzle

is

war

often

Commies. Imjtn

bad

die,

dirty

out methodically

to

fight

history, to

flying

tender He

silently War

his

for

companion,

______

understand

everything

to

of ______the

he fight fought aid

step against

dream

the

sale.

and

whether fights These

(Korean

wondered

the hands

River.

Asia. relieve

hootchie

dissolve

Victors

had

Quickly.”

rising

map

despises,

medics

station,

mortar

the

01

up

hands

to

smell

watched get

fights

been

whose mostly

the Howard and

get is

names

to because

questions

the

are

weary

the out

augmentation

dying they

the

that

T-E3one, cutting

into

of and him, fragments

kind

war? it

of what first a

he

sandbags

blazing

tied

Consider

enemy,

of

war

back for blood

heart

the at guy

the

are

will

troops

are

makes

a

chaplains

a

and

stop

of the

the

behind Beaufait’s

night

Living

dead

a

war

In

comforting

medics.

trucks

who

winning

again.

a or clothing

suddenly

not

on cause

at

is

48

01’s

Korea Colombians,

suffering

not

war

for

one

was

and

on

always

of

valley.

the sense,

raw

when

hours. Is

It

a

in

the

his

felt sit

the troops,

the

he

with

challenging

of part as

get

awful

like. he

a

earth, he

end.

or

back

the

wounded

they

back.

from cave is

report line.

hootchie well

wake

he Or

so

His

busy.

doesn’t doesn’t

pattern

losing. on

Medics

the

told

of

Now

teeth

noise

close

can’t Pork

U.S.

had

or

and

the The the

last

as the

the

the

big

He

up

to

a

I

from

your ______

United States History: Book 3 Name Lesson 30 Handout 30 (page 2) Date

The first glimpse of war was frightening and sickening. They turned away from their own wounded and looked with quiet falslcination upon the rows of Chinese dead. So that was the enemy. Up to now he had only been a word in a military textbook, a name in a practice maneuver. Red China’s Joe didn’t really look like much. His equipment, piled nearby, wasn’t so hot—some Russian, some Japanese. His clothing was of poor quality and dirty. Funny red underwear with dozens of pockets. What does he need pockets there for? Wearing tennis shoes that looked as if some Cl had thrown them away. Most Impressive thing about Joe were his legs. bulging calf muscles, his short powerful arms and shoulders, strong from carrying enormous loads impossible distances, up and down impossible mountains. The boys on the way up to the line for the first time looked with scorn upon the enemy rations strapped around his waist. A small roll of rice, linked together like sausage, and a soybean cake. But it’s enough to keep the squat little guy with the sturdy legs going for eight days—while the CI is having his three hot, nourishing meals a day. The replacement wonders What’s Red Joe got that we haven’t got. Nothing, but unlimited numbers, and ferocity. The uninitiated recruits took what comfort they could from the dead Chinese. But there was a cold lump in the pit of their stomachs. I crawled Into a warm sleeping bag that night in a tent at division headquarters. It was bitter cold, but it was raining. The artillery could be heard booming its rhythmic assault above the sound of the cold rain beating on the canvas. I thought about the boys up on the MLR (main line of resistance,) at Baldy, Pork Chop, T-Bone. Their bunkers and trenches were collapsed by the shelling. Some of the Colombian dead had not yet been removed from Baldy. Up there the rain had turned to wet snow. Cl’s huddled in shell holes and caves half filled with water. Some of them were saying their prayers. Some were wondering what their girls were doing back home, of lithe Indians really do have a chance to win the pennant this year. That’s what one little acre of the war Is 1like. 1. What is meant by each of these phrases from the article: a. “the broken little finger of Asia”:

b. “Red China’s Joe”:

2. Why were Americans fighting along with Colombians, Ethiopians, and Porto Ricans?

3. Why had the Chinese entered the war?

4. Why weren’t Americans allowed to go on the offensive?

‘Howard Beaufait, “Yanks Eager to Go on Offense, End War Quickly,” Cleveland News, 6 April 1953, 1.

© COPYRIGHT. The Center for Learning. Used with permission. Not for sale.

188 Lesson

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PRIMARYSOURCE ACTIVITY ‘continued) I

