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Continuity and Variability in Lithic Use During the Woodland Period In University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Master's Theses University of Connecticut Graduate School 5-12-2019 Continuity and Variability in Lithic Use During the Woodland Period in Coastal Southern New England: The iewV from the Laurel Beach II Site Daniel Zoto [email protected] Recommended Citation Zoto, Daniel, "Continuity and Variability in Lithic Use During the Woodland Period in Coastal Southern New England: The ieV w from the Laurel Beach II Site" (2019). Master's Theses. 1386. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1386 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Connecticut Graduate School at OpenCommons@UConn. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenCommons@UConn. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Continuity and Variability in Lithic Use During the Woodland Period in Coastal Southern New England: The View from the Laurel Beach II Site Daniel M. Zoto B.A., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2010 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts At the University of Connecticut 2019 i Copyright by Daniel M. Zoto 2019 ii APPROVAL PAGE Masters of Arts Thesis Continuity and Variability in Lithic Use during the Woodland Period in Coastal Southern New England: The View from the Laurel Beach II Site Presented by Daniel M. Zoto, BA University of Connecticut 2019 iii Acknowledgements There are truly far too many people to name that made this project possible. I have learned so much from so many individuals over the years, all of which has influenced this work. I thank my committee for encouragement, insight, and support. Kevin McBride was invariably supportive of my research interests, provided guidance to make this study comprehensible, and most importantly pushed me to be a better archaeologist. Out of anyone, Brian Jones has been a part of my archaeological journey the longest. I found out that archaeology was for me when Brian brought an assortment of skateboards into his North American Archaeology class at UMass to demonstrate changes in style over time. He sponsored my internship at the US Fish and Wildlife Service and later it was his word that got me hired at Archaeological and Historical Services, Inc., which began my connection with Connecticut archaeology. If it were not for him I would have never met Miss Rae and you certainly would not be reading this thesis. Dan Adler also provided immeasurable guidance and support. Taking his classes opened my eyes to thinking beyond New England. By encouraging me to use the words “the” and “that” Dan infinitely made me a better writer. Conversations with Dan also inspired me to attend graduate school at UConn. Beyond my committee this research was both supported and made better by so many people. I thank Gideon Hartman for his insight and comments on the paleoclimate section of this thesis. I also thank Natalie Munro and Sally McBrearty for exposing me to new ideas that have certainly made me a better archaeologist. I extend my full gratitude to Meg Harper for years of opportunity, education, and encouragement. She gave me the opportunity to direct the surveys and excavations at the Laurel Beach II Site and generously allowed me to have access to the AHS work truck and equipment for my additional excavation at the site. I am forever grateful for the opportunities and iv responsibilities she gave me to supervise so many amazing projects. I also extend my thanks to Ross Harper for continued encouragement, advice, and enthusiasm to share knowledge. I wish to thank Steve Johnson at the City of Milford Open Space and Natural Resources Department for his overall support of the Laurel Beach II project, as well as volunteering during my extended excavation and guiding me on a lithic sourcing expedition along Milford Point. I also extend my thanks to Terry Kinsella and the Laurel Beach Association for granting permission for my continued excavation on the beach association property. I extend many thanks to the field crew who both worked on the initial CRM surveys and excavations and volunteered their time for my additional excavations. The survey and excavation crew consisted of James Poetzinger, Katie Reinhart, Steph Scialo, Will Sikorski, and Dave Wilson. Their excellent fieldwork made this all possible. James and Will, as well as Brianna Rae graciously donated weekend time to assist me during the additional fieldwork. Katie Reinhart assisted with identifying the hickory nut fragments before they were submitted for radiocarbon analysis. I thank Lucas Proctor for assistance in identifying the wood charcoal fragment that was also submitted for radiocarbon analysis. I also thank Sarah Sportman for the faunal identification and Dave Leslie for help with the XRF analysis. I am