Le Canada Et La Défense De L'amérique Du Nord : Norad

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Le Canada Et La Défense De L'amérique Du Nord : Norad LE CANADA ET LA DÉFENSE DE L’AMÉRIQUE DU NORD : NORAD ET LA DISPONIBILITÉ OPÉRATIONNELLE DES FORCES AÉRIENNES Rapport du Comité permanent de la défense nationale Le président Stephen Fuhr SEPTEMBRE 2016 42e LÉGISLATURE, 1re SESSION Publié en conformité de l’autorité du Président de la Chambre des communes PERMISSION DU PRÉSIDENT Il est permis de reproduire les délibérations de la Chambre et de ses comités, en tout ou en partie, sur n’importe quel support, pourvu que la reproduction soit exacte et qu’elle ne soit pas présentée comme version officielle. Il n’est toutefois pas permis de reproduire, de distribuer ou d’utiliser les délibérations à des fins commerciales visant la réalisation d'un profit financier. Toute reproduction ou utilisation non permise ou non formellement autorisée peut être considérée comme une violation du droit d’auteur aux termes de la Loi sur le droit d’auteur. Une autorisation formelle peut être obtenue sur présentation d’une demande écrite au Bureau du Président de la Chambre. La reproduction conforme à la présente permission ne constitue pas une publication sous l’autorité de la Chambre. Le privilège absolu qui s’applique aux délibérations de la Chambre ne s’étend pas aux reproductions permises. Lorsqu’une reproduction comprend des mémoires présentés à un comité de la Chambre, il peut être nécessaire d’obtenir de leurs auteurs l’autorisation de les reproduire, conformément à la Loi sur le droit d’auteur. La présente permission ne porte pas atteinte aux privilèges, pouvoirs, immunités et droits de la Chambre et de ses comités. Il est entendu que cette permission ne touche pas l’interdiction de contester ou de mettre en cause les délibérations de la Chambre devant les tribunaux ou autrement. La Chambre conserve le droit et le privilège de déclarer l’utilisateur coupable d’outrage au Parlement lorsque la reproduction ou l’utilisation n’est pas conforme à la présente permission. Aussi disponible sur le site Web du Parlement du Canada à l’adresse suivante : http://www.parl.gc.ca LE CANADA ET LA DÉFENSE DE L’AMÉRIQUE DU NORD : NORAD ET LA DISPONIBILITÉ OPÉRATIONNELLE DES FORCES AÉRIENNES Rapport du Comité permanent de la défense nationale Le président Stephen Fuhr SEPTEMBRE 2016 42e LÉGISLATURE, 1re SESSION COMITÉ PERMANENT DE LA DÉFENSE NATIONALE PRÉSIDENT Stephen Fuhr VICE-PRÉSIDENTS Cheryl Gallant Randall Garrison MEMBRES James Bezan Jean R. Rioux Darren P. Fisher Sherry Romanado Mark Gerretsen Sven Spengemann Pierre Paul-Hus AUTRES DÉPUTÉS QUI ONT PARTICIPÉ Chris Bittle L’hon. John McKay Rachel Blaney Marc Miller Todd Doherty Brad Trost Brian May Cathy Wagantall Karen McCrimmon GREFFIER DU COMITÉ Philippe Grenier-Michaud BIBLIOTHÈQUE DU PARLEMENT Service d’information et de recherche parlementaires Martin Auger, analyste James Lee, analyste iii LE COMITÉ PERMANENT DE LA DÉFENSE NATIONALE a l’honneur de présenter son DEUXIÈME RAPPORT Conformément au mandat que lui confère l’article 108(2) du Règlement, le Comité a étudié le Canada et la défense de l’Amérique du Nord et a convenu de faire rapport de ce qui suit : v TABLE DES MATIÈRES GLOSSAIRE ................................................................................................................... 1 LE CANADA ET LA DÉFENSE DE L’AMÉRIQUE DU NORD : LE NORAD ET LA DISPONIBILITÉ OPÉRATIONNELLE DES FORCES AÉRIENNES ............................... 3 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 3 LE CONTEXTE DE SÉCURITÉ INTERNATIONAL ET LES MENACES AÉROSPATIALES POUR L’AMÉRIQUE DU NORD ................................................. 5 Définition des menaces ........................................................................................ 7 Menaces classiques et asymétriques ................................................................. 10 La résurgence de l’aviation militaire à long rayon d’action de la Russie ............. 13 La prolifération des missiles balistiques ............................................................. 14 L’apparition de missiles de croisière perfectionnés ............................................ 16 Terrorisme aérien et extrémisme violent ............................................................ 17 MODERNISER LE NORAD ET EN ACCROÎTRE LES CAPACITÉS ....................... 19 Le Canada et le NORAD .................................................................................... 19 Évolution et modernisation du NORAD .............................................................. 25 L’investissement dans la défense contre les missiles de croisière ..................... 29 Revoir la non-participation du Canada à la défense antimissiles balistiques ...... 32 RENFORCEMENT DE L’AVIATION ROYALE CANADIENNE ................................ 