INGLEBOROUGH AND CLAPHAM COMMONS, CRAVEN

NORTH YORKSHIRE

Archaeological Survey Report

Oxford Archaeology North

May 2014

Yorkshire Peat Partnership

Issue No: 2013-14/1494 OA North Job No: L10674 NGR: SD 746 730 (centred)

Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 1

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 3

1. I NTRODUCTION ...... 4 1.1 Circumstances of the Project...... 4 1.2 Site Location, Geology and Topography ...... 4

2. M ETHODOLOGY ...... 6 2.1 Project Design ...... 6 2.2 Documentary Research...... 6 2.3 Landscape Survey...... 6 2.4 Archive...... 7

3. H ISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...... 8 3.1 Background ...... 8 3.2 Prehistoric...... 8 3.3 Medieval to Post-Medieval ...... 13 3.4 Map regression...... 15

4. S URVEY RESULTS ...... 18 4.1 Introduction...... 18 4.2 Monument Summary...... 18 4.3 Prehistoric Monuments...... 19

5. P EAT ASSESSMENT ...... 35 5.1 Peat Assessment...... 35 5.2 Discussion ...... 37

6. D ISCUSSION ...... 39 6.1 Discussion ...... 39 6.2 Assessment of Archaeological Constraints...... 40

7. B IBLIOGRAPHY ...... 41 7.1 Cartographic Sources ...... 41 7.2 Secondary Sources ...... 41

APPENDIX 1: P ROJECT BRIEF ...... 43

APPENDIX 2: P ROJECT DESIGN ...... 51

APPENDIX 3: G AZETTEER OF SITES ...... 57

ILLUSTRATIONS ...... 101

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 2

SUMMARY

Oxford Archaeology North (OA North) were invited by Yorkshire Peat Partnership to undertake an archaeological landscape survey and an assessment of peat restoration works on an area of moorland on Ingleborough and Clapham commons in Craven, North Yorkshire (SD 746 730). The work was undertaken to provide an assessment of the archaeological impact of this restoration programme. The survey was undertaken as an enhanced Level 1-type survey over an area of 7.62 km 2. In total, 168 features of archaeological interest were identified across the survey area, and included a broad range of monuments from prehistoric field-systems and rock art to Iron Age hillforts and Post-Medieval limekilns. The sites identified within the survey area during the survey can be divided into six broad categories: prehistoric settlement and funerary remains; later domestic and stock management; boundary markers; extraction industries; shooting; and miscellaneous land use. Most of the sites are difficult to date closely in the absence of additional data from documentary sources or archaeological excavation, but include a substantial number of features that have been dated to the prehistoric period; the remainder are most likely to date to the post-medieval (1540-1750), industrial (1750-1914) or modern periods. Despite extensive investigation of 10% of the grips and the exposed peat hag sections, no prehistoric dated flints were retrieved during the present survey. Nine sites were identified as being potentially directly impacted upon by the proposed works. Six sites ( 1, 7, 8, 11 , 15 , 16 and 75 ) were located within areas of hagged gullies or bare peat. Only two sites were located either directly on, or immediately adjacent to, open grips (Sites 24 and 66 ). Eleven sites were identified as being potentially impacted upon by the proposed works as they lay within 40m of open grips (Sites 18 -20 , 23 , 47 , 48 , 128 , 137 - 139 and 155 ). Few of the identified sites are likely to be susceptible to damage as a result of work to block the drainage grips, as they are relatively robust earthwork features. Most of the identified sites were remote from the areas of grips and would therefore be unaffected by gripping operations. However, this is dependent upon earthworks being avoided by vehicles and machines, and these areas not being used to generate material for the infilling of grips. Any tracked vehicles and earth movement should avoid defined archaeological features, in particular special attention should be given to avoid impacts to elements of the prehistoric co-axial field-systems, boundaries and enclosures, the areas surrounding extant rock art panels and funerary and ring cairns. The isolated nature of archaeological sites/structures located in the areas of greatest concentration of grips and/or erosion should make it relatively easy to avoid such structures. In particular, attention should be given to avoid any impact to the summit cairn on Little Ingleborough (Site 12 ) that is close to areas of extensive peat erosion. Likewise, one area of erosion (Site 16 ) located on the south flank of Little Ingleborough has been defined as an area of historic peat cutting.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Oxford Archaeology North would like to thank Tessa Levens of the Yorkshire Peat Partnership for commissioning the project, and Miles Johnson of Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority (YDNPA) for advice and for the provision of Historic Environment Record (HER) data. We would also like to thank Mr and Mrs Jarman for enabling access onto the commons. The outline documentary search was undertaken by Alastair Vannan. The landscape survey was undertaken by Peter Schofield and Andy Phelps, and the palaeoenvironmental sampling and assessment undertaken by Mairead Rutherford. The report was written by Peter Schofield, Alastair Vannan, Helen Quartermaine and Jamie Quartermaine. Peter Schofield produced the illustrations. The report was edited by Jamie Quartermaine, who also managed the project.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 4

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PROJECT 1.1.1 Following proposals to undertake a programme of peat restoration works at Ingleborough/Clapham Common, North Yorkshire (SD 746730), the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority (YDNPA) commissioned OA North to undertake a programme of landscape survey and an impact assessment over an area of 7.62 km 2. The restoration works will include the blocking of twentieth-century grips using machine-cut plugs. The survey was intended to provide pre-intervention records of archaeological remains in the area, highlighting where unnecessary damage to features of archaeological interest may result from the cutting of peat plugs and where damage that might be caused by tracked excavators could be avoided. The currently exposed sections of eroded grips provide an opportunity to gauge the palaeoenvironmental value of the peat, including the recovery of sample ecofacts. 1.1.2 The archaeological recording work was undertaken to provide an assessment of the archaeological impact of this restoration programme, and was undertaken in accordance with a project design by OA North ( Appendix 2 ), which was itself informed by a project brief by Miles Johnson of Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority (YDNPA) ( Appendix 1 ). A landscape survey and desk-based assessment has been undertaken to record the archaeological and historic environment, and the results, along with an assessment of the impact by the proposed works, are presented here.

1.2 SITE LOCATION , G EOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 1.2.1 Clapham Common is characterised by the glaciated karst landscape of the Great Scar Limestone. This carboniferous limestone is the dominant rock type in the area and is overlain by sedimentary ‘Yoredale Facies’, which in-turn are overlain by Millstone Grit at the tops of the higher hills (Countryside Commission 1998, 77). Peat covers large portions of this upland area. The wider area is dominated by extensive limestone pavement and the survey area features numerous pot holes, sink holes and caves, including Gaping Gill, which is purported to be the deepest and largest cave chamber in the country. 1.2.2 The survey area occupies the south-eastern portion of Ingleborough/Clapham Common and ranges between approximately 250m and 723m (aOD) (Fig 1). The area encompasses the very steep south-east-facing slopes of Clapham Bents, in addition to south-facing slopes with more gentle gradients (Plate 1).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 5

Plate 1: An oblique aerial view of the survey area, looking north

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 6

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 PROJECT DESIGN 2.1.1 A project design submitted by OA North ( Appendix 2 ) was used as the basis for this investigation, and was informed by a project brief from YDNPA ( Appendix 1 ). This required that a landscape survey be undertaken to enhanced Level 1 standards (Ainsworth et al 2007). The project design was adhered to in full, and the work was consistent with the relevant standards and procedures of the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA), and generally accepted best practice.

2.2 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH 2.2.1 The YDNPA Historic Environment Record (HER) details for Ingleborough / Clapham Common were accessed and were kindly provided as Shape Files (HBSMR). Digital copies of historic Ordnance Survey (OS) mapping were purchased online and a GIS was compiled with historic mapping, modern OS topography and the HER data for the whole survey area. The Geographical Information Systems (GIS) mapping provided the basis for the subsequent field survey, and was subject to on-site enhancement. 2.2.2 Vertical and oblique air photography was obtained from YDNPA; the vertical photography was geo-referenced into the GIS to provide a match with topographic and historic OS mapping. The heritage assets identified within the survey area during the documentary study were collated as a gazetteer, which was revised to include the results of the field survey ( Appendix 3 ).

2.3 LANDSCAPE SURVEY 2.3.1 The survey was undertaken as an enhanced Level 1-type survey, following the guidelines defined by Ainsworth et al (2007). The survey area encompassed an area of 7.62 km 2 and comprised five elements: • Reconnaissance; • Mapping; • Description; • Photography; • Environmental assessment. 2.3.2 Reconnaissance: the reconnaissance consisted of close field walking, with line intervals varying between 10m and 20m wide, dependent on visibility and safety considerations. The survey identified, located and recorded sites and features of archaeological interest on the ground. The survey took considerable care to examine areas of disturbance through the peat, erosion scars from vehicle damage, and all other peat exposures. 2.3.3 Survey Mapping: a Satellite Global Positioning System (GPS) was utilised to conform to Ainsworth et al (2007) Level 1 survey requirements. The GPS is a Leica differential system and achieves much greater accuracy than can be achieved with a hand-held GPS. The accuracy of the OA North GPS system is capable of +- 0.02m and provides a quick and effective means of recording the position and extent of sites. The GPS techniques were used to record the extent of the sites. All sites of archaeological interest were recorded as point data, with any features exceeding 3m

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 7

in diameter being recorded with line or polygon data. The locations of areas of environmental sampling were also recorded. 2.3.4 Site Description and Assessment: the data was directly input on site into a palm computer, and was then incorporated into an Access-compatible database. The data was backed up onto a portable computer running Access is suitable for direct import to the YDNPA HER. The input into the system was guided by a pro forma to ensure uniformity and consistency of input, and included fields defining whether the site was exposed within peat exposures and the depth at which it was revealed. Where possible, the descriptions incorporate provisional interpretations of the function, purpose, and chronology of each site. 2.3.5 Photographic Survey: a digital photographic archive was generated in the course of the field work, comprising landscape and detailed photography. This recorded all features and sites of archaeological interest. Detailed photographs were taken of all sites using a scale bar. All photography was recorded on photographic pro forma sheets which detail the subject, orientation, and date. Digital imagery was used for the photographic recording and 12 megapixel resolution was used as a minimum. A full image catalogue was produced as part of the archive. 2.3.6 Environmental Assessment: exposed peats sections were examined for the retrieval of ecofacts but in the event no substantial ecofacts suitably diagnostic for species identification were identified, or were substantial and well-preserved enough to be suitable for obtaining radiocarbon dating. An assessment of the character of the peats and environment was based on the site investigation by an experienced palynologist.

2.4 ARCHIVE 2.4.1 The results of all archaeological work carried out will form the basis for a full archive to professional standards, in accordance with current English Heritage guidelines (English Heritage 2006). The original record archive of the project will be deposited with YDNPA. 2.4.2 The Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS) online database Online Access to index of Archaeological Investigations (OASIS) will be completed as part of the archiving phase of the project

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 8

3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

3.1 BACKGROUND 3.1.1 Introduction: an outline documentary study was undertaken to inform the landscape survey and was intended to identify the documented archaeological resource within the survey area. This examined the Historic Environment Record (HER), held by YDNPA, cartographic sources and aerial photography. The summary results are presented below, and the detail is incorporated into the site gazetteer and mapping. 3.1.2 In addition to a detailed investigation of the closely defined study area, some general archaeological and historical information relating to the wider locale will aid in providing a context within which to understand the survey area. Much evidence relating to the early occupation and use of the landscape has been preserved within deposits in the numerous caves and pot holes in the region and can provide evidence of human activity in the area that might not be identifiable from the inspection of conspicuous remains that survive above ground level.

Period Date Range Palaeolithic 30,000 – 10,000 BC Mesolithic 10,000 – 4000 BC Neolithic 4000 – 2400 BC Bronze Age 2400 – 700 BC Iron Age 700 BC – AD 43 Romano-British AD 43 – AD 410 Early Medieval AD 410 – AD 1066 Late Medieval AD 1066 – AD 1540 Post-medieval AD 1540 – c1750 Industrial Period cAD1750 – 1914 Modern Post-1914 Table 1: Summary of British archaeological periods and date ranges

3.2 PREHISTORIC 3.2.1 Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Periods: the earliest human presence in the general area during the Late Upper Palaeolithic is now datable to the first part of the Late Glacial Interstadial, with a cut-marked wild horse bone demonstrating butchery in the vicinity of Victoria Cave at c 12,300 BC (Lord et al 2007; Jacobi et al 2009), which lies approximately 11km to the south-east of the survey area. The few lithic pieces attributable to the Late Upper Palaeolithic and Early Mesolithic from caves in Craven appear to be a genuine reflection of low level cave use during these times and not a result of poor excavation practice. For example, thorough excavations in the 1970s in Raven Scar Cave, Chapel-le-Dale, approximately 1.5 km to the west of the survey area, produced a single Late Upper Palaeolithic stone tool and a single Early Mesolithic microlith ( ibid ). In the wider area, excavations at Malham Tarn,

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 9

approximately 12km to the south-east, and at Kingsdale, 4km to the north-west, have provided evidence of activity during the middle part of the Mesolithic, around the seventh millennium BC (Johnson 2008, 104). It has been suggested that occupation in the local area may not have been permanent as climatic conditions would not have been suitable at this date and that groups may have travelled into the area from coastal winter bases to establish camps at summer hunting grounds where temporary shelters or tents may have been used, rather than more substantial structures ( ibid ). 3.2.2 Later Mesolithic sites are relatively abundant in the wider region (Manby et al 2003, 33), although finds from Later Mesolithic cave usage appear to be restricted to microliths and charcoal (Donahue and Lovis 2006); human bone and processed animal bone from this period have yet to be identified in the Craven caves. This fits a much wider regional pattern where inland caves in England and Wales seem to be devoid of these materials (OA North 2008). Pollen analysis has indicated that woodland clearance occurred on the slopes of Ingleborough during the late Mesolithic (Johnson 2008, 105) and this is likely to have been undertaken in order to encourage wild animals to graze in specific open areas and, therefore, create more abundant hunting areas. 3.2.3 Neolithic: the Neolithic period marks a transition from subsistence strategies that were dominated by hunting and gathering and the introduction of farming practices. Monuments suggested to be indicative of Neolithic activity have been identified in the vicinity of Ingleborough, such as burial cairns on the northern side of the hill in the vicinity of Harry Hallam’s Moss ( ibid ). Possible Neolithic cairns have also been identified on the northern side of the hill at Douk Cave Pasture ( ibid ). Although numerous burials have attested to the presence of people in the local area, a lack of settlement evidence has been used to suggest that the population may have practised mobile forms of transhumance agriculture, which concentrated on herding animals and accompanying them to seasonal pastures ( op cit , 106). Pollen evidence from North Craven suggests that woodland expanded and contracted during the Neolithic, which may be indicative of land management with periodic woodland clearance being undertaken in association with farming practices ( op cit , 128-9). 3.2.4 Radiocarbon dating of human bones by Stephany Leach has identified a significant phase of Early Neolithic human bone deposition in caves across the region from about 3900 cal BC to about 3300 cal BC (Leach 2008). Thaw Head Cave, on the north side of Chapel-le-Dale, has produced a radiocarbon assay of a partial skeleton of a young woman that dates to c 3960-3710 cal BC. It has been suggested by Leach that the placing of human remains in caves during the Early Neolithic was not a general or expedient practice, but a minority rite for particular individuals who suffered disfiguring illness or trauma. Mortuary activity during the Early Neolithic appears to have taken place in passage caves, rock shelters and the more accessible cave shafts and caves with small, and therefore easily blocked, recesses and entrances, or with vertical entrances, perhaps to prevent scavenging by pigs and large carnivores ( ibid ). 3.2.5 Bronze Age: pollen evidence indicates that woodland clearance increased during the Bronze Age and tree cover in the region has been estimated to have been reduced to approximately 15% of the landscape by 1500 BC (Johnson 2008, 107). HER MYD 58175 (Site 1) was a sample of blanket peat radiocarbon dated to between 2708 +/- 50BC and 298 +/- 50BC, with percentage pollen diagram. The woodland at this location was largely cleared by 908 +/- 50BC.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 10