The Rise of Joseph McCarthy In the 1950s, Senator Charles E. Potter (R-MI) was a member of the Senate C H Government Operations Committee. The excerpt below is from Days ofShame, A Potter’s behind-the-scenes account of the Army-McCarthy hearings. p T As you read, think about conditions in society that made it possiblefor someonelike E Joseph McCarthy togain R power. 26 believe that a great many factors were involved their prison camps. Now we were told we must I in the rise to power of Joe McCarthy. For one hate the Russians because they were Communists thing, the atmosphere of the post-World War II although I could not remember any such com years seemed made to order for his particular plaint about them when they blasted their way tactics. He preyed on the fears of a war-weary out of Stalingrad and started to roll westward nation. My generation, the World War II genera over the German armies. tion, had reached maturity during the depression The tendencies toward war still rumbled years. Our earliest teenage memories were those in Eastern Europe. In 1947, Greece and Turkey of hardship in the home and a dispirited feeling were threatened and it was then that the President of hopelessness in our parents. Then the war had announced the Truman Doctrine, a sweeping brought prosperity and many millions of us in commitment to defend freedom in the Middle the Armed Services found our first security as East. Later on, President Eisenhower would a premium in return for some of the physical slap down aggression in the Middle East, but dangers we faced. always the trumpet sounded against Communism, In uniform we ate well, which had not always ignoring Arab Nationalism. been true in the past; we were well clothed, warm and well sheltered except in actual combat; many of us went to a dentist for the first time in our “Thestage was set for an opportunist lives because we never had been able to afford it; we traveled all around the earth to places that who would be willing and able to had been tiny spots in our geography books and takefull advantage of the national we met strange people and watched new customs. Many died, but those of us who lived could, confusion and frustration and send in honesty, look back on those years and repeat it ballooninginto hysteria. the corny phrase of the time: “We never had it so good.” But by 1946, after the war years of priva tion, or what we liked to think of as privation, we Joseph Stalin moved against Berlin in 1948, came back looking for a better life for ourselves and it was then that President Truman started and our parents. The emotional drive was ending. the famous airlift of supplies into the city which We had matured from boyhood to manhood too saved our interests there and sent Stalin’s hopes quickly. And when we got home we found things scuttling back toward Moscow. not at all the way we expected them to be. It was a period of extreme unrest in this All of a sudden our Russian allies had become country and it was not long before politicians, the new enemy, and the Germans and Japanese writers, and self-appointed advisers with all were being called our good friends. This strange possible motives learned that denouncing and rapid switch in national thinking took place Communism was a profitable occupation. while we were still learning more and more details Many, of course, were sincere, but few gave of what the Germans had done to the Jews and their message with restraint and, as always, what the Japanese had done to our own men in the press poured out the big, black headlines.

90 • Chapter 26 Primary Source Activity © Prentice-Hall,Inc. NAME CLASS DATE

(continued)

Many people had joined groups during the Another important factor in the creation of depression years which were later to be put on the disgraceful situation which absorbed our various lists as Communist fronts. They had country in 1954was the birth and distortion and joined in despair, and sometimes in the hope that growth of investigative committees in Congress. C somehow they might make a better world for Governmental investigating committees for leg H A themselves. There was no reason to believe that islative purposes were not new and even predate p every person who joined these groups was an the founding of our country. Their proper pur T advocate of the violent overthrow of the United poses are to investigate the functioning of existing E States Government. However, many of them were laws and considerations for either amending or R soon to learn that they might be so labeled by the drafting new legislation. However, it was never 26 loudest voices of demagoguery. intended that these legislative bodies should con The American Legion and other veterans’ duct quasi trials with power of punishment. groups added their belligerent shouts to the Into this unfortunate situation came a man confusion, and, all over the country, many ethnic who had a tremendous need to be the center of groups, through their own publications and attraction, a man who must have hated himself communications, spread the new theory that violently for he found it so easy to drench others Communism was one hundred percent wrong with hatred. He was a man of strong ambition but and that it was safe to call anyone with whom his ambitions had no substance, his dreams you disagreed a Communist. reached no further than tomorrow’s headlines. Then came the Korean war and with it the In February 1950,he was invited to speak license to denounce Communism more loudly to the Ohio County Women’s Republican Club than ever and with less concern as to who might at Wheeling, West Virginia, and it was there that be the target. he either did or did not wave a piece of paper— The stage was set for an opportunist who reports were contradictory—and say that it would be willing and able to take full advantage contained the names of 205 Communists in the of the national confusion and frustration and sent State Department. it ballooning into hysteria. At that moment, a poison pellet was dropped into our society and the fumes would never entirely blow away. From Days of Shame. Copyright © 1965by Charles Potter. Reprinted by permission of the Putnam Berkeley Group.

ACTIVITY

By the end of 1953, 50 percent of those sampled in a Gallup poii held a positive opinion of Joseph Mc.arthy, with 29 percent having an unfavorable opinion. Conduct your own “survey” to determine how people today view Joseph McCarthy. Interview older relatives and neighbors as well as classmates and teachers. Report your findings to the class.

© Prentice-Hall,Inc. Chapter 26 Primary Source Activity • 91 M

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UtUted States Ifistory: Book 3 Name Lesson 31 Handout 31 (page 4) Date

but reluctant to become an informer with the reassuring thought, “Hell, they’ve all been named already, so you’re not really doing them any harm. They can’t be killed twice.”. In 1960, what seemed to be a wide crack appeared in the wall of the blacklist. I was offered the job of writing a film In London, working with a renowned Hollywood director who had fled a committee subpoena. It was a suspense film of, I think, considerable artistic quality, and despite the fact that our names were on it, American distribution rights were purchased by a major Hollywood company. When the first publicity came out, a few weeks before it was to open on Broadway, a Long Island post of the American Legion threatened to picket the theater. The film corporation hastily abandoned plans for the premiere. But they had half a million dollars at stake, and their lawyers met wIth Legion representatives to work out a deal to protect their investment. The film would have no official opening. A few months would be allowed to pass, to let things cool off. Then the picture would be quietly sneaked into the neighborhood theaters as part of a double bill with a Cary Grant comedy. * And so it went, Truce came to Korea, and Mccarthy, after being outmaneuvered at one of his own hearings by Department of the Army lawyer Joseph Welch. was squashed by his colleagues in the Senate, and eventually died. Dalton Trumbo won an Oscar under the name of Robert Rich, and emerged from underground to write “Exodus” In his own name for Otto Preminger. John Henry Faulk sued several of the self-appointed patriots who had put pressure on the networks,’ and won a whopping award for character damage. The blacklist began to crumble and producers assured me that in their hearts they had always opposed It. Along Madison Avenue and Sunset Boulevard, people wondered exactly how It . had ever happened in the first place. .

‘Millard Lampell, “I Was Blacklisted,” The New York Times (21 August 1966): Section 2, page 13.

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