DOCSLIB.ORG

INTRODUCTION Halogenation Is a Chemical Reaction That Involves The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
INTRODUCTION Halogenation Is a Chemical Reaction That Involves The INTRODUCTION Halogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the reaction of a compound, usually an organic compound, with a halogen. The pathway and stoichiometry of halogenation depends on the structural features and functional groups of the organic substrate as well as the halogen. Example: Alkenes readily react with halogens under standard laboratory conditions. Halogens Facts 1. Chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine are all halogens. 2. All these halogens have seven electrons in their outer orbit, i.e. they are monovalent. 3. Halogens have lower melting and boiling points compared to other non metals. 4. All halogens are poor thermal conductors and also poor conductors of electricity. 5. Except fluorine, all other halogen elements can expand their shell to include valence electrons. They can hold around fourteen valence electrons in their outer shell. In this addition reaction, halogens atoms are added across the double bond of the alkene.In an alkene containing only one double bond, the double bond is broken, the halogen atoms are added, and, the only product of the reaction will be a dihaloalkane. In a bromination reaction, if excess alkene is present, then the reaction mixture will change from a red-brown colour to colourless. Ethene + Bromine Water → (UV) Bromoethane + Hydrogen bromide There are several processes for the halogenation of organic compounds, including free radical halogenation, ketone halogenation, electrophilic halogenation, and halogen addition reaction. The determining factors are the functional groups. Saturated hydrocarbons typically do not add halogens but undergo free radical halogenation, involving substitution of hydrogen atoms by halogen. Unsaturated compounds, especially alkenes and alkynes, add halogens. Aromatic compounds are subject to electrophilic halogenation. The facility of halogenation is influenced by the halogen. Fluorine and chlorine are more electronegative and are more aggressive halogenating agents. Bromine is a weaker halogenating agent than both fluorine and chlorine, while iodine is least reactive of them all. The facility of dehydrohalogenation follows the reverse trend: iodine is most easily removed from organic compounds and organofluorine compounds are highly stable. Bromination and iodination are more likely to substitute at the beta carbon. Halogenation reactions with elemental chlorine, bromine, and iodine are of considerable importance. Because of high exothermocities, fluorinations with elemental fluorine tend to have high levels of side reactions. Consequently, elemental fluorine is generally not suitable for direct fluorination. Two types of reactions are possible with thesehalogen elements, substitution and addition. Substitution halogenation is characterized by the substitution of a halogen atom for another atom (often a hydrogen atom) or group of atoms (or functional group) on paraffinic, olefinic, aromatic, and other hydrocarbons. A chlorination reaction of importance that involves substitution is that between methane and chlorine. Addition halogenation involves a halogen reacting with an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine react readily with most olefins; the reaction between ethylene and chlorine to form 1,2-dichloroethane is of considerable commercial importance, since it is used in the manufacture of vinyl chloride. Addition reactions with bromine or iodine are frequently used to measure quantitatively the number of CH&dbnd;CH(or ethylenic-type) bonds in organic compounds. Bromine numbers or iodine values are measures of the degree of unsaturation of the hydrocarbons. Substitution halogenation on the aromatic ring can be made to occur via ionic reactions. The chlorination reactions with elemental chlorine are similar to those used for addition chlorination of olefins. Chlorinated paraffins have been widely used in industry throughout the world since their introduction nearly 40 years ago. Chlorinated paraffins are needed where chemical stability is highly desired. The primary application of Chlorinated paraffins is in industrial cutting fluids, particularly in the manufacture of automobiles and automobile parts. In addition to their use in cutting oils, Chlorinated paraffins are also used in a lot of commercial