3.2.6 Prehistoric settlement sites in the Ingleborough area are represented by hut circles and it is possible that some of these may date to the Bronze Age ( ibid ). It is, however, extremely difficult to date such sites in the absence of excavation although it remains possible that some, such as that at Cote Gill (Site 84 ), may have included phases of occupation during the Bronze Age; the site lies at the head of a small valley below Newby Moss and includes enclosures, walls, and droveways, in addition to hut circles. The HER currently records the site as being of probable Iron- Age date. Another putative hut circle settlement in the study area is situated to the west of Cote Gill at Low Trough above Grey Scars (Site 83 ); this settlement, however, has not yet been closely dated. 3.2.7 An undated settlement is also situated on the eastern slope of Herningside (Site 57 ) and consists of an enclosure that incorporates a steep portion of limestone pavement as a boundary and is associated with a sub-rectangular building, in addition to a surrounding field system. Numerous boundary banks are situated within the survey area and have not been closely dated. It is possible that some of these may have been established during the prehistoric periods and one of these, at Cote Gill (Site 39 ), has been attributed a preliminary late prehistoric date. 3.2.8 Stephany Leach has identified Late Bronze Age ritual activity in the nearby Raven Scar Cave, approximately 1.5km to the west, with radiocarbon dates on human remains from c 1000 BC (Leach 2005). These remains include evidence for sharp blade trauma and cult activity, which involved the deposition of heads of people in the entrance chamber ( ibid ). Other burial sites of possible Bronze Age date are also visible as monuments within the survey area. A putative large and partially destroyed round cairn is situated on Grey Scar and occupies the edge of the limestone plateau (Site 27 ). The site features possible kerb stones and is composed mainly of limestone with some worn sandstone pieces. Another potential cairn (Site 50 ) is situated on the summit of Herningside and the long axis of the mound is aligned on Little Ingleborough. The cairn has not been closely dated but has been attributed a broad date range of late prehistoric in the HER. A linear cairn has also been identified at Herningside, which comprises the enhancement of an area of natural stone by the addition of banked stones (Site 58 ). A low cairn is recorded at Cote Gill Heads (Site 45 ) and features three flat gritstones with cup marks; this is more likely to be a record of the cluster of rock art panels 280m to the north-west (Sites 43 and 60-62 ). 3.2.9 Examples of a specific form of cairn known as a ring cairn have also been identified at Ingleborough and comprise raised ring-shaped banks of earth and stone; two ring cairns have been identified at Cote Gill Head (Sites 48 and 49 ). A series of circular stone features on the summit of Ingleborough had been interpreted as the foundation- level dry-stone walls of round-houses within a hillfort of Iron-Age date (Site 81 ). However, over the past decade there have been reinterpretations of this hill-top site and it has been suggested that such a high and exposed location would have prevented permanent occupation or settlement in this area. Alternative interpretations have suggested that the stone rings are actually ring cairns and that the principal focus of the site was ritual and funerary, rather than military or domestic (Luke 2006). 3.2.10 Several examples of prehistoric rock art panels/stones have been found within the survey area. An isolated example was found at Herningside (Site 56 ) and consists of a partially-quarried gritstone boulder that features motifs on the northern face. This includes up to 20 cups, two of which possibly feature single outer rings and one of

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 11

which has inner and outer rings. Other connecting and radiating grooves may also be present, although there is some uncertainty in the interpretation. A rock had also been found at Cote Gill (Site 46 ) that features a series of parallel grooves, but this was found to be natural erosion during the present survey. 3.2.11 The rest of the identified rock art is clustered at Cote Gill Head, where there is a group of six panels on the western edge of the prehistoric field-system (Site 84 ). They include four adjacent flat stones, consisting a roughly square stone with four cup marks (Site 60 ); a low angular stone with seven cup marks (Site 61 ); a partially turf-covered stone with three cup marks (Site 62 ); and a flat, low, turf-covered stone with two cup marks (Site 43 ). Just to the north of these stones is a low, partially turf- covered, stone with three cup marks (Site 44 ), and to the south of the group is a stone that features a single cup mark and a shallow bowl-like depression (Site 42 ). There is an isolated outlier located south of the main group on the southern edge of Cote Gill Head. It is an upright gritstone (Site 40 ) with stones packed around the base and features four cupmarks that have been subject to subsequent erosion. 3.2.12 Bronze Age / Iron Age: many field systems and nucleated settlement sites in the Craven area have often been ascribed to the Iron Age, but are likely to pre-date this period (Manby et al 2003, 103). Such sites are well preserved on the dale sides and extend onto the higher limestone plateau; for example in the upper Wharfedale and Ribblesdale areas ( ibid ) and the hut circle settlement located at Cote Gill Head may date from this period (Site 84 ). It is also clear that in the wider region some of the locales of the ‘Celtic field systems’ were in use during the Bronze Age. This is demonstrated by a Beaker period inhumation at High Close, Grassington, and is also suggested by the presence of typically Bronze Age monuments, such as ring works and stone circles ( ibid ). Later prehistoric period activity in the limestone uplands is defined by the presence of the large Ingleborough Hillfort (Site 81 ) at the north- western edge of the study area. The hillfort is a Scheduled Monument (No 24479) and is described in the HER as a Brigantian fortified village on the flat summit of Ingleborough with an encircling stone rubble rampart contained by drystone walling and orthostats that is nearly 3000 feet long and encloses an area of 15 acres. A missing portion of walling at the northern side may suggest that it was not completed and much of the surviving rampart has been robbed and damaged. At ground level, the remains of approximately 20 hut circles are visible, although it has been suggested that some of these may represent ring cairns (Luke 2006) and that activity at the hillfort may pre-date the Iron Age. 3.2.13 Finds of Iron Age date from caves in the region are rare and have generally been restricted to human and animal bones. It is, therefore, possible that such caves were more often associated with funerary practices during the Iron Age, rather than ritual deposition (OA North 2008). Iron Age activity in caves in the local area is demonstrated by bone deposits in the deep shaft-like cave of North End Pot, and in the innermost part of the passage-like cave called Dead Man’s Cave on Giggleswick Scar (Leach 2005). That metal objects were used as votive deposits in Craven during the Iron Age is suggested by the discovery of an Iron Age bronze cauldron, which was found in a dried-up tarn near Wharfe, to the south-east of Chapel-le-dale (NYHER MYD3692). The location of this item within a former tarn suggests that it may have formed a deliberate deposition in a watery place, as has been suggested for many other finds from similar contexts throughout the prehistoric period (Middleton 1996, 45).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 12

3.2.14 Romano-British: the study area lies to the north-east of the Romano-British settlement at Broadwood (Johnson 2004), and to the north of the key cross-Pennine communication route of the Craven Gap. Romano-British pottery (including a first century jar) has been recovered from Ingleborough hillfort (Site 81 ) (Howard 2004, 10) and finds of Romano-British metalwork have been found within caves, and in open areas, in the Craven limestone uplands. A Roman road ran through Chapel-le- Dale, to the west of the study area, and connected with forts at Bainbridge and, ultimately, Lancaster. A Roman fort is also located to the west, at Burrow in Lonsdale, and a marching camp located to the east, at Malham (Butlin 2003, 50). Just west of Ingleborough Fell (on the south side of Jenkin’s Beck) was a substantial sub-rectangular earthen bank perimeter, with no observed internal features and of no certain date but the rectangularity suggests a Romano-British date. This is associated with a second similar site on the west side of Jenkin’s Beck (Johnson 2008, 130) 3.2.15 A large Roman copper-alloy dish and a red-enamelled copper alloy fitting were discovered at a cave near Chapel-le-Dale (NPHER MYD 56066) (OA North 2008). Despite some 160 years of documented cave exploration and investigation, which has made the Craven area one of the most intensively explored karst landscapes in the world, Romano-British metal objects were only known from eight caves prior to the recent finds in Doe Pot ( ibid ). Dating evidence for the caves with Romano- British metalwork has also been provided by finds of pottery, jewellery, and coins (Allen 1994); this suggests that these caves underwent repeated use more or less throughout the Romano-British period. Use of Victoria Cave and other caves in the Craven area during the Romano-British period involved cult activity and ritual deposition (Dearne and Lord 1998; King 2007). Distinctive characteristics of the assemblages, notably the types of pottery, the presence of coins, and Roman military accoutrements reveal that these caves were used by people who were either part of the Roman military or were closely connected with it, particularly in the late first and second centuries (Dearne and Lord 1998). 3.2.16 It is possible that Romano-British cave exploration in Craven may have been driven by the exploration of minerals. Where caves have developed along mineralised joints in limestone (Worley and Ford 1977), metal ore can be accessible without recourse to mining and these deposits could have been worked at an early date (Ford and Rieuwerts 1968). Traces of lead, copper, and iron ore are present within karst features in the Craven area (OA North 2008). Finds of dated Roman lead pigs from the Yorkshire Dales testify to Roman lead production operating soon after the conquest of northern England, in the early AD 70s (Bayley 2002; Raistrick 1930). Prospecting and extracting metal ore from the Craven uplands might have required the benefice of underworld deities and have involved propitiation (Henig 1984) and this might be one explanation for the deposition of metalwork in this area during the Romano-British period (OA North 2008). 3.2.17 South and east of the study area, Ingleborough Fell is punctuated by the north/south valleys of Clapdale, Crummackdale, and Ribblesdale and these, it seems, became the focus of settlement during the Romano-British period. To the north-east of Simon Fell and Borrins Moor, and outside the study area, were the remains of a well- defined nucleated settlement of enclosures, perhaps Romano-British, at Top Cow Pasture (NPHER MYD 3662) near Selside in Ribblesdale. On a path between Clapham and Austwick was a complex settlement site comprising perhaps two circular structures extended with ad-hoc surrounding paddocks or small enclosures. Close to this, stray finds of the Romano-British period have been found by metal

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 13

detection (Johnson 2008, 130). To the east and just to the north of Wharfe was another settlement sited on terraces comprising rectilinear building platforms (Johnson 2008, 131). Further north in Crummackdale is a complex of two stone-built farmsteads with associated fields possibly for stock management with other areas for garden or arable, also thought to be of Romano-British date (Johnson 2008, 132). Within the study area itself there was no clear evidence of Romano-British activity.

3.3 MEDIEVAL TO POST -M EDIEVAL 3.3.1 The dales to the south and east of Ingleborough Fell continued to be occupied into the medieval period. In Clapham Bottoms there was a medieval longhouse associated with two small rectangular structures and surrounded by larger rectangular enclosures (Johnson 2008, 134). In Crummackdale by Beggars Stile was another medieval farmstead comprising three rectangular buildings. Within this area and elsewhere in Crummackdale were also perhaps the remains of ‘hulls’ thought to be large roofed shelters and perhaps a feature of transhumance sheep farming. 3.3.2 Clapdale and Crummackdale were both within easy access of Thwaites Lane and Laithbutts Lane, packhorse routes associated with the monastic estate of Furness Abbey (Johnson 2008, 157). Furness Abbey held the lands south, east and north of Ingleborough as demesne lands for sheep farming. One of their granges was at Newby established in 1170 (Johnson 2008, 120-1); subsidiary to the grange would have been the lodges established to the north-east of Newby on the other side of the Ingleborough Fell at Lodge Hall and Thorns near Selside (Johnson 2008, 178). The presence of numerous sheepfolds on Ingleborough Fell and within the study area may attest to the more intensive development of sheep farming in the medieval period, although many are recorded in the HER as being post-medieval in date. One group (Site 18 and 19 ) is on Fell Beck and a second group is on the west side of the study area (Sites 76 , 77 and 82 ), including the pair at Joseph’s Fold (Site 77 ). A third group (Sites 31 , 32 , 35 and 78 ) are of a later date and are associated with stock management on the outer edge of the post-medieval intake wall above Newby Cote. 3.3.3 Cleared fields south of Hagg and Weatherpot Heath were evident from the regular field boundaries north of Old Road by Newby Cote and were perhaps used for arable and winter grazing, as some had sheepfolds within them. Outside the study area there were two areas of strip lynchets, one at Clapham and the second in the fields south of Old Road between Newby and Newby Cote (Johnson 2008, 138). 3.3.4 By the middle of the medieval period, administrative boundaries needed to be clearly defined and the use of boundary stones or mounds is evident in the study area. On the western edge of the northern part of the study area is one of a series of boundary mounds or cairns recorded on the 1 st edition OS map of 1851 (Sites 2-15 , 17 and 20- 25 ). These may be late medieval or post-medieval in origin as they define the boundary between the Clapham and Ingleborough parishes. They are possibly visible on the aerial photographic surveys of 2008 (Digital Vertical Aerial Photography) as small circular earthwork mounds or piles of stones. 3.3.5 At Cote Gill, was Harry Horse Stone (Site 41 ) which is a natural and distinctive horse-shaped stone that was possibly used as a boundary marker; it is, however, depicted in the wrong place on the 1 st edition OS mapping. Close to Little Knott Bield was a boundary cairn (Site 38 ) probably dating back to before the nineteenth century. To the north at Seat Haw was a boundary mound or stone (Site 20 ) which was recorded on the 1 st edition 1851 OS map. One place of interest possibly within