also indebted to Scott Brady and the Friends of the Office of State Archaeology for graciously funding two radiocarbon dates for this project. I also wish to thank Ed Bell for providing me with numerous additional sources and strongly encouraging me to attend graduate school in the first place. Enormous thanks are in order to Megan Willison for many thoughtful conversations about this work, technical assistance, and general guidance with navigating this process. I also thank my fellow graduate students for insight, encouragement, and interesting classroom v dialogue. Thank you to Dawn Beamer, Krista Dotzel, Geoff Hedges, Johan Jarl, Corrin Laposki, Roxie Lebenzon, Travis Rohrer, Elena Skoskey-LaLonde, Elic Weitzel and Brandon Zinsious. I have learned so much from all of you. Lastly, but most importantly I am forever grateful for the love and support of Brianna Rae. I am especially appreciative of her patience while I was conducting this research and writing this thesis. Without her none of this would have been possible. vi For my parents Mike and Jean vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements..……………….………….....………………………………………………iv List of Tables………………………….………………………………………..…………...……xi List of Figures…...…………………………………………………………………………….…xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION………………………..…………………………………………………….1 Methods……………………………………………………………………………………6 Thesis Organization ………………………………………………………………………8 2. THE WOODLAND PERIOD…………………..……………………………………………..10 The Early Woodland Period……………………………………………………………...10 The Middle Woodland Period……………………………………………………………16 The Late Woodland Period……………………………………………………………....25 3. INTENSIFICATION OF COASTAL RESOURCES…………………………………………33 The Early Woodland Climate and the Intensification of Coastal Resources………….…33 Paleoclimate Reconstructions……………………………………………………34 Sea Level Rise and the Formation of Estuaries and Salt Marshes……...………..36 Conclusion....…………………………………………………………………….37 Shellfish Exploitation and Hunter-gatherers……………………………………………..37 Behavioral Ecology Models……………………………………………………..38 Dietary Contributions of Shellfish……………………………………………….40 Shellfish Ecology………………………………………………………….……..41 Seasonality of Shellfish Collection…………………………………………..…..42 Conclusion....…………………………………………………………………….44 Territoriality in the Late Woodland Period………………………………….…………..44 4. THE LAUREL BEACH II SITE (84-76) ……………………………………………….49 viii Laurel Beach Background…………………………………………………….................49 2017 – 2018 Excavations…………………………………………………..…………….53 Excavation Methods……………………………………………………..……….54 Stratigraphy…………………………………………………….……..………….58 Radiocarbon Dating………………………………………………...……………61 Lithic Analysis……………………………………………………………….…………..62 Lithic Analysis Methods………..………………………………………………..63 Lithic Analysis Results………………………………………………….……….68 Raw Material Analysis Results…………………………………..………68 Debitage Analysis Results……………………………………….………71 Tool Analysis Results………………………………………...………….76 Projectile Points………………………………………………….77 Bifaces……………………………………………….…..……….81 Scrapers……………………………………………….………….84 Debitage Tools………………………………………...…………86 Core Analysis Results……………………………………………………88 Other Tools………………………………………………………………90 Lithic Sourcing Analysis Results………………………………..………91 Lithic Analysis Conclusions.……………………………………………..……95 Ceramic Analysis……………………………………………………………...…………97 Faunal and Botanical Analysis……………………………………………………...…..102 Faunal Analysis Results………………………………………………….……..102 Botanical Analysis Results……………………………………………..………106 Faunal and Botanical Analysis Conclusions……………………………..……..107 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………107 ix 5. REGIONAL COMPARISONS………………………………………………………………115 Lower Housatonic River Valley…………………………………………….………….116 Lower Connecticut River Valley……………………………………………….………126 Narragansett Bay…………………………………………………………………….….135 Cape Cod………………………………………………………………………………..141 Conclusion.……...………………………………………………………………………150 6. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………152 Settlement Patterns…………………………………………………………….………152 Regional Connections…………………………………………………………….…….153 Stone Tool Chronology…………………………………………………………………155 Cape Stemmed Points in the Late Woodland………………………………..…155 Narrow Stemmed Points in the Woodland Period…………………………..….156 Final Thoughts………………………………………………………………………….159 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………...……….161 x LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Radiocarbon Dates from Laurel Beach II Presented in Years Before Present….…..….. 62 2. Debitage Size Classes……………………….………………….……………………..…66 3. Summary of Lithic Artifacts from Laurel Beach II……………….………………...…..68 4. Raw Material by Occupation at Laurel Beach II…………………..…………………….69 5. Debitage Size Class Analysis Results…………………………………………..……..…72 6. Striking Platform Analysis Results…………………………………………….……..….73 7. Projectile
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