paints, adhesives, sealant and caulks. Chlorinated paraffins are a family of complex substances representing more than 200 commercial products. Use applications for chlorinated paraffins range from extreme pressure additives in lubricants, to secondary plasticizers in paints and plastics, to flame retardants in various plastics and textiles.Chlorinated paraffins are produced through chlorination of straight- chain paraffin fractions which are typically subdivided into three categories based on their carbon chain lengths.The properties of the different chlorinated paraffins can vary significantly depending on their carbon chain length and degree of chlorination. The conventional methods of halogenation of organic compounds caused serious Environmental problems. Further these methods are expensive too. New reagent system may have commercial importance by saving resources including time, health, and environment and may be cost effective. Keeping in mind these facts the study is planned with following objectives. 1. Halogenation of organic compounds in aqueous medium 2. Halogenation of organic compounds in solid state 3. Halogenation of organic compounds using surfactants. 4. Halogenation of organic compounds using molecular bromine. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IODINE Its Properties and Technical Applications
    IODINE Its Properties and Technical Applications CHILEAN IODINE EDUCATIONAL BUREAU, INC. 120 Broadway, New York 5, New York IODINE Its Properties and Technical Applications ¡¡iiHiüíiüüiütitittüHiiUitítHiiiittiíU CHILEAN IODINE EDUCATIONAL BUREAU, INC. 120 Broadway, New York 5, New York 1951 Copyright, 1951, by Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Contents Page Foreword v I—Chemistry of Iodine and Its Compounds 1 A Short History of Iodine 1 The Occurrence and Production of Iodine ....... 3 The Properties of Iodine 4 Solid Iodine 4 Liquid Iodine 5 Iodine Vapor and Gas 6 Chemical Properties 6 Inorganic Compounds of Iodine 8 Compounds of Electropositive Iodine 8 Compounds with Other Halogens 8 The Polyhalides 9 Hydrogen Iodide 1,0 Inorganic Iodides 10 Physical Properties 10 Chemical Properties 12 Complex Iodides .13 The Oxides of Iodine . 14 Iodic Acid and the Iodates 15 Periodic Acid and the Periodates 15 Reactions of Iodine and Its Inorganic Compounds With Organic Compounds 17 Iodine . 17 Iodine Halides 18 Hydrogen Iodide 19 Inorganic Iodides 19 Periodic and Iodic Acids 21 The Organic Iodo Compounds 22 Organic Compounds of Polyvalent Iodine 25 The lodoso Compounds 25 The Iodoxy Compounds 26 The Iodyl Compounds 26 The Iodonium Salts 27 Heterocyclic Iodine Compounds 30 Bibliography 31 II—Applications of Iodine and Its Compounds 35 Iodine in Organic Chemistry 35 Iodine and Its Compounds at Catalysts 35 Exchange Catalysis 35 Halogenation 38 Isomerization 38 Dehydration 39 III Page Acylation 41 Carbón Monoxide (and Nitric Oxide) Additions ... 42 Reactions with Oxygen 42 Homogeneous Pyrolysis 43 Iodine as an Inhibitor 44 Other Applications 44 Iodine and Its Compounds as Process Reagents ...
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation
    Open Chem., 2018; 16: 1001–1058 Review Article Open Access Daniel Gallego*, Edwin A. Baquero Recent Advances on Mechanistic Studies on C–H Activation Catalyzed by Base Metals https:// doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0102 received March 26, 2018; accepted June 3, 2018. 1Introduction Abstract: During the last ten years, base metals have Application in organic synthesis of transition metal- become very attractive to the organometallic and catalytic catalyzed cross coupling reactions has been positioned community on activation of C-H bonds for their catalytic as one of the most important breakthroughs during the functionalization. In contrast to the statement that new millennia. The seminal works based on Pd–catalysts base metals differ on their mode of action most of the in the 70’s by Heck, Noyori and Suzuki set a new frontier manuscripts mistakenly rely on well-studied mechanisms between homogeneous catalysis and synthetic organic for precious metals while proposing plausible chemistry [1-5]. Late transition metals, mostly the precious mechanisms. Consequently, few literature examples metals, stand as the most versatile catalytic systems for a are found where a thorough mechanistic investigation variety of functionalization reactions demonstrating their have been conducted with strong support either by robustness in several applications in organic synthesis [6- theoretical calculations or experimentation. Therefore, 12]. Owing to the common interest in the catalysts mode we consider of highly scientific interest reviewing the of action by many research groups, nowadays we have a last advances on mechanistic studies on Fe, Co and Mn wide understanding of the mechanistic aspects of precious on C-H functionalization in order to get a deep insight on metal-catalyzed reactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Section I Haloakanes