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 14

the northern part of the study area has the name ‘Spechscaflade’ which appeared in the 'Coucher Book of Furness Abbey, in relation to a limestone inlier. It may mean a 'place where speeches were made' or the 'place where the boundary turns', or possibly a place or path related to sheafs or ore production (Site 75 ). Johnson, however, recorded the placename as being located on land further to the north-west outside the present survey area. 3.3.6 There was evidence of improvements to the fell landscape, in the form of the watercourse, Grey Wife Sike, canalised in places, that flowed from Knoutberry Hole southwards (Site 71 ). This was extended further towards the fields at Newby Cote perhaps in the late nineteenth century. To the east was another canalised water course Know Gap Sike (Site 67 ) which was 4km long, and was depicted in two early nineteenth century maps (Johnson 2008, 140-1). Know Gap Sike went south across Herningside, around the western and southern edge, along the contours, of Clapdale Scars to the farm at Know Gap. In places, the water was channelled to go through open earthenware pipes (Johnson 2008, 140-1). 3.3.7 Know Gap, to the south-east of the study area (HER MYD 24734), was a postulated post-medieval farmstead of two roofed buildings, enclosures and a droveway. The medieval date of Know Gap Sike and the medieval dates assigned to two field boundaries (HER MYD 38680 and 38681) to the south of the farm suggest that the farmstead may have dated to the late medieval period. Know Gap was also associated with a small limekiln (HER MYD 24787) and quarry (HER MYD 38682) thought to be of medieval and post-medieval dates. 3.3.8 In the central part of the study area between Grey Wife and Know Gap Sike were earthworks forming a series of irregular holloways (Sites 72 and 152 ), orientated roughly north/south. These holloways were perhaps associated with boundary earthworks (Site 47 , 64 and 66 ), and stock-funnels heading upslope from the farms located on lower ground and, in particular, the gap between intakes above Newby Cote (Site 73 ) which leads from the cleared and enclosed fields onto Ingleborough Common. It is arguable that the holloways on Ingleborough Fell may also have been as a result of droving cattle during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries from Gearstones market (North of Ingleborough) and Selside more directly to the Newby Cote, Clapham and Keasden routes (Johnson 2008, 158-163) and onto the Trough of Bowland. It is interesting to note that Cow Pasture Wall (Sites 68 and 69 ) enclosed a large area of rough grazing perhaps associated with the droving represented by the holloways (Site 72 ). 3.3.9 During the post-medieval period the packhorse routes and roads around Ingleborough gave way either to well-used drove roads or turnpike roads for carts and carriages. The old road south of Ingleborough became the new turnpike road of the eighteenth century. 3.3.10 To the south of Ingleborough Fell is an alignment of gravel pits, quarrying and limekilns. The evidence of quarrying on the fell (Sites 33 , 79 , 80 and 85 ) was probably linked to the activities of the limekilns adjacent to the intake walls at Sites 59 , 74 and 34 (Johnson 2013). Two further limekilns were located at the base of Clapdale Scar (Sites 36 and 37 ) associated with two adjacent quarries. There are also extensive peat-cutting grounds located to the south-east of Little Ingleborough (Site 16 ). To the east of Newby Cote was a further series of quarries and sow or clamp kilns located on the fell just to the north of the intake wall (Site 74 ). One of these was excavated and provided a date of AD 1440-1660 (Johnson 2013, and pers com )

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 15

3.3.11 At Weatherpot Heath there was a quarry (Site 79 ), which serviced a limekiln dated to the late eighteenth / early nineteenth century (just outside of the study area). The associated track is on either side of the intake wall, but with no gateway, suggesting its earlier usage (Johnson 2013). On the same south-facing scarp slope south of Grey Scars was a series of limestone quarries (Sites 33 and 163 ) that provided material for a single limekiln (Site 59 ). There was further quarrying evidence at Little Ingleborough to the north (Site 158 ). This may have been associated with the clearly engineered cart track from Knoutberry Hole to the west side of Little Ingleborough, although the track may equally well have served the flagstone quarries (Johnson 2013). 3.3.12 To the south of Gaping Gill towards the east of the study area (east of Cote Gill) was a line of four nineteenth century shooting butts (Sites 52-55 ) of a distinctive circular style. A further line of six shooting butts was recorded at Herningside (Sites 52-5 , 121 and 167 ). Above Newby Cote there is a footpath depicted with a long line of ‘grouse butts’ running northwards upslope (Sites 86-99 , 107-109 and 112-116 ). They are associated with a single shooting cabin (Site 100 ). This was recorded on the 1896 2nd edition OS map as being extant but was not marked on the earlier mapping. The roof of the cabin has now been removed. 3.3.13 It is interesting to note Prospect Tower, a Victorian structure (HER MYD 32332), just outside the western edge of the study area on the peak of Ingleborough, which was probably used for horse races and for the lighting of bonfires and beacons on various occasions. These activities all resulted in considerable destruction of the archaeological features on the summit of Ingleborough.

3.4 MAP REGRESSION 3.4.1 Jeffreys’ Map of Yorkshire dated 1771 (Plate 2): the map illustrates the general topography of the study area located on the south and eastern flanks of Ingleborough Hill and running east onto the plateau of Simon Fell. The turnpike road running to Clapham is depicted south of the study area along with the farms at Coates (Newby Cote), Blake Bank (Bleak Bank) and Know Gap. The commons are also drained to the south by four sikes and the beginnings of an outgang lane is depicted running upslope onto the common from Newby Cote.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 16

Plate 2: Part of Jeffreys’ map of Yorkshire, dated 1771

3.4.2 Ordnance Survey 1 st edition 6” map of 1851 (Fig 5): the mapping showed that to the south of the present study area was the old turnpike road (now called Old Road) on which there was Old Turnpike House on the outskirts of Clapham. North of Old Road from the boundary west of Blake (now Bleak) Bank, were the cleared fields and farms of Blake (Bleak) Bank, Crooklands, Newby Cote, as far as the administrative boundary at Cross Haw. Each farm is marked with a well or spring. The intake boundary walls to the north of the farms, separating the cleared fields from the fells or commons have, adjacent, a series of sheepfolds and limekilns with corresponding quarries on the fell to the north. 3.4.3 The mapping names the different areas of the fell: Cock Flower Hill; Weatherpot Heath; Hagg; and to the north Newby Moss. Cote Gill Haw was the plateau at the base of Cote Gill, a steep-sided gully. At the highest point of this was Cote Gill Head and Herningside. Two tracks are marked within the eastern side of the study area; one running from Newby Coates northwards as far as Cote Gill Head (this presumably corresponds to that marked on Jeffreys’ map, Section 3.4.1 ) and the second running from Know Gap westwards round Clapdale Scar and north to Hurnell Moss. Know Gap Sike was clearly marked on the mapping following the contours of Clapdale Scar to Know Gap and then to Clapdale. Clapdale was marked on the map using the ‘ancient’ font as a substantial farm or small hamlet, but possibly unoccupied, with Clapdale Barn to the south-west. At Clapdale, the Sike continues eastwards to feed or drain into Clapham Beck. Also from Know Gap a second Sike went down to Flatts Farm.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 17

3.4.4 The western edge of the study area was defined on the mapping by an administrative boundary. This was also demarcated on the ground by a series of boundary mounds. In addition, there are three sheepfolds, two marked as ‘Old Sheepfold’ and one as ‘Joseph’s Folds’. Grey Wife Sike was also depicted on the mapping beginning at Knoutberry Hole and ending at a Pot Hole to the south. The later 2 nd edition OS mapping showed that the Sike extended further south, nearly as far as the field walls at Cote Haw, suggesting that the canalisation of this sike may have been undertaken in the second half of the nineteenth century. North of the head of Grey Wife Sike are Bottoms Rigg and Brunt Rigg within the larger area of Clapham Bents. There are springs marked, as well as some sheepfolds. At the north-western edge of the study area was Ingleborough Hill and evidence of the administrative boundary was marked with four points of ‘Pile of Stones’. Prospect Tower was not noted on the 1 st edition map, but the later 2 nd edition OS map (1896) and 1909-10 OS map marked it as a ‘Beacon’ on the west side of the summit. The parish boundaries on the commons are marked on the mapping by ‘Pile of Stones’ or ‘mounds’. They certainly did not appear to be tied into any geographical features. Neither the OS 1 st edition map nor the 2 nd edition map record the historic placename ‘Spechscaflade’.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 18

4. SURVEY RESULTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1.1 The landscape survey was conducted across 7.62 km 2 of parts of Ingleborough and Clapham commons, in the area to the south and south-east of Ingleborough summit. It was undertaken in November 2013 in order to identify, locate, and record sites and features of archaeological interest (Figs 2-5). In total, 168 features of archaeological interest were identified across the survey area, and included a broad range of monuments from prehistoric field-systems and rock art to an Iron Age hillfort and post-medieval limekilns.

4.2 MONUMENT SUMMARY 4.2.1 The sites identified within the survey area can be divided into six broad categories: prehistoric settlement and funerary remains; later domestic and stock management; boundary markers; extraction industries; shooting; and miscellaneous land use. These categories are made up of a total of 20 different types of individual site (Table 1). Most of the sites are difficult to date closely in the absence of additional data from documentary sources or archaeological excavation; but include a substantial number of features that have been dated to the prehistoric period. The remainder are most likely to date to the post-medieval (1540-1750), industrial (1750-1914) or modern periods. Despite extensive investigation of 10% of the grips and the exposed peat hag sections, no prehistoric dated flints were retrieved during the present survey.

Category of Site Number of Gazetteer Number sites Prehistoric Settlement and Funerary Rock Art 8 40, 42-4, 56, and 60-2 Round Cairns 7 12, 27, 29?, 45?, 51,122-3, Ring Cairns 2 48-9 Round House settlement 2 125, 154 Hillfort 1 81 Co-axial field system/ Enclosure 8 57, 83, 84, 126, 142-3, 153 and 164

Domestic and stock management Bields 4 70, 128, 131 and 134 Sheepfolds 10 18, 19, 31, 35, 76-8, 82, 118 and 120

Boundary markers Boundary Banks / Walls 9 30, 39, 47, 63-6, 68-9 Boundary Cairns / Mounds 30 2-11, 13-5, 17 21-26, 28, 38, 50, 135- 6, 139, and 155-7 Boundary Stones 6 20, 104-5, 110, 124, and 145

Industrial / Extraction Quarries 13 33, 79, 80, 85, 103, 117, 140, 158, 160-1, 163, 166, and 168 Leats 1 67, 71 Lime Kilns 8 32, 34, 36-7, 59, 74, and 101-2 Peat Cutting 2 1, 16

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 19

Sites associated with shooting Hunting Lodges 1 100 Shooting Stands/Shelters 43 52-55, 86-99, 106-116, 129-130, 132- 3, 137, 141, 144, 146-152, 167

Miscellaneous land-use Earthwork 1 58 Hollow-ways 5 72-3, 119, 159, 162 Natural features 2 41 and 46 Table 1: Sites of archaeological interest by category

4.3 PREHISTORIC MONUMENTS 4.3.1 Rock Art: on the lower, south-facing slopes of Clapham Common at an altitude of between 380m and 420m AOD, is a scatter of eight rock art slabs, of which six are in a very compact group (Site 40-2 and 60-2 ), c 35m across, at Cote Gill Head. Four of the panels are on four adjacent flat-topped stones set flush to the ground surface (Plate 3). The stones are within the extent of a later co-axial field system (Site 84 ; Section 4.3.6 ) and may be an indication that the site was a favoured place, with episodic and more continuous periods of activity over an extended period. The majority of the stones have multiple cup marks, and vary from seven cup marks on the Site 61 stone (Plate 4), to three or four crop marks on the majority through to Site 42 which has only one cup. The similarity of the rock art and the tight grouping may be an indication that these were broadly contemporary and relate to a single episode of activity at the site.

Plate 3: Centre of the clustered rock art panel group located on Cote Gill Head (Sites 43 and 60-62 )

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 20

Plate 4: Small rock art panel located on Cote Gill Head (Site 61 ) 4.3.2 In relative isolation is a further rock art stone, about 500m to the south of the Cote Gill Head group. It comprises an upright gritstone (Site 40 ), set in the ground with packing stones, which has three definite, and one possible, cup marks. Despite its remote nature, it is within a comparable south-facing location on a moderate slope. 4.3.3 One of the more significant stones was found at Herningside (Site 56 ) and comprises a partially quarried gritstone boulder that has up to 20 cups, of which three have outer rings. One of these has possible grooves radiating out from the cup and reflects a degree of intricacy not seen on the other artwork across Clapham Common. 4.3.4 Burial Cairns: from the HER record there is a substantial number of possible prehistoric burial round cairns across the extent of the survey area, but the survey established that some, at least, of these are either mislocated or are misinterpreted natural features. Site 27 has been categorised as a prehistoric burial cairn, but is in fact a boundary cairn, on the line of the parish boundary, and there is no evidence for any underling earlier fabric. Site 29 , at Grey Scars, is a very dubious 5m diameter mound but which has few attributes of a burial cairn; similarly Site 51 , at Herningside, has no kerb or characteristic features that would characterise it as a prehistoric burial cairn. The reported cairn with rock art at Site 45 could not be confirmed, and may have been mislocated. 4.3.5 There were, however, a number of confirmed burial cairns, most notably Site 12 , which is a badly denuded summit funerary cairn located on the southern edge of the spur of Little Ingleborough (Plate 5). Overall, the cairn measures 12m by 10m and survives up to 0.5m high, its fabric has been disturbed to construct a teardrop-shaped sheepfold in the centre. Two possible burial cairns were discovered in the course of the survey (Sites 122 and 123 ), which are on exposed limestone pavement to the south of Hurnel Moss (Plate 6). Site 122 is constructed of gritstone stones/boulders, measuring 9m by 7m and survives up to 0.5m high. There is, however, no surface evidence for a kerb or internal cist. However, although it is located on the alignment of a modern trackway, it is not a modern boundary/walkers cairn. Site 123 is a possible small circular funerary round cairn on the edge of a shake-hole, and adjacent to an area of limestone pavement (Plate 7). It is turf-covered but has a stone core and measures 3m in diameter and is up to 0.25m high.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 21

Plate 5: Damaged summit cairn located on the southern end of the scarp at Little Ingleborough (Site 12 )

Plate 6: A putative funerary cairn located at Hurnel Moss (Site 122 )

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 22

Plate 7: A possible small funerary cairn located at Hurnel Moss (Site 123 ) 4.3.6 Two examples of putative ring cairns have been identified at Newby Moss (Sites 48 and 49 ). The former (Site 48 ; Plate 8) comprises a ‘D’ shaped enclosure, 12m x 9m, with banks that are 2m wide and 0.3m high, and is adjacent to a shake-hole. Site 49 is sub-circular in shape and measures 12m in diameter with banks 2m wide by 0.25m high. Again, it is directly associated with an adjacent shake-hole (Plate 9). Both features are very similar in size and form and are comparable to a series of pen- annular enclosures, that have been seen in parts of the higher fells of the Lake District (OA North 2005). These usually have irregular shapes and take in a boulder as one end of their structure, but here a shake-hole is within the same context. At Stickle Tarn, Great Langdale ( ibid ) they have been associated with small enclosures and agricultural features suggesting that they may be domestic/agricultural rather than funerary in function.