40 L’ARC et la disponibilité opérationnelle des forces aériennes ............................ 40 L’acquisition de nouvelles ressources aériennes................................................ 43 Le remplacement des chasseurs CF-18 ............................................................. 45 Autres projets relatifs au futur chasseur à réaction ............................................. 54 Renforcement des capacités de surveillance et de connaissance du domaine .. 55 Amélioration des infrastructures de l’ARC .......................................................... 59 OBSERVATIONS FINALES ET RECOMMANDATIONS ......................................... 63 ANNEXE A .................................................................................................................... 69 ANNEXE B .................................................................................................................... 73 ANNEXE C : LISTE DES TÉMOINS ............................................................................. 77 DEMANDE DE RÉPONSE DU GOUVERNEMENT ...................................................... 79 OPINION DISSIDENTE DU PARTI CONSERVATEUR DU CANADA .......................... 81 OPINION DISSIDENTE DU NOUVEAU PARTI DÉMOCRATIQUE .............................. 91 vii GLOSSAIRE ACI Avion de combat interarmées ADM Arme de destruction massive AEW Système aéroporté de détection lointaine ANR Région alaskienne du NORAD AOR Zone de responsabilité ARC Aviation royale canadienne ASA Alerte de souveraineté aérienne AWACS Système aéroporté d’alerte et de contrôle BFC Base des Forces canadiennes BOD Base d’opérations déployée CIA Central Intelligence Agency (États-Unis) COIC Commandement des opérations interarmées du Canada COMFOSCAN Commandement des forces d’opération spéciales du Canada CONR Région continentale américaine du NORAD CTOL Décollage et atterrissage classiques CV Modèle porte-avions DAB Défense antimissiles balistiques É.-U. États-Unis EABE Ensemble actif de balayage électronique EIIL État islamique en Irak et au Levant FAC Forces armées canadiennes FOL Emplacement d’opérations avancé GBI Intercepteur basé au sol GRC Gendarmerie royale du Canada HIICR Heidelberg Institute of International Conflict Research 1 ICBM Missile balistique intercontinental IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies IRBM Missile balistique intermédiaire JUSTAS Système interarmées de surveillance et d’acquisition d’objectifs au moyen de véhicules aériens sans pilote MDN Ministère de la Défense nationale MOB Base d’opération principale MRTT Avion de transport et de ravitaillement en vol NDDN Comité permanent de la défense nationale de la Chambre des communes NORAD Commandement de la défense aérospatiale de l’Amérique du Nord ONE Opération Noble Eagle OTAN Organisation du Traité de l’Atlantique Nord PE Protocole d’entente RC NORAD Région canadienne du NORAD RFI Demande d’information SAR Recherche et sauvetage SCRS Service canadien du renseignement de sécurité SDAC Secteur de la défense aérienne du Canada SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute STOVL Décollage court et atterrissage vertical UA Aéronef sans pilote UAS Système d’aéronef sans pilote UAV Véhicule aérien sans pilote USAF United States Air Force USNORTHCOM United States Northern Command ZIDA Zone d’identification de défense aérienne 2 LE CANADA ET LA DÉFENSE DE L’AMÉRIQUE DU NORD : LE NORAD ET LA DISPONIBILITÉ OPÉRATIONNELLE DES FORCES AÉRIENNES INTRODUCTION La défense du Canada et celle de l’Amérique du Nord constituent depuis longtemps les deux principales missions des Forces armées canadiennes (FAC); aussi l’enjeu retient-il l’attention du Comité permanent de la défense nationale de la Chambre des communes (ci-après le Comité) depuis un certain temps déjà. Au cours des deux dernières années, le Comité a tenu un certain nombre d’audiences sur la question et a publié, en juin 2015, un rapport exhaustif intitulé Le Canada et la défense nord-américaine, dans lequel on examinait les diverses façons dont les FAC contribuent à la défense du Canada et de l’Amérique du Nord en collaboration avec les États-Unis (É.-U.). Ce rapport unanime traitait d’une vaste gamme de questions, y compris : la coopération du Canada avec les É.-U. au sein du Commandement de la défense aérospatiale de l’Amérique du Nord (NORAD); l’évolution de la relation de défense entre le Canada et les É.-U.; la politique de défense; l’approvisionnement en matière de défense; la connaissance du domaine; l’état de préparation opérationnelle dans les secteurs aérospatial, maritime et terrestre; la cybersécurité; la souveraineté et la sécurité dans l’Arctique; les opérations de recherche et de sauvetage; les secours en cas de catastrophe et l’aide militaire aux autorités civiles,
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