    SECTION I HALOAKANES Compounds derived from alkanes by the replacement of one or more Hydrogen atoms by corresponding number of halogen atoms ( fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine) are termed as haloalkanes. Alkyl halides are represented by general formula CnH2n+1X, here X is halogen atom ORBITAL STRUCTURE In alkyl halides, carbon-halogen σ bond is formed by overlap of sp3 hybrid orbital of carbon and half filled valence p-orbital of halogen atom: Haloalkanes may be classified on the basis of number of halogen atoms (1) Monohalogen derivatives One halogen atom is attached to carbon atom. Its general formula is CnH2n+1X Example CH3Cl ( methyl chloride). (2) Dihalogen derivatives These are derived by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by two halogen atoms Dihalides derivatives are of three types (a) Gem-dihalides Halogen atoms are attached to same carbon atom. These are called alkylidene halides. 1 of 23 pages www.spiroacademy.com HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES www.spiroacademy.com (b) Vic-dihalides Halogen atoms are attached to adjacent (vicinal) carbon atoms. These are termed as alkylene halides. (c) α – ω halides ( terminal halides) Halogen atoms are attached to terminal carbon atoms. These are also called polymethyl halides Br – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 - Br Trimethyl di bromide ( 1,3 – dibromopropane) (3) Trihalogen derivatives Trihalogen derivatives are derived by replacing three hydrogen atoms by three halogen atoms. General formula is CnH2n-1X 2 of 23 pages www.spiroacademy.com HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES www.spiroacademy.com CLASSIFICATION OF MONOHALOGEN COMPOUND (1) Alkyl halides are classified as primary 1O, secondary 2O, tertiary 3O depending upon nature of carbon to which halogen is attached (2) Compounds containing sp3 , C – X bond (a) Alkyl halides CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – Cl ( 1- chloropropane) (b) Allylic carbon Halogen atom attached to allylic carbon.
    [Show full text]
  • 5.2. Related Mechanisms of Halogen Chemistry a Large Variety of Organic
    5.2. Related mechanisms of halogen chemistry A large variety of organic reactions involving different halogen species is known within the basic organic chemistry literature (e.g. March, 1992). Those reactions can be divided into two groups: carbon skeleton affecting and functionality modifying reactions. The halogen species discussed here are the species which are supposed to be present during the molecular halogen photochemical experiments: X2, HOX and HX, where X is chlorine or bromine. XO radicals formed by the rapid reactions of halogen atoms with ozone are considered to be unreactive against the organic precursors and to be converted to HOX via reaction with HO2, thus keeping the levels low (Mellouki et al., 1994; Bedjanian et al., 2001). The chosen precursors for the SOA represent different structural elements like an aliphatic structure with ring strain, comprising primary, secondary and tertiary C-H bonds, and an olefinic double bond (α- pinene) and substituted aromatic/phenolic structures (catechol and its methyl-ether modification guaiacol), where ring opening upon oxidation and possibly aldol condensation lead to further olefinic and conjugated structures. Those different organic precursors result in a different chemical structure of the related SOA. The SOA is considered to be still highly reactive and thus will offer a different chemical environment for RHS chemistry. The change of carbon-hydrogen bonds, observed by long-path FTIR spectroscopy upon halogenation (Fig. 4), can be related to the abstraction reaction of H atoms by chlorine atoms from C-H bonds of the methyl groups of the carbon structure (2A). (2A) Molecular chlorine might then react with the aliphatic radical in the well-known chain propagation of photochlorination according to equation (2B) in the initial phase of chlorine injection.