Plate 8: The westernmost putative ring cairn located at Newby Moss (Site 48 )

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 23

Plate 9: The easternmost putative ring cairn located at Newby Moss (Site 49 ) 4.3.7 Settlement and Field Systems: one of the more significant settlement complexes within the study area is at Cote Gill Head, and comprises a co-axial field system (Site 83 , 84 , 126 , 142-3 , 153 and 164 ), with associated unenclosed round-houses (Sites 125 and 154 ; Plate 10). The field system is much larger than that already defined in the YDNPA HER. The core of the complex consists of sub-divided field plots surrounding two round-houses (Site 84 ; Plates 11 and 12); this area extends down a gentle east-facing slope above Cote Gill and measures 345m by 270m. The field-system is orientated on a north-north-east/south-south-west alignment and is edged to the north by the pot holes on Newby Moss. To the east, it is defined by Cote Gill, although there is slight evidence for a boundary extending further east to a pot hole. The western end of the field system has a large terminal boundary bank that extends for over 700m running parallel to Cote Gill and down towards Newby Cote (Sites 143 and 153 ). To the south of the field system are several large field plots located on the southern summit edge of Cote Gill Head and down into Cote Gill (Sites 126 , 142 and 39 ). The possible southernmost boundary wall was only identified by aerial photography (Site 164 ).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 24

Plate 10: Round-house located within the co-axial field-system on Cote Gill Head (Site 125 )

Plate 11: Large enclosure bank at the north end of the main co-axial field-system on Cote Gill Head (Site 84 )

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 25

Plate 12: Relict stock enclosures and fields within the main co-axial field-system on Cote Gill Head (Site 84 ) 4.3.8 At the north-eastern part of the co-axial field system are the remains of two round- houses (Site 125 ), each having earth and stone embanked foundations (Plate 10). The larger round house was 12m in diameter by 0.4m high and the smaller structure was 9m by 8m. They are both cut slightly into the hillside and each have a level internal surface. To the south-west of these round-houses, and more central to the field system was a further possible round house (Site 154 ), which was c 9m in diameter. Co-axial field systems, are a feature of upland landscapes, they are commonly associated with unenclosed round-houses, and most typically date from the Iron Age or late Bronze Age (White 2005, 27-9). 4.3.9 Another possible prehistoric settlement and field enclosure is located at Herningside (Site 57 ), comprising a sub-rectangular domestic structure (Plate 13) within a large enclosure (Plate 14), that consists of earth and orthostatic stone banks. It is very roughly rectangular and measures over 155m by 115m, and defines a plot of cleared land between two scarped areas of limestone pavement. The denuded northern boundary uses the top break of a limestone scarp as its foundation, but the southern boundary of the enclosure was not identified.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 26

Plate 13: Rectangular structure located within the field-system at Herningside (Site 57 )

Plate 14: Enclosure bank surrounding the structure at Herningside (Site 57 ) 4.3.10 The domestic structure was located only a few metres from the western embankment of the larger enclosure. It was sub-rectangular in shape with very rounded corners, and defined by earthen banks that were 1-1.5m wide; its overall size was c 10m x 8m. Significantly, like the Cote Gill Head field system, the settlement / field system at Site 57 is spatially associated with rock art (Site 56 ), and may be an indication of continuity or re-use of a favoured locale. 4.3.11 Ingleborough Hillfort or Sanctuary: undoubtedly, the most significant monument within the study area is the summit of Ingleborough (Site 81 ; Plates 15 and 16), at an altitude of 720m AOD, edged by a stone-constructed embankment, nearly 920m in

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 27

length, and containing 20 annular monuments, c 5.5m -10m in diameter. The stone embankment is well constructed using local materials (evidenced by quarry scoops) and comprising rubble revetted by orthostats and drystone walling. For a long time the monument has been interpreted as an Iron Age hillfort, with the large stone embankment providing a univallate defence, reinforcing the very considerable natural defences of the mountain (Cunliffe 1978; Johnson 2008), and the exposed 20 annular monuments being round-houses. A number of issues with this interpretation have been noted, and include the fact that the perimeter embankment is very substantial, but not continuous, particularly around the northern side. The question arises as to whether it has always been discontinuous or whether the notable gaps reflect subsequent robbing.

Plate 15: Aerial view of Ingleborough hillfort (Site 81 ) showing perimeter walls and the annular monuments (© English Heritage) 4.3.12 A recent re-examination of the interpretation of the monument has been made by Yvonne Luke (2006) on the basis of a reinterpretation of the annular monuments as ring cairns, which are typically of Bronze Age date and have a funerary / ceremonial function. On surface morphological evidence it can be very difficult to distinguish between ring cairns and round-houses, as they can be of comparable size and very similar in character, but the examples on Ingleborough do have some characteristics of domestic function. These include some with entrances which are typically orientated between south-south-east and east-north-east and, as such, are away from the prevailing winds; however ring cairns can also have entrances but not necessarily away from the prevailing winds. Some of the monument have external drainage gullies which would suggest that they had roofs. Arguing against the domestic function is that a magnetometry survey undertaken by RCHME in 1988 did not reveal any hearths. The chronology is uncertain, but the features are almost certainly prehistoric; however, the only artefact recovered has been a sherd of Roman Castor Ware recovered by HG Ramm (HER MYD3700).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 28

Plate 16: View of the eastern flank of Ingleborough hillfort (Site 81 ) and the peat erosion on Simon Fell 4.3.13 Given the evident uncertainty as to the interpretation, modern excavation would be necessary to resolve the issue; however, the monument is scheduled which restricts any intrusive exploration. There are, however, considerable concerns about the fragility of the site as there are only very thin soils protecting the round-houses and the summit is subject to considerable erosion by hill walkers, who have constructed walker's cairns and shelters from the stones of the embankment. 4.3.14 Farming and Stock Management: there are limited numbers of predominantly post- medieval pastoral farming structures, comprising bields and sheepfolds. The bields tend to be scattered around the upper fells, whereas there were ten sheepfolds concentrated around the margins of the study area. These were located either at the edge of the enclosed lands (Sites 31 , 35 , 78 , 118 , and 120 ) or on major boundaries or streams (Sites 77 and 105 ), around the periphery of the area (Plate 17). Only one stock enclosure was found within the open moor at High Trough (Site 82 ) and its decayed character suggests a potential to be of medieval origin. It is roughly rectangular and is wedged into a sheltered gap between two areas of exposed limestone pavement, and is very large, being 50m by 38m in size. It has two south- south-west /north-north-east orthostatic boundary banks across the trough and defining the ends of the stock enclosure. The northern corner of the enclosure has a more recent two-celled sub-rectangular sheepfold (15m x 10m) built upon it.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 29

Plate 17: Joseph’s Fold located on Ingleborough Common (Site 77 ) 4.3.15 Given the relatively low number of bields and stock enclosures from the post- medieval periods across the open moor, it is possible that stock management/grazing has been of secondary importance to shooting on the landholding. 4.3.16 Boundary Features: across the study area are a number of boundary features, comprising walls, cairns or stone marker stones which served to define and demarcate a large area of open moorland. Some were evidently of some antiquity, while others were of seemingly post-medieval date. The earliest boundary markers, with the exception of the co-axial field system described earlier ( Section 4.3.7 ), relate to the parish boundary dividing Ingleton and Clapham Cum Newby. Historically, this was a dividing boundary between the townships of Newby and Ingleton, and may have been an ancient territorial boundary that extended up along the ridge of Little Ingleborough to Ingleborough summit. It is now the western boundary of Clapham Common / Clapham Estate, so also served as the western edge of the present study area. It is marked by a series of cairns or mounds (Sites 2-11 , 13- 15 , 17 , 21-6 and 156; Plate 18) and also by a series of boundary stones (Site 104 and 105 ) with N and I marked on opposite sides denoting the townships of Newby and Ingleton. Significantly, the line of the boundary cairns / mounds, Sites 21-5 , follow a different line to the current parish boundary, which is c 100m to the north-west and reflects a degree of boundary creep.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 30

Plate 18: A pair of boundary marker pillars located at Grey Scars (Site 26 ) 4.3.17 A further dressed boundary stone was identified beside Know Gap Sike at Seat Haw (Site 20 : Plate 19), and this had the letters C and N on different sides of it. This indicates that the beck defined the boundary between Clapham and Newby townships, and this was depicted on the 1 st Edition OS mapping. A further two upright undressed stones (Sites 124 and 145 ) were located away from any documented territorial boundaries and may have served as ownership markers. Similarly, there are a number of scattered marker cairns (Sites 28 , 38 , 51 , 135 and 136 ) which may also have denoted local ownership. Harry Horse Stone, a prominent horse-shaped boulder (Site 41 / 110 ) located on Cote Gill Head, was also undoubtedly used as a local boundary marker.

Plate 19: Boundary marker stone located at Seat Haw (Site 20 ) 4.3.18 In the south-eastern part of the study area are two old boundary banks represented by Sites 63 and 65 . Both are substantial banks and were precursers of the extant intake

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 31

walls in the area, but beyond that their date is uncertain. Bank 63 defines a boundary 575m long that encloses an intake of an area called Hagg, which may have been associated with Know Gap farm to the east. Boundary bank 65 was originally a part of the intake boundary defining the edge of the enclosed lands north of Newby Cote and is an indication that the original form of this otherwise now entirely walled boundary was an earthen bank. When the earthen bank was replaced by a wall this section (Site 65 ) was left unwalled so as to form a funnel in order to feed stock off the moor and into the outgang for Newby Cote. 4.3.19 Industrial / Extraction: Clapham Common has not been extensively exploited for mineral extraction by contrast with some other moorlands in the Yorkshire Dales, but the area is characterised by its distinctive limestone geology, which has been worked either as a source of building stone or as a source for lime. 4.3.20 Quarries: the majority of the limestone quarries were opened to provide a source of raw material for nearby limekilns, which were either located adjacent to them or were linked to them via elaborate tracks or hollow ways (Sites 33 , 79 , 80 , 117 , 140 , 160 , 161 , 163 , 166 and 168 ). The majority of the quarries are located on the southern flanks of the Ingleborough massif, and were within easy reach of the lower settlements (such as Newby Cote). The remaining quarries served either to provide stone for dry-stone walling (Sites 85 and 103 ), characterised by their close proximity to dry-stone walls, or were more remote and reflect that the quality of the limestone was of a greater importance than the convenience for transport. An example of the latter function is the flagstone quarry located just below the crest of the summit on the southern edge of Little Ingleborough (Site 158 ). 4.3.21 Lime Kilns: there was considerable demand in the nineteenth century for quick lime as a way of adding nutrients to, and moderating the acidity of, agricultural fields, as well as in the production of mortar and white-wash. The majority of the kilns were sow kilns (Sites 32 , 34 , 36-7 , 74 , and 101-2 : Plate 20) and only one (Site 59 ) was of the later, and more substantial draw kiln type. A draw kiln comprised a large stone cone-shaped structure, within a stone-built superstructure which had a large aperture at the top and a very small aperture, or draw hole, at the bottom. They were designed to be much more efficient and to allow for a continuous production of lime, whereby limestone and coal was inserted at the top and lime was drawn from the bottom. Sow kilns by contrast were a much smaller, less efficient operation and were a variation of a charcoal or brick clamp kiln. They typically comprised low circular hollows, c 2m in diameter, with a narrow funnel leading into the main bowl (Plate 20). They were worked by piling alternate layers of coal/charcoal and layers of broken fragments of limestone, and then the whole mass (clamp) was covered over with turves and allowed to slowly burn through. To retrieve the lime it was necessary to then dismantle the clamp (Johnson 2002). The majority of the clamp kilns located within the study area were located in groups along the upper outer edge of the intakes.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 32

Plate 20: Sow kiln earthworks located by the intake wall above Newby Cote (Site 101 ) 4.3.22 Peat Cutting: the vast majority of the survey area has large open tracts of rolling heather moorland and south-facing plateau with extensive peat beds cut by deep tributary stream gullies. Peat extraction for domestic purposes has occurred for a considerable period, and would have been exploited for the surrounding lowland farms that held common turbary rights to the moor. Relatively little evidence for extensive peat extraction was identified in the survey area, and only one area of peat cutting was identified, which was just below the southern summit of Little Ingleborough (Site 16 ). The putative area had no well-defined cut edges or surface corrugation that would be firm evidence for peat cutting and it may be that any peat cutting was relatively ancient. 4.3.23 Features Associated with Shooting: perhaps unsurprisingly the most numerous site type identified during the present survey consisted of linear alignments and groupings of shooting stands, with 43 examples being recorded throughout the survey area; Ingleborough Common has apparently been used as a shooting moor since the nineteenth century. Only those shooting stands constructed of permanent materials were recorded during the survey, and these primarily consisted of lines of mostly part-sunken, circular, drystone structures, with a single entrance (Plate 21). There are three lines extending directly up-slope (Sites 86-99 ; Sites 106-116 , and Sites 52-55, 167 ), and a smaller line running across the slope (Sites 144 and 148- 151 ). There is some evidence from the southernmost line of stands extending up from Newby Cote, for phasing, with the replacement of smaller less-well turf- covered stands (Sites 88 , 91 , 93 , 97 and 99 ). In addition, there are some scattered groupings of stands extending across the study area. There are examples around Joseph’s Fold (Sites 146-147 ) which would suggest that the folds (Site 77 ) were latterly used to corral or shelter game birds. There is also a loose line of stands in the scree slope located on the eastern flank of Little Ingleborough (Sites 129-130 and 132-133 ) which is in association with a small hunting shelter (Site 131 ). There are other more isolated examples (Sites 106 , 141 and 137 ), as well as an example attached to a long shelter wall (Site 70 ).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 33

Plate 21: Example of well-constructed semi-sunken drystone shooting stands above Newby Cote (Sites 86-99 ) 4.3.24 Shooting Lodges: there was a single shooting lodge (Site 100 : Plate 22), conveniently located at the head of the longest line of shooting stands adjacent to Grey Wife Sike. It is a ruinous two-bay, stone-built shooting lodge, measuring 9m x 5m, of which the western cell for the ‘guns’ is extant, but the eastern bay for the beaters has collapsed. The western cell is unroofed but remains extant to roof level; it is constructed of lime-mortared stone which has been externally strengthened at a later date with concrete mortar and render on the south side. Internally, it has a concrete floor, a window on the south elevation with wooden lintel, and a doorway on the north elevation. The west elevation has a composite fireplace constructed of concrete and bricks, which are from the Claughton brick works near Lancaster. It has a broken iron hood that is partially in-situ , the rest being displaced outside of the structure. The concrete in the fireplace is engraved 'Settle High School 1976'.

