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Race in the UK Press

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Race in the UK Press Race, racism and race equality in the UK press Carmen Dayrell and Elena Semino 1. Introduction This study investigates how the UK press frames race issues, and racism and race equality in particular. The analysis focuses on articles published between 01.10.2018 and 31.09.2019 by all major British broadsheet and tabloid newspapers (see details in section 2). Our goal is to uncover the amount of attention that race issues have received in the press and the most dominant narratives around them. 2. Data The analysis is drawn from three separate datasets, or ‘corpora’, each consisting of two subcorpora: a set of broadsheet articles and a set of tabloid articles. The focus is on articles published between 01.10.2018 and 31.09.2019 by the following newspaper titles, in their weekday and Sunday versions: Broadsheet newspapers: • The Guardian / The Observer • The Times / The Sunday Times • The Daily Telegraph / The Sunday Telegraph • The Independent • i Tabloids: • The Daily Mail / Mail on Sunday • The Daily Mirror • The Sun • The Express / Sunday Express • The Daily Star / Daily Star Sunday • The Metro The collection of individual texts proceeded on the basis of specific terms, as detailed below. Each corpus was named after the most relevant term. • The Grime corpus is made up of texts containing the word ‘grime’; • The Stop-and-Search corpus comprises texts containing either ‘stop and search(es)’ or the hyphenised phrase ‘stop-and-search(es)’; • The Race Equality corpus includes texts containing one of the following: ‘race (in)equality’, ‘racial (in)equality’, ‘racial (dis)parity’, or ‘racial (in)justice’. In the case of the Race Equality corpus, we started by searching for texts that contained the phrase ‘race equality’ specifically. However, as the resulting number of texts was very small, particularly in the tabloids (102 texts from the broadsheet collection and 7 texts from the tabloids), we extended the search to 1 other related terms as an attempt to gather a higher number of texts. The resulting number of texts is presented below. Section 2 will show the frequency of each term in each subcorpus. All texts were collected from a news aggregator service (LexisNexis), considering the printed version of the newspapers. We selected the national editions only, thus excluding the Irish, Scottish and Northern Ireland editions as well as newswires and websites. As for duplicates, we removed identical texts, but kept those with moderate similarity, such as similar articles published on different days or by different newspapers. In terms of genre, in addition to news reports, we also included editorials and letters to the editor. Table 1 shows the number of texts and total number of words in each corpus. This serves as an indication of the amount of attention that the UK press paid to race issues during the period under analysis. Note that the number of texts is consistently higher in the broadsheet newspapers as compared to the number of texts published by the tabloids. In other words, broadsheet newspapers discussed race issues using our search terms more often than the tabloids; this difference was especially evident in the Race Equality corpus, where the number of texts in the broadsheets outnumbered those in the tabloids by more than 10 times. Broadsheet Tabloids Corpus Number of Number of Number of Number of texts Words texts Words The Grime corpus 648 742,477 304 134,787 The Stop-and-Search corpus 526 595,287 341 181,789 The Race Equality corpus 468 592,420 41 29,097 Table 1: Number of texts and total number of words comprising each corpus In what follows, we present the distribution of articles across the various newspaper titles within each corpus, considering the broadsheet and the tabloids subsets separately. Figures 1 and 2 show the figures for the Grime corpus, Figures 3 and 4 indicate those in the Stop-and-Search corpus, and Figures 5 and 6 show the number of texts across the newspaper titles in the Race Equality corpus. Grime Corpus: Number of articless in broadsheet newspapers The Guardian / The Observer 81 The Times / The Sunday Times 239 123 The Daily Telegraph / The Sunday Telegraph The Independent / The 85 120 Independent on Sunday i-independent Figure 1: Number of texts from each broadsheet titles in the Grime Corpus 2 Grime Corpus: Number of texts in the tabloids The Daily Mail / Mail on Sunday 25 48 The Daily Mirror / The Sunday 28 Mirror The Sun 86 84 The Express / The Sunday Express The Daily Star / Daily Star Sunday 33 The Metro Figure 2: Number of texts from each tabloid titles in the Grime Corpus Stop-and-Search Corpus: Number of texts in broadsheet newspapers The Guardian / The Observer 29 163 The Times / The Sunday Times 157 The Daily Telegraph / The Sunday Telegraph The Independent / The 77 100 Independent on Sunday i-independent Figure 3: Number of texts from each broadsheet titles in the Stop-and-Search Corpus Stop-and-Search Corpus: Number of texts in the tabloids The Daily Mail / Mail on Sunday 19 24 77 The Daily Mirror / The Sunday Mirror The Sun 30 127 The Express / The Sunday 64 Express The Daily Star / Daily Star Sunday The Metro Figure 4: Number of texts from each tabloid titles in the Stop-and-Search Corpus 3 Race Equality Corpus: Number of texts in broadsheet newspapers The Guardian / The Observer 22 The Times / The Sunday 109 Times The Daily Telegraph / The 259 Sunday Telegraph 38 The Independent / The 40 Independent on Sunday i-independent Figure 5: Number of texts from each broadsheet titles in the Race Equality Corpus Race Equality Corpus: Number of texts in the tabloids 3 The Daily Mail / Mail on Sunday 5 14 The Daily Mirror / The Sunday Mirror The Sun 7 The Express / The Sunday Express 6 6 The Daily Star / Daily Star Sunday The Metro Figure 6: Number of texts from each tabloid title in the Race Equality Corpus As can be seen, The Guardian accounts for the highest number of articles in all three broadsheet subcorpora: 37% of the Grime broadsheet subcorpus (Figure 1), 31% of the Stop-and-Search broadsheet (Figure 3) and as much as 55% of the Race Equality broadsheet (Figure 5). The Independent comes second, with about 20% in the Grime and Race Equality broadsheet subcorpora and, like The Guardian, about a third of the texts in the Stop-and-Search broadsheet. Within the tabloids, different newspaper titles seem to focus on different topics. In the Grime tabloid subcorpus, The Sun and The Daily Star account for the largest number of articles, with a third of the articles each (Figure 2). In the Stop-and-Search tabloid corpus, as much as 37% of texts come from The Express, and The Daily Mail comes second with 22% (Figure 4). As for the Race Equality tabloids corpus (Figure 6), The Daily Mail accounts for the largest number of texts (34%). 4 3. Distribution of words across time We now turn to look at the distribution of articles about each of our topics across time by plotting the total number of words per month in each corpus for the broadsheet and tabloids subcorpora separately, considering all the newspaper titles combined (Figures 7 and 8 respectively). These figures give us an indication of how the level of attention fluctuated in the UK press throughout time . Note that the scale varies from one corpus to another. Broadsheet Grime Stop-and-Search Race Equality 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 Number of Numberwords 40,000 20,000 0 2018-11 2019-03 2019-07 2018-12 2019-01 2019-02 2019-04 2019-05 2019-06 2019-08 2019-09 2018-10 Figure 7: Distribution of words in broadsheet newspapers across time Tabloids Grime Stop-and-Search Race Equality 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 Number of Numberwords 10,000 0 2019-03 2019-05 2018-11 2018-12 2019-01 2019-02 2019-04 2019-06 2019-07 2019-08 2019-09 2018-10 Figure 8: Distribution of words in the tabloids across time 5 As can be seen, the number of words peaked in different months in the broadsheet and tabloids, irrespective of the corpus. In other words, this seems to suggest that, with very few exceptions, racial issues did not attract the attention of broadsheet and tabloids around the same time. The exceptions were the peaks in the broadsheet and the tabloids Stop-and-Search subcorpora in Mar/2019 and in the Race Equality corpus in Feb/2019. A preliminary analysis of the articles – by reading the concordance lines of the query terms during each peak – pointed towards some salient themes discussed in the newspapers at those specific points in time. These are discussed briefly in this section. Further evidence is provided when we examine each corpus in more detail (sections 6 to 8). The Grime broadsheet subcorpus had its highest peak in Jun/2019 whereas the tabloids showed a less pronounced peak and it lasted for a slightly longer period (Jun and Jul/2019). Both peaks were triggered by the reporting on the performance of the British rapper Stormzy on the Pyramid stage at the Glastonbury festival on 28 June 2019. The broadsheet newspapers also showed a minor peak in Dec/2018 due to an increase in articles about albums of the year. In the tabloids, a minor peak was seen a month after, in Jan/2019. This was mainly due to reports on two incidents at the time: (i) a 21-young male who drove his 4x4 car onto the dancefloor of a nightclub in London, causing serious injuries to a number of people who were waiting to see the grime rap artist Giggs and (ii) the imprisonment of grime star Ollie Millington for the rape of four woman.
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