    [Show full text]
  • Halogenation Reagents
    Halogenation Reagents Halogenation is a basic and fundamental transformation in organic chemistry, and halogenated compounds are of extreme importance as building blocks in organic synthesis. The development of modern coupling reactions, such as the [P2140] Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck reactions, have greatly increased the demand for halogenated compounds as starting materials. P2140 (2.3 eq.) On the other hand, introduction of fluorine into a certain position of bioactive compound such as a pharmaceutical and an agricultural chemical may remarkably reduce the toxicity of the compound, or improve the efficiency of medicine. This is due to the structurally mimic and blocking effect characterized by fluorine. P2140 (3 eq.) In response to this situation, a number of novel halogenation reagents have been developed. 4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenylsulfur trifluoride (FLUOLEAD™) [B3664] is introduced as below: B3664 is a novel nucleophilic 1-Fluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-benziodoxole [F0957] is a hypervalent fluorinating agent which was first reported by Umemoto et al.1) iodine derivative developed by Stuart et al.3) F0957 is stable to air Differing from other existing fluorinating agents, such as DAST, and moisture and used as an electrophilic fluorinating reagent for B3664 is a crystalline solid with high thermal stability and less a α-monofluorination of β-ketoesters in the presence of fuming character, which makes it easier to handle. B3664 triethylamine trihydrofluoride. fluorinates a hydroxyl or carbonyl group to afford the corresponding fluorinated compounds in good yields.1) F I O [F0957] O O Ph OEt F0957(2eq.) F O O Et3N-3HF(2.7eq.) [B3664] Ph OEt CH2Cl2 O O 40oC,24h Ph OEt F F Dibromoisocyanuric acid (DBI) [D3753] which was first reported by Gottardi, is a mild and highly effective brominating agent,4a,b,c) and has superior brominating ability when compared with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), which is frequently used in organic IF5-Pyridine-HF (Hara Reagent) [P2140] is also a novel synthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Radical Synthetic Strategies for Medicinal Chemistry
    Radical Synthetic Strategies for Medicinal Chemistry Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with research distinction in Chemistry in the College of Arts and Sciences of The Ohio State University by Xin Gu The Ohio State University April 2018 Project Advisor: Professor David Nagib, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Professor Christopher Callam, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry I. Abstract II. Introduction III. Projects: a. Polarity-Reversal Cascade for C-H functionalization of Heteroarenes. b. Iron-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction with Aldehyde and Olefin c. Silver-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Fluorination of Alcohol IV. Conclusion V. Acknowledgement VI. References VII. Supporting Information Abstract: Synthetic chemistry plays a key role in drug discovery. Finding a simple method to prepare drug candidates is the important to synthetic chemists. However, approaching drug molecules by traditional methods needs several steps which give a low yielding and time-consuming process. To rapidly approach target drug molecule, chemists now use C-H functionalization as a powerful tool to modify small molecules. Radical mediated C-H functionalization is currently a hot topic in synthetic chemistry due to its mild and highly selective properties. Besides C-H activation, radical mediated C-O activation also allow scientists to modify drug cores which cannot be reached previously. Herein, I report three related projects I joined during the two-year undergraduate researches in Nagib lab. The first one is polarity-reversal cascade for C-H functionalization of heteroarenes. In this project, quinoline and its derivatives are functionalized via a umpolung strategy. During the summer, to approach the cheap and effective catalyst, I tried to accomplish coupling reaction between olefins and aldehydes by photo-induced iron catalyst.
    [Show full text]
  • Reactions of Alkenes Since  Bonds Are Stronger Than  Bonds, Double Bonds Tend to React to Convert the Double Bond Into  Bonds
    Reactions of Alkenes Since bonds are stronger than bonds, double bonds tend to react to convert the double bond into bonds This is an addition reaction. (Other types of reaction have been substitution and elimination). Addition reactions are typically exothermic. Electrophilic Addition The bond is localized above and below the C-C bond. The electrons are relatively far away from the nuclei and are therefore loosely bound. An electrophile will attract those electrons, and can pull them away to form a new bond. This leaves one carbon with only 3 bonds and a +ve charge (carbocation). The double bond acts as a nucleophile (attacks the electrophile). Ch08 Reacns of Alkenes (landscape) Page 1 In most cases, the cation produced will react with another nucleophile to produce the final overall electrophilic addition product. Electrophilic addition is probably the most common reaction of alkenes. Consider the electrophilic addition of H-Br to but-2-ene: The alkene abstracts a proton from the HBr, and a carbocation and bromide ion are generated. The bromide ion quickly attacks the cationic center and yields the final product. In the final product, H-Br has been added across the double bond. Ch08 Reacns of Alkenes (landscape) Page 2 Orientation of Addition Consider the addition of H-Br to 2-methylbut-2-ene: There are two possible products arising from the two different ways of adding H-Br across the double bond. But only one is observed. The observed product is the one resulting from the more stable carbocation intermediate. Tertiary carbocations are more stable than secondary.