Plate 22: The ruinous hunting lodge located above Newby Cote (Site 100 )

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 34

4.3.25 Miscellaneous Land Use: there were a number of hollow ways identified across the moor, which, for the most part, were orientated up-slope. Hollow-ways are historic route ways and reflect the extended usage of an unimproved trackway, which over time has resulted in erosion causing the hollow or ditched form of the linear feature. One (Site 72 ) is in the same area as the Cote Gill Head co-axial field system, but clearly cuts the boundaries and was not contemporary. Others, such as Site 73 , 159 and 162 , extend onto the moor from intakes through enclosed land to either Black Bank or Newby Cote. In the case of Sites 159 and 73 these comprise a fan of different routes running up and out onto the open moors. One extends up to the hunting lodge (Site 100 ), and others lead to various quarries (Sites 103 , 160-161 and 163 ); however, they are likely to reflect an extended period of movements onto the moor and were not necessarily just for post-medieval quarrying and shooting.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 35

5. PEAT ASSESSMENT

5.1 PEAT ASSESSMENT 5.1.1 An assessment of the character of the peat was undertaken based upon a select number of sample sites; their locations are shown on Fig 4. 5.1.2 Site E1: south-east, adjacent to the wall: all the grips seen are filled with Sphagnum moss. The grips appear to channel drained water towards areas of shake-holes. A short stratigraphic section may be observed at a collapsed face of one of the shake- holes. The stratigraphy shows a section approximately 0.60m deep, with yellow mineral clay and stones overlain by grey clay with stones and boulders which is overlain by approximately 0.20m of peat and soil. Modern rootlets from grasses penetrate through the soil and peat layer. The peat is dark brown, humified with no observable wood remains. 5.1.3 Site E2: exposed peat in stream gully (SD 75691 72856) The 1m thick exposure shows a sequence of basal clays and sands with stones/boulders overlain by grey clays with boulders on which is deposited approximately 0.30m of dark brown/black humified homogeneous peat. No woody material was evident. Eroding peat hags are visible at the top of the sequence. 5.1.4 Site E3: the route towards Simon Fell showed several areas of peat exposure in grips. The depth of peat was approximately 0.50m, overlying minerogenic sediments. (Plate 23).

Plate 23: An area of exposed peat (at Site E3) showing only a 0.5m accumulation of peat on mineral soil

5.1.5 Site E4 - at Simon Fell (SD 75758 74698): large areas of exposed peat are present in this area, comprising areas (approximately 3-5m by 10-15m) of flat, eroded peat,

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 36

visible as peat aprons (Plate 24). These are formed from peat slumping down as peat hags collapsed and then moulded into large oval expanses through wind / water action. In places, these flat areas of eroded peat are adjacent to pools of water.

Plate 24: Exposed eroded peat ‘apron’ on Simon Fell (Site E4), with exposed peat hags behind and in the distance. 5.1.6 Upstanding peat hags (Plate 25) testify to the severity of erosion on Simon Fell, where vertical sections of peat are exposed but subsequently covered by collapsing peat hags (Plate 26). In these areas, in excess of 1m of peat is exposed but the contact between the peat and underlying mineral layer was not seen. To estimate the depth of peat in such locations, it would be necessary to auger through it. An attempt was made to dig through the peat at the bottom of the exposure but only more peat was uncovered. Digging down did reveal some twigs, which were collected and identified as willow or poplar ( Salix or Populus; pers comm Dr. D. Druce).

Plate 25: An area of upstanding peat on Simon Fell (Site E4), showing the extent of erosion and the process of erosion that results in formation of peat ‘aprons’

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 37

Plate 26: A section of exposed peat >1m thick, showing cascaded peat hags, located near West Weather Syke on Simon Fell (Site E4) 5.1.7 The peat exposed in the vertical section shows rootlets present down to 0.70m in dark-brown humified peat. A colour change to lighter-brown was observed in the exposed peat between 0.70-1m; the peat itself appears to be an homogeneous deposit. No wood was seen in the exposed sections. A sketch section of the peat is presented as Figure 6. 5.1.8 Site E5: the site is located on the slope up to Lord’s Seat, and comprises a large expanse of exposed peat, approximately 30m long. Along the exposure, the depth of peat varied between approximately 0.30m towards Lord’s Seat to greater than 0.60m downslope from Lord’s Seat. The base of the peat was again obscured as a result of peat collapse. The peat appeared as a relatively uniform, humified unit, with no evidence for the presence of any woody debris. 5.1.9 Site E6: the western end of Simon Fell, multiple peat sections are exposed and are visible all the way to the base of the scree slope. At Simon Fell, the estimated date for the beginning of peat growth is just after the Elm Decline ( c 4000 BC) and the estimated date for the peat surface is the beginning of the early medieval period ( c 550 AD) (Swales 1987). 5.1.10 Site E7: within the area of Brunt Riggs Moss there were several grips exposed, with approximately 0.50-0.60m of peat over mineral soil.

5.2 DISCUSSION 5.2.1 Swales (1987) looked at the Holocene vegetational history on Ingleborough massif, in particular, the area of the Arks, immediately to the north of the massif. Data collected along a north-west/south-east transect provided evidence for the earliest peat development at 8704-8285 cal BC (9240±90 BP; SRR 2597). Pollen analysis showed that the landscape was one of open countryside with some stands of birch and juniper. Hazel-type shrubs had migrated into the area and formed a major part of

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 38

the vegetation around 8184-7589 cal BC (8730 ±80 BP; SRR 2596). After oak and elm trees had migrated into the region, alder appeared and was well established on the massif by 5484-5226 cal BC (6400 ±70BP; SRR 2574). Swales (1987) found some pollen evidence to support early Mesolithic activity and for short-lived clearance of mixed oakwoods during the later Mesolithic / early Neolithic periods. In addition, she found evidence for a longer term impact on the environment during the early Neolithic period which suggested both pastoral and arable farming may have been practised on well-drained Carboniferous soils. After a period of tree recovery, widespread clearance was renewed on the massif in the early Bronze Age and extensive areas of massif were then covered by spreading blanket bog during this period. Swales (1987) found that all the peat sections she studied from the Arks had been truncated, some as early as the Late Bronze Age but others during the Iron Age or end of the Romano-British period. By this time, the massif was almost cleared of woodland. She found some evidence for re-growth at the beginning of the Norman period. Her work also indicated that severe erosion has taken place over the whole of the massif. 5.2.2 Site 1 (Swales 1987): an estimated date for the beginning of peat growth at Simon Fell (SD 751 749), is based on sediment accumulation rates to just after the elm decline, c 3900 cal BC (around 4900 BP). Surface peat at Simon Fell is estimated to have been deposited c AD 550 (1400 BP), during Anglo-Saxon times (Swales 1987, 84). The location for her dated section (SD 751 749) in her thesis is different to that quoted by the HER (MYD58175 at SD 751 949). Swales lists all her dates (Swales 1987, 197) in years BP, and when converted to BC they don't match any of the quoted dates recorded at Simon Fell I in the HER Entry (MYD58175); it is presumed that the NAA report (2012) has mis-identified these dated levels. 5.2.3 Shaw and Whyte (2010) produced a study on vegetation change during the medieval and post-medieval periods in the limestone area between Ingleborough and Pen y Ghent. The pollen data, from a short core collected from Wife Park near Selside (SD 77382 73648) records indicators of dominantly pastoral farming during the post- medieval period, with a sustained loss of diversity over recent centuries, with losses of herbs and sedges from the pastoral landscape. Pollen and historical evidence have shown that pre-1950s, the floral diversity was already in decline. The continued decline has been attributed in part to the widespread drainage of the landscape, in particular the observed reduction in sedges and other herbaceous plants.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 39

6. DISCUSSION

6.1 DISCUSSION 6.1.1 There is a relatively sizeable and significant archaeological resource surviving within the study area. The identified features are associated with a range of historic periods and functions. The most numerous or extensive features are associated with a co- axial field-system of prehistoric date, with hollow/ways or trackways giving access up on to the open moor, boundary markers, and limestone quarrying and processing from the medieval to post-medieval periods. In addition, there are examples of both prehistoric ring cairns and funerary cairns, as well as a suite of rock art panels and the evidence for the hillfort/enclosure at the summit of Ingleborough. The largest concentration of recorded features are shooting stands that are associated with nineteenth century game shooting. 6.1.2 Co-axial Field System: the most important result to come out of the present archaeological investigation was defining the full extent of the prehistoric field- systems in the study area, the most important group consisting of the co-axial field- system located on Coat Gill Head. The site is much more complex than was previously known, with small field plots and enclosures surrounding several round- houses, and it is related to a large terminal boundary that runs on the west side of the field-system on a south-south-west/north-north-east alignment up the fell from Newby Cote. Extensive areas of similar boundaries have been recorded in Swaledale and to a lesser extent in Wensleydale, Littondale, Wharfedale and Ribblesdale (White 2005, 29). 6.1.3 It has been speculated that the function of the boundaries was to define grassland areas for winter stock management between lower fertile land and higher open grazing lands. Where investigated in the region there are often multiple-phases of boundary within the systems and these often range in use from the Bronze Age/Iron Age through and into the Romano-British period ( ibid ). 6.1.4 Enclosure: the survey area remains largely open unenclosed moorland pasture, although part of the area had been enclosed at some point as part of the intakes around Newby Cote. Several areas of relict boundary banks, which may predate this latest phase of walled enclosure, were recorded around Hagg and at the top of the outgang from Newby Cote. 6.1.5 Peatlands: the peat cover across the commons was not uniform throughout the area. The greatest depth of blanket peat cover was located on the saddle of Simon Fell, however, here was also the greatest expanse of exposed peat and eroded hags. The majority of the grips on relatively flat ground were choked with sphagnum and only a few had any visibility down to the mineral soil below the peat. Where the grips ran into steeper drainage gullies the water movement had scoured them out to a much wider and deeper extant exposing both mineral soil and the geology beneath. The areas of exposed peat hags, located on flat ground, had typically slumped to form peat ‘aprons’ thus masking the interface between the peat and the mineral soils. Typically, any prehistoric material would be recovered at the interface between the peats and underlying mineral soils, and the recovery of further evidence of early activity was reliant upon the examination of these horizons.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 40

6.2 ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS 6.2.1 The present survey has identified a relatively large group of archaeological features. The individual sites have each been assessed for their vulnerability to the proposed reinstatement works upon the survey area using a traffic light system (Fig 7). 6.2.2 Red Impacts: nine sites were identified as being potentially directly impacted upon by the proposed works. Six sites ( 1, 7, 8, 11 , 15 , 16 and 75 ) were located within areas of hagged gullies or bare peat. Only two sites were located either directly on, or immediately adjacent to, open grips (Sites 24 and 66 ). 6.2.3 Amber Impacts: eleven sites were identified as being potentially impacted upon by the proposed works as they lay within 40m of open grips (Sites 18 -20 , 23 , 47 , 48 , 128 , 137 -139 and 155 ) 6.2.4 Conclusion: few of the identified sites are likely to be susceptible to damage as a result of proposed works to block the drainage grips as they are relatively robust earthwork features. Most of the identified sites were remote from the areas of grips and would therefore be have been unaffected by gripping operations. However, this is dependent upon earthworks being avoided by vehicles and machines, and these areas not being used to generate material for the infilling of grips. The majority of open grips are located away from the areas of greatest concentration of archaeological sites on the south-facing flanking slopes. The isolated nature of archaeological sites/structures located in the areas of greatest concentration of grips and/or erosion should make it relatively easy to avoid such structures. In particular, attention should be given to avoid any impact to the summit cairn on Little Ingleborough (Site 12 ) that is close to areas of extensive peat erosion. Likewise, one area of erosion (Site 16 ) located on the south flank of Little Ingleborough has been defined as an area of historic peat cutting. 6.2.5 The access routes for plant machinery should be well defined where they run up onto the commons on the southern flanks of the Ingleborough massif. Any tracking vehicles and earth movement should avoid impacts upon defined archaeological features, in particular special attention should be given to avoid impacts to elements of the prehistoric co-axial field-systems, boundaries and enclosures, the areas surrounding extant rock art panels and funerary and ring cairns.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 41

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

7.1 CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCES Jeffreys, T, 1771 (repr 1775) The County of York. scale 1 inch to 1 mile , London, (Digital Archives Association) Ordnance Survey 1 st edition six inch mapping, 1851 Ordnance Survey 2 nd edition six inch mapping, 1896

7.2 SECONDARY SOURCES ADAS and OA North, 2009 Conservation of the Historic Environment in England's Uplands , unpubl rep Ainsworth, S, Bowden, M, and McOmish, D, 2007 Understanding the Archaeology of Landscapes: a guide to good recording practice , Swindon Bayley, J, 2002 Non-ferrous metalworking in Roman Yorkshire, in P Wilson, and J Price (eds) Aspects of industry in Roman Yorkshire and the North, Oxford, 101–108 Butlin, RA, 2003 Historical atlas of North Yorkshire , Otley Countryside Commission, 1998 The Character of England’s Natural and Man-made Landscape, volume 3: Yorkshire and the Humber , Cheltenham Cunliffe, B, 1978 Iron Age communities in Britain , London Dearne, MJ, and Lord, TC, (eds) 1998 The Romano-British archaeology of Victoria Cave, Settle: researches into the site and its artefacts, BAR Brit Ser 278, Oxford Donahue, R, and Lovis, W, 2006 Regional settlement systems in Mesolithic northern England: Scalar issues in mobility and territoriality, Donahue, R, and Lovis, W, (eds) Mesolithic mobility, exchange, and interaction, J Anthropol Archaeol , 25 , 175-274 English Heritage, 2006 Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE), Swindon Evans, M, Allott, T, Holden, J, Flitcroft, C, and Bonn, A, (eds) 2005 Understanding Gully Blocking in Deep Peat, Moors for the Future Report No 4, Castleton Ford, TD, and Rieuwarts, JH, (eds) 1968 Lead Mining in the Peak District, Bakewell Gosden, M, 1965 An investigation into the origin and nature of some organic deposits of the Ingleborough region , PhD thesis Leeds University Henig, M, 1988 Religion in Roman Britain , London Howard, C, 2004 Historical overview, in Johnson 2004, 8–22 Institute for Archaeologists, 2010 Code of Conduct , Reading Institute for Archaeologists, 2011 Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk- based Assessment , Reading Jacobi, RM, Higham, TFG, and Lord, TC, 2009 Improving the chronology of the human occupation of Britain during the Late Glacial, in Street, M, Barton, RNE and Terberger, T