    [Show full text]
  • Uni International 300 N
    THE SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY OF THE BIS-PHOSPHINE BRIDGED DI-IRON COMPLEX DI(CARBONYL - CYCLOPENTADIENYL-IRON-(N- BUTYL)) (BIS - DIPHENYLPHOSPHINOMETHANE). Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Eck, Charles Paul. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 18:20:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/274861 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing .page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrophilic Addition Reactions.Pdf
    Electrophilic Addition Reactions Electrophilic addition reactions are an important class of reactions that allow the interconversion of C=C and C≡C into a range of important functional groups. Conceptually, addition is the reverse of elimination What does the term "electrophilic addition" imply ? A electrophile, E+, is an electron poor species that will react with an electron rich species (the C=C) An addition implies that two systems combine to a single entity. Depending on the relative timing of these events, slightly different mechanisms are possible: • Reaction of the C=C with E+ to give a carbocation (or another cationic intermediate) that then reacts with a Nu- • Simultaneous formation of the two σ bonds The following pointers may aid your understanding of these reactions: • Recognise the electrophile present in the reagent combination • The electrophile adds first to the alkene, dictating the regioselectivity. • If the reaction proceeds via a planar carbocation, the reaction is not stereoselective • If the two new σ bonds form at the same time from the same species, then syn addition is observed • If the two new σ bonds form at different times from different species, then anti addition is observed Hydrogenation of Alkenes Reaction Type: Electrophilic Addition Summary • Alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H2 in the presence of metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, Ni or Rh. • The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. • The reaction is stereospecific giving only the syn addition product. • This reaction forms the basis of experimental "heats of hydrogenation" which can be used to establish the stability of isomeric alkenes.
    [Show full text]
  • Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
    1010Unit Objectives HaloalkanesHaloalkanes andand After studying this Unit, you will be able to HaloarHaloarHaloarHaloarenesenesenesenesenesenes • name haloalkanes and haloarenes according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature from their given structures; Halogenated compounds persist in the environment due to their • describe the reactions involved in resistance to breakdown by soil bacteria. the preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes and understand various reactions that they The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in an aliphatic undergo; or aromatic hydrocarbon by halogen atom(s) results • correlate the structures of in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl haloalkanes and haloarenes with halide (haloarene), respectively. Haloalkanes contain various types of reactions; halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon • use stereochemistry as a tool for atom of an alkyl group whereas haloarenes contain understanding the reaction halogen atom(s) attached to sp2 hybridised carbon mechanism; atom(s) of an aryl group. Many halogen containing • appreciate the applications of organic compounds occur in nature and some of organo-metallic compounds; these are clinically useful. These classes of compounds • highlight the environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds. find wide applications in industry as well as in day- to-day life. They are used as solvents for relatively non-polar compounds and as starting materials for the synthesis of wide range of organic compounds. Chlorine containing antibiotic, chloramphenicol, produced by microorganisms is very effective for the treatment of typhoid fever. Our body produces iodine containing hormone, thyroxine, the deficiency of which causes a disease called goiter. Synthetic halogen compounds, viz. chloroquine is used for the treatment of malaria; halothane is used as an anaesthetic during surgery.
    [Show full text]
  • Thiocarbonyl Complexes of Iron Jan Wallace Dunker Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1981 Thiocarbonyl complexes of iron Jan Wallace Dunker Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Inorganic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Dunker, Jan Wallace, "Thiocarbonyl complexes of iron " (1981). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 6900. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/6900 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation
    CO-Sources for the Liberation of Cellular Messenger Molecules Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Chemisch-Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena von Master-Chem. Taghreed Jazzazi geboren am 16.07.1985 in Amman/Jordan 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Matthias Westerhausen, FSU Jena 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Rainer Beckert, FSU Jena Tag der öffentlichen Verteidigung: 12. June 2013 2 DEDICATIONS To Candles of my life, my husband Father and Mother My Brother and Sisters All my Family With Love i Table of Contents Dedication…………………………………………………………………………… i Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….... ii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………….. v List of Schemes……………………………………………………………………... ix List of Tables…………………………………………………………........................ xi Chapter One 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Carbon monoxide (CO)…………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Carbonyl chemistry …………………………………………………....... 2 1.2.1 Metal carbonyl complexes ……………………………………………... 2 1.2.2 Preparation of metal carbonyl complexes ……………………………. 4 1.2.3 Reaction of metal carbonyl complexes ……………………………….. 5 1.2.4 Coordination modes of carbonyl ligands in metal carbonyl 8 complexes.......................................................................................... 1.3 Carbon monoxide (CO) releasing molecules (CORMs)..................... 10 1.3.1 CORMs in general ……………………………..................................... 10 1.3.2 Some selected CORMs ………………………………………………… 11 1.3.2.1 Molybdenum CORMs……………………………………………………
    [Show full text]