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 42

(eds), Humans, environment and chronology of the Late Glacial , Workshop 14 (for Commission XXXII) of the 15th UISSP Congress Mainz and Bonn: Tagungsbänder des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz and Bonn, 7-25 Johnson, D, 2002 Limestone Industries of the Yorkshire Dales , Stroud Johnson, D (ed), 2004 Excavation of Broadwood enclosure, Thornton in Lonsdale, North Yorkshire , Ingleton Johnson, D, 2008 Ingleborough: Landscape and History , Lancaster Johnson, D, 2013 Contested Common Lands Project: Field Survey Report, unpubl rep King, A, 2007 Reports on Romano-British and other objects from Attermire Cave, Settle, Yorkshire, in P Cherry (ed) Studies in Northern Prehistory, essays in memory of Claire Fell, Cumberland Westmorland Antiq Archaeol Soc, Extra Ser, 33 , Kendal, 249–72 Leach, S, 2005 Heads shoulders, knees and toes. Human skeletal remains from Raven Scar Cave in the Yorkshire Dales, in Zakrzewski, S, and Clegg, M, (eds), Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology (BAR Int Ser 1383), Oxford, 59-68 Leach, S, 2008 Life and Death in the Ryedale Windypits Near Helmsley, North Yorkshire , www.prehistory.yas.org.uk/content/windypits.html, accessed on 10 th November 2008 Lord, TC, O’Connor, TP, Siebrandt, DC, and Jacobi, RM, 2007 People and large carnivores as biostratinomic agents in Late Glacial cave assemblages, J Quat Sci , 22 , 7, 681–94 Luke, Y, 2006 Rethinking Ingleborough, Yorkshire Archaeol Soc Prehist Res Section Bull , 18-24 Manby, TG, Moorhouse, S, and Ottaway, P (eds), 2003 The archaeology of Yorkshire, an assessment at the beginning of the 21st century , Yorks Archaeol Soc Pap, 3, Leeds Middleton, R, 1996 The Neolithic and Bronze Age, in R Newman (ed), The archaeology of Lancashire, present state and future priorities , Lancaster, 35–60 Northern Archaeological Associates, 2012 Yorkshire Moorlands Assessment Project , unpubl rep OA North, 2005 Stickle Tarn, Great Langdale, Cumbria, Archaeological Survey Report , unpubl rep OA North, 2008 Doe Pot Cave, Chapel-le-Dale, North Yorkshire , unpubl rep OA North, 2010 The Upland Peats Study: Final Report , unpubl rep Raistrick, A, 1930 A pig of lead with a Roman inscription in the Craven Museum, Yorkshire Archaeol J , 30 , 181–2 Shaw, H, and Whyte, I, 2010 Land management and biodiversity through time in upper Ribblesdale, North Yorkshire, UK: understanding the impact of traditional management, Landscape Archaeol Ecol Rev , 20 Swales, S, 1987 The vegetational and archaeological history of the Ingleborough Massif, North Yorkshire . PhD thesis, University of Leeds White, R, 2005 The Yorkshire Dales: A Landscape Through Time , Ilkley Worley, N, and Ford, TD, 1977, Minerals and mines, in TD Ford (ed) Limestones and caves of the Peak District , Norwich, 143–65

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 43

APPENDIX 1: PROJECT BRIEF

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 44

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 45

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 46

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 47

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 48

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 49

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 50

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 51

APPENDIX 2: PROJECT DESIGN

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 CONTRACT BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Yorkshire Peat Partnership has invited Oxford Archaeology North (OA North) to submit a project design for a programme of landscape survey and an assessment of re-wetting on Ingleborough / Clapham Common, North Yorkshire (SD 746730). The proposed programme is in accordance with a project brief by Miles Johnson of Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority (YDNPA) and is intended to provide an assessment of the archaeological impact of a programme of grip blocking on the mossland.

1.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 1.2.1 The survey work is to inform a proposal for grip blocking works to be undertaken using machine cut peat plugs. It is intended to provide pre-intervention records of archaeological remains in the area, and highlighting where unnecessary damage to archaeological features from cutting of peat plugs and/or through access with tracked excavators can be avoided. The currently exposed sections of eroded grips provide an opportunity to gauge the palaeoenvironmental value of the peat at this location, including the recovery (and potential identification and dating) of sample ecofacts. 1.2.2 OA North undertook a major assessment of the Upland Peats in England on behalf of English Heritage (OA North 2010), which has identified that there is an enormous archaeological resource within the peat covered uplands, but which is as yet unknown because of poor site visibility arising from the peat cover. The peat cover, while obscuring the sites, also has the potential to preserve them in a waterlogged state and as such has the potential to preserve an enormously significant resource. If the peat is degraded, drained or desiccated the peat is lost and the water logging that has preserved the organic components is lost then the sites will rapidly decompose. 1.2.3 Clapham Common is characterised by the glaciated karst landscape of the Great Scar Limestone, which is the dominant rock type, but is overlain by sedimentary Yoredale Facies. The area is extensively covered by pot holes, sink holes and caves, and the area includes Gaping Gill, purported to be the deepest and largest cave chamber in the country. There are significant archaeological remains in some of these caves, including one called Doe Pot, on the northern side of Ingleborough, which contained very significant Roman votive deposits (OA North 2008). The highest point of the survey area, Ingleborough has a very important Iron Age hillfort, and there are a number of Romano-British / Iron Age settlements around the lower slopes, as well as Bronze Age round house settlements. There is considerable potential for archaeological remains across the area of all periods (Johnson 2008). 1.2.4 The caves and sink holes have resulted in natural drainage of the peats, and there are extensive grips across the area, but despite this the peats are in better condition than other areas of the Yorkshire Dales. It is necessary to assess the character and condition of the peats in order to determine the potential for underlying archaeological remains. 1.2.5 The Ingleborough / Clapham Common area survey is an elevated area with considerable areas of blanket peat centred at (SD 746730). The survey area covers 7.53 km2. As part of a Higher Level Stewardship agreement in place on the holding, a moorland restoration project is proposed. The restoration project will block a number of active grips (drains) that were cut into the peat (probably at some point between the end of the Second World War and the end of the 1970s).

1.3 OXFORD ARCHAEOLOGY NORTH 1.3.1 OA North has considerable experience of the investigation of wetlands. OA North (formerly Lancaster University Archaeological Unit) undertook a major programme of survey of the North West lowland wetlands and has recently undertaken a programme of assessment of the Upland Peats by means of trial surveys across Northern England. OA North has undertaken an assessment of the impact of upland management strategies upon archaeological monuments on behalf of Natural England (ADAS and OA North 2009). This latter programme is specifically examining the issue of grips and means and strategies to block them, without causing undue impact upon the archaeological remains.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 52

1.3.2 OA North has undertaken a large number of upland landscape surveys for a variety of clients (both private and national agencies such as English Heritage and Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHM(E)) and employs a qualified surveyor (Jamie Quartermaine, BA, DipSurv, MIFA) who has many years experience of the identification and survey of upland landscapes, having worked closely with the RCHM(E) and the Lake District National Park Authority on a large number of projects. 1.3.3 Since 1982 OA North has been undertaking extensive upland landscape surveys throughout Northern England and Wales. Surveys include the Lake District National Park Survey, the Torver Common surveys (Lake District), Haweswater and Thirlmere estate surveys (Lake District), Lyme Park (Peak District), most of the Forest of Bowland AONB, Lancashire, and a multitude of smaller landscape projects which include the Otterburn Range surveys in the Northumberland National Park. In particular OA North has undertaken a detailed survey of an upland estate at Hartley, Eden Valley involving a detailed documentary study and surface survey. To date OA North has undertaken archaeological field surveys of over 930sqkm of upland landscapes and has recorded over 24,000 field monuments. OA North can claim to be one of the foremost specialists in the field of upland landscape recording. 1.3.4 OA North undertook surveys of moorland areas on behalf of Yorkshire Peat Partnership including Stags Fell in 2011 and 2012. OA North has considerable familiarity of the Ingleborough area, heaving undertaken numerous projects across the area. Projects include excavation of a Romano- British settlement at Ingleton with the Ingleborough Archaeology Group (to the west of the study area). An aerial photographic survey of the southern flanks of the Ingleborough Massif, the Ribble Valley survey, which looked at the eastern flanks of the Ingleborough Massif, an assessment of Doe Pot Cave, Ingleborough (OA North 2008), a survey of the Meal Bank Hoffman limekiln and quarry at Ingleton, to the west of the massif. 1.3.5 OA North and all its members of staff operate subject to the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) Code of Conduct. 2. OBJECTIVES 2.1 The primary purpose of the project is to inform future management decisions with regard to the application of grip blocking and moorland re-wetting. The proposed study is intended to identify archaeological remains on the surface or within the peat. It is also important that an assessment is made of the impact upon the peats as these protect the buried archaeological resource and any severe damage to them will inevitably damage or destroy the underlying resource. The aims of this initial project are broadly as follows:
to establish sufficient information to establish the location, extent, character, period, condition, fragility and potential of any surviving archaeological features;
to establish those remains that are vulnerable to damage through machine access, reprofiling or cutting of peat plugs.
to inspect a 10% sample of grips across the project area, recording any features, lithics or other small finds exposed within the sections. Recover a sample of ecofacts for identification and possible dating. Areas of actively eroding and hagged peat at the should also be inspected.

3. METHODS STATEMENT 3.1 The following work programme is submitted in line with the objectives of the archaeological work summarised above. It is divided into four elements, outline documentary study, archaeological field survey, ecological assessment and reporting.

3.2 OUTLINE DOCUMENTARY STUDY 3.2.1 Records held by the YDNPA will be accessed and incorporated into the project GIS. This will include the YDNPA HBSMR data and also an examination of aerial photographs with a view to taking copies of select examples in advance of the project. OA North has undertaken oblique aerial

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 53

photography of sites in the southern part of the study area and this will be drawn upon for the present study. OS first edition and second edition mapping will be examined. There will be a close liaison with David Johnson (2008), who has in the past worked very closely with OA North on a number of projects in the past, including the excavation of a Romano-British settlement at Ingleton. OA North has undertaken palaeoenvironmental work for this area in the past and has a copy of Susan Swales PhD (1987) as well as that by Margaret Gosden (1965).

3.3 FIELD SURVEY METHODOLOGY 3.3.1 The survey will be undertaken as an enhanced Level 1 type survey (details of OA North's survey levels are contained in Appendix 1 ). The survey study area is as defined in the project brief and encompasses 7.53 sq km. The survey will involve four elements: Reconnaissance, Mapping, Description and Photography. 3.3.2 .Reconnaissance: the reconnaissance will consist of close field walking, varying from 10m to 20m line intervals dependent on visibility and safety considerations. The survey will aim to identify, locate and record archaeological sites and features on the ground and thus all sites noted will be recorded. The extent of any areas where there is no access will be defined on maps and depicted on the CAD/GIS mapping. The survey will take considerable care to examine areas of disturbance through the peat, be that borrow pits created by the grip blocking, the undisturbed grips, erosion scars from vehicle damage and any other peat exposures. The survey will examine all hags and bare peat for archaeological features, artefacts, and ecofacts. The survey will investigate and record all archaeological features and retrieve sample ecofacts and artefacts from a defined sample group of consisting of 10% of extant grips across the study area and will also examine the peat hag scars and bare peat across the study area. These will specifically examine evidence for finds or structural entities within the section and the interface between the peat and the mineral soil. 3.3.3 Survey mapping: a Satellite Global Positioning System (GPS) will be utilised to satisfy English Heritage defined Level 1 survey requirements (Ainsworth et al 2007). Hand held GPS equipment will be used which is capable of recording metre accuracy. The GPS techniques will be used to record the extent of the site. The survey will record all archaeological sites as point data and any significantly sized archaeological features (more than 3m in diameter) with line or polygon data. The locations of any retrieved archaeological artefacts and ecofacts identified and/or retrieved during the project will also be recorded. 3.3.4 Site Description and Assessment: it is proposed that the data be directly input on site into a palm computer, which is within a weatherproof case. The data will be incorporated into an Access compatible database. The data will be backed up onto a portable computer running Access suitable for direct import to the YDNPA HER. The input into the system will be guided by a proforma to ensure uniformity and consistency of input, and will provide input for the following core fields: 3.3.5 The description will record if it has been impacted by any of the grip blocking operations, or how close it is to any surface disturbance. It will examine if it has been exposed within peat exposures and at what depth it was revealed. 3.3.6 The description will incorporate a provisional interpretation of the function and purpose of a site, where possible, and similarly will provide a provisional interpretation of the site's chronology where possible. 3.3.7 Photographic Survey: a digital photographic archive will be generated in the course of the field work, comprising landscape and detailed photography. This will record any significant ecofacts, archaeological features, lithics or other small finds located within the grip sections or areas of bare peat inspected. Detailed photographs will be taken of all sites using a scale bar. All photography will be recorded on photographic pro-forma sheets which will show the subject, orientation and date. Digital imagery, rather than conventional film photography, is acceptable for the photographic recording although 10mega pixel resolution will be used as a minimum. Unedited images should be archived as tiff files, as well as processed images. A full image catalogue is required as part of the archive. Metadata will be embedded in the DNG file, which will include an agreed name for the site, the subject of the photograph, the date of the photograph, the OS grid coordinates, the name of the organisation taking the photograph, the direction of shot. 3.3.8 Ecological and Artefact Retrieval: the retrieval of ecofacts will be confined to small targeted samples that are either suitably diagnostic for species identification, or are substantial and well preserved enough to be suitable for obtaining radiocarbon dating. Large areas of tree remains

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 54

exposed in hag sections will be photographically recorded Individual exposed artefact finds of significance will be collected, catalogued and stored, and where a complex site such as a lithic scatter is encountered, a small sample will be gathered. The extents of any concentrated areas of finds will be recorded by GPS. There is an allowance for three radiocarbon dates within the present proposal. 3.3.9 At two locations sections (1.5m width) of hagged deep peat will be cleaned back and will be drawn, photographed and described, and will record archaeological features, significant stratigraphic horizons, and indications of peat cutting.

3.4 PROJECT ARCHIVE 3.4.1 Archive: the results of the fieldwork will form the basis of a full archive to professional standards, in accordance with current English Heritage guidelines (Management of Archaeological Projects, 2nd edition, 1991). The project archive represents the collation and indexing of all the data and material gathered during the course of the project. This archive will be provided in the English Heritage Centre for Archaeology format, both as a printed document and digitally. Digital survey data will be provided in a suitable format for incorporation into the MapInfo Geographical Information System (GIS). A synopsis (normally the index to the archive and the report) should be placed in the Yorkshire Dales Sites and Monuments Record. 3.4.2 Digital Presentation: the survey data will be digitally transferred into a GIS system and superimposed with digital 1:10,000 OS data. The dimensioned site drawings will be digitally superimposed onto the raw survey data, thereby ensuring a high level of both numeric and representational accuracy. The final output drawings will be output in DXF, Autocad, or shape file formats. The drawings can be output at any required scale, although the accuracy of generation assumes that the drawings will not be reproduced at scales of greater than 1:50,00. The archive will be passed to the North Yorkshire Record Office and a digital copy will be passed to the client on completion of the survey alongside the final report. 3.4.3 The descriptive data will be compiled in Microsoft Access, and will be prepared in accordance with the Thesaurus of Monument Types and MIDAS heritage level 1. The database will be submitted in .mdb format. The fields will be compatible with the HBSMR system and new site numbers will be given against an allocation from the HER.

3.5 REPORTING 3.5.1 Assessment of Archaeological Resource: an assessment will be made of the extent, character and diversity of the archaeological resource across the extent of the study area. It will make an assessment of the potential for buried archaeology on the basis of the observed evidence. 3.5.2 Report Content: the full report will consist of an acknowledgements statement, lists of contents, summary, introduction summarising the brief and project design and any agreed departures from them, methodology, interpretative account of remains found, assessment of the impact of the re- wetting upon the peats, assessment of the impact of the re-wetting upon the archaeological resource, conclusions, a gazetteer of sites, list of archive contents and bibliography. The report will include a summary of the palaeoenvironmental record of Ingleborough Common, based on the work undertaken by Susan Swales, and Margaret Gosden, the wider observations made of the landscape during the survey and the recorded section of hagg. The report will present a characterisation of the palaeoenvironmental potential of the area, comparing the extent of damaged areas of peat, with areas of peat with probable intact stratigraphic sequences. The report will make recommendations for further analysis of the palaeoenvironmental resource. 3.5.3 The report will include an assessment of the significance of the historic environment remains. It will include a detailed bibliography, descriptive gazetteer of historic environment features. 3.5.4 Illustrative material will include location maps and plans. The report will make recommendations for the management of future grip-blocking in relation to the archaeological resource, and will include recommendations for further analysis of the palaeoenvironmental remains. The report will include themed plans (red / amber / green showing constraint areas because of vulnerable archaeological and palaeoenvironmental remains. 3.5.5 Output: one bound and one pdf copy of the full report will be submitted to the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority; further paper copies will be submitted to the Yorkshire Peat Partnership. The GIS database/ CAD files will be presented in a format to be agreed with the YDNPA HER and

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 55

the Yorkshire Peat Partnership to ensure integration both with current HER records and the utility for the grip blocking contractor. Digital geographic data are to be presented in ESRI .shp and/or MapInfo .tab. format. 3.5.6 Publication: information from the project will be fed into the OASIS project (On-line Access to Index of Archaeological Investigation).

3.6 CONFIDENTIALITY 3.6.1 The report is designed as a document for the specific use of the Client, for the particular purpose as defined in the project brief and project design, and should be treated as such; it is not suitable for publication as an academic report, or otherwise, without amendment or revision. Any requirement to revise or reorder the material for submission or presentation to third parties beyond the project brief and project design, or for any other explicit purpose, can be fulfilled, but will require separate discussion and funding. 4. OTHER MATTERS

4.1 ACCESS 4.1.1 It is assumed that OA North will have unrestricted pedestrian access to the study area for the duration of the survey, and that access will be negotiated with the land owner. Vehicular access will need to be afforded for a 4x4 vehicle on the track up to Trow Gill.

4.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY 4.2.1 Full regard will, of course, be given to all constraints (services) during the survey, as well as to all Health and Safety considerations. The OA North Health and Safety Statement conforms to all the provisions of the SCAUM (Standing Conference of Unit Managers) Health and Safety manual, as well as the OA Health and Safety Statement. Risk assessments are undertaken as a matter of course for all projects, and will anticipate the potential hazards arising from the project.

4.3 INSURANCE 4.3.1 The insurance in respect of claims for personal injury to or the death of any person under a contract of service with the Unit and arising in the course of such person's employment shall comply with the employers' liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969 and any statutory orders made there under. For all other claims to cover the liability of OA North in respect of personal injury or damage to property by negligence of OA North or any of its employees there applies the insurance cover of £10m for any one occurrence or series of occurrences arising out of one event.

4.4 WORKING HOURS 4.4.1 Survey works will be undertaken on the basis of a five day week, within daylight hours only.

4.5 PROJECT MONITORING 4.5.1 Monitoring meetings, if required, will be established with the YDNPA Historic Environment staff at the outset of the project. It is anticipated that these will involve a preliminary meeting at the commencement of the project and possibly progress meetings during fieldwork. 4.5.2 OA North will inform the client of all significant developments, and any potential departures from the agreed programme will be discussed and agreed with them prior to implementation.

5. WORK TIMETABLE

5.1 PHASES OF WORK COMPRISING : 5.1.1 Field Survey 9 days will be required for the field survey 5.1.2 Archive and Reporting 17 days would be required to complete this element. 5.1.3 The project can be undertaken at short notice, subject to the requirements of the client and to fit in with any scheduled work programme. The earliest the project can be implemented will be the 7th October 2013:

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 56

6. OUTLINE RESOURCES

6.1 STAFFING 6.1.1 The project will be under the management of Jamie Quartermaine BA DipSurv (OA North Project Manager) to whom all correspondence should be addressed. He will monitor the progress of the project ensuring adherence to all agreed programmes and timetables. He will also provide technical back-up, advice, and will have editorial control over the compilation of the full report. He has many years experience of surveying upland landscapes, particularly in the Lake District. Jamie will provide a post-survey assessment of the results in conjunction with the project director. 6.1.2 The field survey will be led by Peter Schofield (OA North Project Officer) who works full time on landscape surveys across the north of England and Wales. He has undertaken surveys at Little Asby Common, Hardknott Forest and Hartley Fold Estate, Cumbria. Whole valley surveys of Ennerdale, Buttermere, Borrowdale and Wasdale in the central Lake District fells, and eight seasons of landscape survey across over 300sq km of upland areas in North Wales. Peter undertook the survey of the Western part of Stags Fell. With the exception of Jamie Quartermaine, he is our most experienced landscape archaeologist. 6.1.3 The ecological assessment will be undertaken by Elizabeth Huckerby BA MSc MIFA (Senior Palaeoenvironmentalist). She is Experienced in producing reports for assessment and publication. She joined OA North in 1990 when she worked as Palynological Project officer for the North West Wetlands Survey (NWWS). She specialises in palynology and collaborated in the successful isolation of Icelandic tephra from a lowland raised mire in England. Since the completion of the NWWS she been involved mainly in developer funded Archaeology both as a palynologist and archaeobotanist, and has incorporated work on prehistoric, Roman, Medieval and historic sites in the north and south of England. Prehistoric sites include two Bronze Age burnt mounds in Cumbria, at Drigg and Sparrowmire. She has worked on environmental remains from Roman and Medieval sites in Lancaster, Carlisle, Kirkby Thore Cumbria, Berwick and Gateshead, the latter two in Northumberland. Studies from these sites incorporated the assessment and analysis of charred and waterlogged plant remains and pollen. Her main skills are archaeobotany, pollen and plant macrofossil identification. Extensive knowledge of the palaeoecology of North West England. Environmental sampling and processing procedures. She has considerable experience of selecting and submitting samples for radiocarbon dating, and she has co-authored countless books, papers and client reports.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 57

APPENDIX 3: GAZETTEER OF SITES

Period Date Range Palaeolithic 30,000 – 10,000 BC Mesolithic 10,000 – 4000 BC Neolithic 4000 – 2400 BC Bronze Age 2400 – 700 BC Iron Age 700 BC – AD 43 Romano-British AD 43 – AD 410 Early Medieval AD 410 – AD 1066 Late Medieval AD 1066 – AD 1540 Post-medieval AD 1540 – c1750 Industrial Period cAD 1750 – 1914 Modern Post-1914 Table 2: Summary of British archaeological periods and date ranges

Site Number 1 Site Name Dated Blanket Peat, Simon Fell (I), Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 75100 74900 YDNPSMR no MYD58175 Site Type Peat Period Late Neolithic to Middle Iron Age Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A sample of radiocarbon dated blanket peat, with pollen diagrams. Simon Fell (I): A sample of blanket peat radiocarbon dated to between 2708 +/- 50BC and 298 +/- 50BC, with percentage pollen diagram. Woodland largely cleared by 908 +/- 50BC. (2): OA North Field Visit 2013: The fragmentary peat hags in this locality survive up to 0.5m deep on the top of the slope.

Site Number 2 Site Name Boundary Cairn, Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74631 74748 YDNPSMR no MYD24724 Site Type Boundary Cairn Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary cairn, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map as 'Pile of Stones'. On a boundary now defunct. Site depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map as 'Pile of Stones'. (1) The cairn is visible on recent aerial photography as a very small mound of stone. It lies on a now defunct boundary. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 3 Site Name Boundary Mound, Ingleborough, Clapham Common

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 58

NGR SD 74403 74665 YDNPSMR no MYD24722 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary mound, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1) The mound is visibly discernible on recent aerial photography as a small, circular earthwork. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 4 Site Name Boundary Mounds, Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74367 74644 YDNPSMR no MYD24721 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Pair of boundary mounds, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1) The mounds are visible on recent aerial photography as small, circular earthworks. The parish boundary passes directly between the mounds. (2). OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 5 Site Name Boundary Mound, Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74211 74538 YDNPSMR no MYD24720 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary mound, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map as 'Pile of Stones'. Site depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map as 'Pile of Stones'. (1) The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a small mound of stones. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 6 Site Name Boundary Mound, Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74249 74428 YDNPSMR no MYD24719 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary mound, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS Map. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1) The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a small, circular earthwork mound. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 7 Site Name Boundary Mounds, Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74265 74152 YDNPSMR no MYD24718 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 59

Boundary mounds, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS Map. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1) The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a pair of small, circular earthwork mounds, denoting the boundary between Ingleton and Clapham parishes. (2)

Site Number 8 Site Name Boundary Mounds, Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74273 74147 YDNPSMR no MYD24718 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary mounds, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS Map. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1)The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a pair of small, circular earthwork mounds, denoting the boundary between Ingleton and Clapham parishes. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 9 Site Name Boundary Mounds, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74264 74015 YDNPSMR no MYD24717 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary mounds, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1)The mounds are visible on recent aerial photography as a pair of small, circular earthworks. They denote the boundary between Ingleton and Clapham parishes. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 10 Site Name Boundary Mounds, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74276 74015 YDNPSMR no MYD24717 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary mounds, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1)The mounds are visible on recent aerial photography as a pair of small, circular earthworks. They denote the boundary between Ingleton and Clapham parishes. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 11 Site Name Boundary Mound, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74291 73731 YDNPSMR no MYD24716 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary mound, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS Map. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1) The mound is visible on recent aerial photography as a small, circular earthwork. It denotes the boundary between Ingleton and Clapham parishes. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 60

Site Number 12 Site Name Round Cairn, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74289 73522 YDNPSMR no MYD24715 Site Type Round Cairn Period Bronze Age Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Site marked on the 1st edition 6" OS map as 'Old Sheepfold' and 'Pile of Stones'. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1) The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a roughly circular earthwork mound, with the remains of a possible ruined sheepfold on top. It is very likely that the sheepfold has been converted in recent times to a walkers shelter. (2). OA North Field Visit 2013: The site consists of a badly denuded funerary cairn located on the southern edge of the summit spur of Little Ingleborough. Overall the cairn measures 12m by 10m and survives up to 0.5m high. The fabric of the cairn has been disturbed to construct a teardrop-shaped sheepfold in the centre.

Site Number 13 Site Name Boundary Mound, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74246 73476 YDNPSMR no MYD24713 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary mound, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map as 'Pile of Stones'. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1) The site is (just) visible on recent aerial photography as a small, circular earthwork. It marks the boundary between Ingleton and Clapham parishes. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 14 Site Name Boundary Mound, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74304 73455 YDNPSMR no MYD24714 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary mound, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map as 'Pile of Stones'. It lies on a now defunct boundary. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1) The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a small, circular earthwork. It lies on a now defunct boundary. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 15 Site Name Boundary Mound, Ingleborough Common NGR SD 74091 73350 YDNPSMR no MYD24712 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary mound, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1) The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a small circular earthwork mound. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 61

Site Number 16 Site Name Peat Cutting, Ingleborough Common NGR SD 74118 73328 YDNPSMR no MYD53387 Site Type Peat Cutting Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Extensive peat cutting grounds on the township boundary, to the south-east of the path accessing Little Ingleborough from Cold Cotes. The cuttings go down to the rocky subsoil, revealing the depth of peat here not to be that great - between 0.5m and 0.7m. They are extensive, with several small 'islands' of peat left standing in a sea of stony subsoil. GPS survey and photographs 1 July 2008 Yvonne Luke (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The area of peat cutting is extant, although surviving hag depth is very denuded. The overall area where extraction may have occurred measures 200m by 165m. There is no evidence of well-defined cut edges or surface corrugation which would be firm evidence for peat cutting.

Site Number 17 Site Name Boundary Mound, Ingleborough Common NGR SD 73984 73254 YDNPSMR no MYD24711 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary Mound, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1) The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a small circular earthwork mound. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 18 Site Name Bield, Brunt Riggs Moss, Clapham Common NGR SD 75340 73700 YDNPSMR no MYD24692 Site Type Bield Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR, D Johnson Description Site derived from OS 1st edition map. (1) Still extant but ruined on the most recent digital aerial photography. (3) IC31 - A semi-ruined single-bay sheepfold on Brunt Riggs Moss with a 20m-long driving wall feeding into it from the south, parallel to Fell Beck, and a 5m wall connecting the fold to the beck side. Both extending walls have totally collapsed. D Johnson. (3) OA North Field Visit 2013: A single celled oval sheepfold. It measures 15m by 7m and 1.4m high. It is part collapsed and has a flat southern end with flanking drove walls attached to the corners. The longer easternmost drove wall adjacent to the Fell Beck measures 10m long.

Site Number 19 Site Name Sheepfold, Bottoms Rigg, Clapham Common NGR SD 75130 73080 YDNPSMR no MYD24691 Site Type Sheepfold Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR, D Johnson Description Site derived from OS 1st edition map. (1) Only one wall is visible on the recent digital aerial photography.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 62

(2) IC29 A linear, stone-built dry stone wall, built of coursed sandstone from the beck, 18m in length. It has collapsed at each end. Close to Fell Beck on Bottoms Rigg. D Johnson. (3) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is depicted as a sheepfold on the 1st Edition OS mapping. The site is not a sheepfold. It is a linear bield with an attached shooting stand. The linear wall is collapsed but measures 17m by 0.6m and 0.5m high. The shooting stand was constructed at the centre of the wall and is 2m by 0.8m and 1m high.

Site Number 20 Site Name Boundary Stone, Seat Haw, Clapham Common NGR SD 74480 72660 YDNPSMR no MYD24797 Site Type Boundary Stone Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A boundary Mound, shown as stone on OS 1:10000 1979 boundary now dissolved. Site derived from OS 1st edition map. (1). OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is depicted as a mound on the 1st Edition OS mapping and as a stone on the current mapping. The site is extant. The stone is rough hewn, flat faced and has a rounded top. It measures m0.6m high by 0.3m wide and 0.15m deep. It is inscribed 'N' on the west side and 'C' on the east side.

Site Number 21 Site Name Boundary Mound, Joseph's Fold, Clapham Common NGR SD 73592 72929 YDNPSMR no MYD55219 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description A boundary mound depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. It lies on a now defunct boundary. (1) The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a small, circular earthwork. The mound marked a former boundary line between Ingleton and Clapham parishes; the boundary has now moved slightly to the west, to rest on the line of the watershed. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 22 Site Name Boundary Mound, Joseph's Fold, Clapham Common NGR SD 73469 72824 YDNPSMR no MYD55218 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description A boundary mound depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. It lies on a now defunct boundary. (1) The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a small, circular earthwork. The mound marked a former boundary line between Ingleton and Clapham parishes; the boundary has now moved slightly to the west, to rest on the line of the watershed. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 23 Site Name Boundary Mound, Joseph's Fold, Clapham Common NGR SD 73333 72705 YDNPSMR no MYD55217 Site Type Boundary Mound

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 63

Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description A boundary mound depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. It lies on a now defunct boundary. (1) The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a small, circular earthwork. The mound marked a former boundary line between Ingleton and Clapham parishes; the boundary has now moved slightly to the west, to rest on the line of the watershed. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 24 Site Name Boundary Mound, Joseph's Fold, Clapham Common NGR SD 73187 72572 YDNPSMR no MYD55216 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary mound depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. It lies on a now defunct boundary. (1) The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a small, circular earthwork. The mound marked a former boundary line between Ingleton and Clapham parishes; the boundary has now moved slightly to the west, to rest on the line of the watershed. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 25 Site Name Boundary Mound, Long Kiln West Pot, Clapham Common NGR SD 73006 72416 YDNPSMR no MYD24792 Site Type Boundary Mound Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Boundary mound depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. It lies on a now defunct boundary. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1) The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a small, circular earthwork. The mound marked a former boundary line between Ingleton and Clapham parishes; the boundary has now moved slightly to the west, to rest on the line of the watershed. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 26 Site Name Boundary Cairns, Grey Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 72871 72267 YDNPSMR no MYD38657 Site Type Boundary Cairn Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR; 8871-2 Description A cairn of unknown date, seen as a stonework. A cairn of unknown date, seen as a stonework, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. (1) The cairn is visible on more recent aerial photography as a small mound of stone. The date of construction is unknown, and it is possible that this is a modern walkers cairn, although it may have earlier origins. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: A pair of adjacent boundary marker pillars. Each measures 1.5m in diameter by 1.7m high.

Site Number 27 Site Name Round Cairn, Grey Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 72728 72094

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 64

YDNPSMR no MYD53388 Site Type Round Cairn Period Bronze Age Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR; 8868 Description Large round prehistoric cairn, mostly robbed out and destroyed, with material spread over 13m x 15m area. Large round cairn, mostly robbed out and destroyed, with material spread over 13m x 15m area. A modern cairn lies on the upward edge of it, and is about a metre high, cone shaped. A large sandstone boulder, a curious cylindrical shape, sits within the cairn's circumference. The cairn material lies on the edge of the higher limestone plateau, overlooking the land to the south west. While much of the cairn is made up of limestone, there are a number of worn sandstone pieces. Possible in situ kerb stones on the south side. The cairn appears to be a boundary marker, lying on the Ingleton - Clapham township boundary. GPS survey and photographs 1 July 2008 Yvonne Luke (1) The remains of the cairn are visible on recent aerial photography as a circular spread of stone. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: There is little evidence for the denuded fabric of a funerary cairn at the given location. There are several sandstone boulders but little evidence for either cairn structure or a defined edge to any denuded foundations of such beneath the later boundary marker cairn. The oval boundary marker cairn measures 4m by

Site Number 28 Site Name Boundary Cairn, Grey Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 72920 72148 YDNPSMR no MYD38658 Site Type Boundary Cairn Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A potential cairn of unknown date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. A potential cairn of unknown date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. (1) Cairn on Grey Scar. Modern cairn, built out of recked limestone pavement pieces (the area was used to quarry limestone for rockeries), surmounting what may be an earlier, prehistoric cairn, on the edge of limestone pavement. GPS survey and photographs 1 July 2008 Yvonne Luke (3) The site is visible on more recent aerial photography as a small mound of stone. (3) OA North Field Visit 2013: A boundary marker cairn or bield utilising a large sandstone erratic on the north end. It measures 1.5m by 0.5m and 1m high.

Site Number 29 Site Name Cairn, Grey Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 73030 72145 YDNPSMR no MYD53389 Site Type Cairn Period Unknown Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Small low prehistoric cairn surviving as stone and earth mound; possibly historically excavated. Small very low cairn c.2m diameter, apparently partially excavated - there are removed stones and a hollow in the centre. There is a limestone boulder on the north-east side. It is situated at the eastern end of a limestone scar and pavement. GPS survey and photographs 1 July 2008 Yvonne Luke (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location. There is a very dubious mound measuring 5m in diameter by 0.25m high. There is disturbed ground all around but no clear evidence for a funerary or even boundary marker cairn.

Site Number 30 Site Name Boundary Bank, Grey Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 72908 72043 YDNPSMR no MYD38656 Site Type Boundary Bank

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 65

Period Unknown Sources Aerial Photography, YDNPSMR Description Earthwork bank of uncertain date. EH MORPH SUMMARY EH Unit No. 1: A possible bank of unknown date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location. There is a possible bank defined on the aerial photography which may be an outlier of the embanked features associated with the enclosure located to the east (OA North Site 83).

Site Number 31 Site Name Sheepfold, Bleak Bank, Clapham Common NGR SD 72590 71340 YDNPSMR no MYD24778 Site Type Sheepfold Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description Sheepfold, attached to enclosure wall. Site derived from OS 1st edition map. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 32 Site Name Limekiln, Bleak Bank, Clapham Common NGR SD 72779 71242 YDNPSMR no MYD38732 Site Type Limekiln Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR; 8863 Description EH MORPH SUMMARY EH Unit No. 1: A potential enclosure of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. The site appears as an incomplete, sub-circular enclosure, 3m in diameter, defined by 1 bank, and is located at SD 7277 7124. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is in fact the turf-covered earthwork remains of a single U-shaped sow kiln located on the edge of the intake at Bleak Bank. It measures 7m by 6m and is cut into the hillside by 0.75m deep. The earthwork is truncated on the south side by the later intake wall and a modern trackway.

Site Number 33 Site Name Quarries, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73120 71340 YDNPSMR no MYD24779 Site Type Quarry Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Gravel pit depicted on the 1st edition OS 6" map. Site derived from OS 1st edition map (1). (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is in fact an amorphous quarry located on the south-facing flank slope of open common below Grey Scars. It measures approximately 98m by 45m and 2m deep. It is associated with a limekiln located further downslope (OA North Site 59), which was accessed by a hollow way (OA North Site 162).

Site Number 34 Site Name Limekiln, Cote Haw, Clapham Common NGR SD 73337 70816 YDNPSMR no MYD36984 Site Type Limekiln Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR, D Johnson

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 66

Description The earthwork remains of sow kiln. The site was recorded by David Johnson (CLASOW9). A typical sow kiln form showing as earthworks, but unusually large with a long, sunken flue. Width 2.30m x length 2m; flue width 950mm x flue length 3.80m; bowl depth 1.20m. No stone source in the immediate vicinity, but there are two quarries a short distance away on The Hagg. D Johnson, Yorkshire Dales Lime Kiln Survey, July 2005. (1). IC15 - A large, probably 17th century, clamp lime kiln dug into the slope between two holloways. D Johnson. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described. It has possibly been constructed out of a small shake hole with an entrance flue on the west side. Contrary to the earlier description there are several small quarry scoops located in and around Cote Haw which

Site Number 35 Site Name Sheepfold, Know Gap, Clapham Common NGR SD 73990 70610 YDNPSMR no MYD24791 Site Type Sheepfold Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR, D Johnson Description Post-medieval sheepfold derived from 1st edition OS mapping. Site derived from OS 1st edition map (1). IC20 - A large complex of stone-built sheepfolds in the south-east corner of Hagg, consisting of five bays with a passage running down the eastern side of the complex. D Johnson. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: A large multi-cellular sheepfold with overall L-shaped plan that is located in the external corner of the intake wall above Know Gap. The walls are well constructed and survive up to 1.2m- 1.5m high with coping stones on top. Overall the fold has five stone cells and measures 65m by 40m.

Site Number 36 Site Name Limekiln, Clapdale Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 74103 70872 YDNPSMR no MYD36910 Site Type Limekiln Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR, D Johnson Description A possible sow kiln. The site was recorded by David Johnson, December 2004 (CLA/SOW7). Site of a possible sow kiln; a hollow, 2.70m E-W x 2.80m N-S, cut into the hill slope with no discernible funnel. There is a small quarry cut into the scar just above the kiln. D Johnson, Yorkshire Dales Lime Kiln Survey. (1) IC25 - A possible clamp lime kiln cut into the natural hillslope. D Johnson. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described, although it is the least convincing of the two such structures in this locale. The kiln is associated with quarries on the western flank of Clapdale Scars (OA North Sites 166).

Site Number 37 Site Name Limekiln, Clapdale Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 74088 70884 YDNPSMR no MYD36909 Site Type Limekiln Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR, D Johnson Description The site of a sow kiln recorded by David Johnson, December 2004 (CLA/SOW6). It has a clear bowl cut into the hill slope, with disturbance at the rear of the pit. The bowl measures 2.10m E-W x 2.30m N-S, with a clear 'funnel' 1m wide. It is below a scar which has been extensively quarried. D Johnson, Yorkshire Dales Lime Kiln Survey. (1) IC24 - A clamp lime kiln cut into the natural hillslope. Probably 17th century. D Johnson. OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described. The kiln is associated with quarries on the western flank of Clapdale Scars (OA North Sites 166).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 67

Site Number 38 Site Name Boundary Cairn, Little Knott, Clapham Common NGR SD 74211 71397 YDNPSMR no MYD24795 Site Type Boundary Cairn Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Pile of stones -Boundary cairn still shown on OS 1:10000 1979 although boundary dissolved. Site derived from OS 1st edition map (1) Little Knott Pile of Stones: Cairn built in triangular pyramid fashion. The mosses and lichens on it appear to be long established, and the cairn probably dates back at least to the 19th century. A 'Pile of Stones' is marked on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey. However, the cairn could be much older than that, as the old township boundary between Newby and Clapham, visible on 1st edition OS maps includes this feature. GPS survey and photographs 23 June 2008 Yvonne Luke (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The boundary marker cairn is as described. It is linear and measures 2.5m by 0.5m and 1m high.

Site Number 39 Site Name Boundary Bank, Cote Gill, Clapham Common NGR SD 73889 71502 YDNPSMR no MYD53390 Site Type Boundary Bank Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Linear field bank of possible prehistoric date surviving as spread stone. Linear feature made up of limestone boulders and stones, running downhill at right angles to the gradient. The stones and boulders are widely and irregularly spread, forming a low bank between 1m and 3m wide, occasionally with traces of a low earth bank. GPS survey and photographs 23 June 2008 Yvonne Luke (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site consists of a fragmentary boundary bank with some orthostatic stones in it. It is orientated roughly NW/SE and measures over 75m long. The site is possibly a southern outlier of the coaxial field-system located at Cote Gill Head (OA North Site 84).

Site Number 40 Site Name Rock Art, Cote Gill, Clapham Common NGR SD 73762 71533 YDNPSMR no MYD55148 Site Type Rock Art Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Upright gritstone rock with possible rock art carvings. An upright gritstone rock measuring 1.6 x 1.0 x 1.07m with stones packed around the base (rubbing stone?). Top surface slopes gently to east. In a central position are 4 depressions, 2 southerly ones are irregular and look natural, to the east is a more cup shaped depression but this shows signs of being erosion. The most easterly depression is slightly oval but otherwise 'cup-like' in profile. Very probably all natural, but worth noting considering the proximity to more definite rock art and prehistoric activity. (1). (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The gritstone boulder has three definite and a possible fourth cup mark on the surface. The boulder is the southernmost surviving rock art panel on the common. The boulder is located on the summit of the south-facing scarp edge on the south side of Cote Gill Head.

Site Number 41 Site Name Harry Horse Stone, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73680 71930 YDNPSMR no MYD24776

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 68

Site Type Natural Feature Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description A stone marked on 1st edition OS 6" map. Site derived from OS 1st edition map. (1). OA North Field Visit 2013: This is not the location of Harry Horse Stone. The most prominent stone in the locality, which is further to the south is marked as Harry horse Stone on the current OS mapping (OA North Site 110).

Site Number 42 Site Name Rock Art, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73801 71985 YDNPSMR no MYD55154 Site Type Rock Art Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A stone with 1 cup mark and a shallow bowl/depression carving. A ground level stone in track with visible area measuring 0.85m x 0.8m. 1 distinct and 'fresh' looking cup mark is placed towards the west visible area and shallow natural looking bowl / depression towards the north. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described. It is one of a cluster of six such rock art panels located on flat stones within a 35m radius on Cote Gill Head (OA North Sites 42-44 and 60-62). There is a further possible cup mark on the stone. The panel is actually crossed by a footpath leading across Cote Gill Head and lies adjacent to a modern walker's cairn.

Site Number 43 Site Name Rock Art, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73796 72010 YDNPSMR no MYD55152 Site Type Rock Art Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR; Photo 8896 Description A flat, low, turf-covered stone with 2 cup marks visible. A flat low turf covered stone at ground level with visible area currently (May 2010) measuring 0.76m x 0.65m. 2 fairly shallow, worn cups with approximately one natural depression. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described. It is one of a cluster of six such rock art panels located on flat stones within a 35m radius on Cote Gill Head (OA North Sites 42-44 and 60-62).

Site Number 44 Site Name Rock Art, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73798 72020 YDNPSMR no MYD55153 Site Type Rock Art Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A low, partially turf-covered gritstone with 3 cup marks. A low gritstone partially turf covered rock with visible area measuring 1.4m x 0.95m x 0.2m. 3 cups with approx 0.07m diameters appear in a line on the stones eastern edge. (1). (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described. It is one of a cluster of six such rock art panels located on flat stones within a 35m radius on Cote Gill Head (OA North Sites 42-44 and 60-62). There is a fourth possible cupmark located on the end of the line of three cupmarks described previously.

Site Number 45 Site Name Round Cairn?, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 69

NGR SD 73912 71755 YDNPSMR no MYD53391 Site Type Round Cairn Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR; Yvonne Luke Description Late prehistoric cairn. Probably includes the three flat gritstones with cup marks described by Batty, Crack and Batty. Low cairn, barely visible in the turf, of rounded gritstone stone spread c.4m x 3m. Probably includes the three flat gritstones with cup marks described by Batty, Crack and Batty. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location. This is probably a mis- located element of the tightly grouped rock art panels at the centre of the wider group located further up on Cote Gill Head (OA North Sites 43 and 60-62).

Site Number 46 Site Name Rock Art, Cote Gill, Clapham Common NGR SD 74142 71670 YDNPSMR no MYD53788 Site Type Natural Feature Period Unknown Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A rock with a series of parallel grooves across it. Rock found with a series of parallel grooves - it is suggested that these may have been used for sharpening or shaping hand axes. (1). OA North Field Visit 2013: The stone described previously has natural geological striations upon/within it. There are hollow tube-like-voids running through the stone. This is not rock art.

Site Number 47 Site Name Boundary Bank, Newby Moss, Clapham Common NGR SD 73830 72290 YDNPSMR no MYD38672 Site Type Boundary Bank Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description A medieval boundary earthwork boundary. EH MORPH SUMMARY EH Unit No. 1: A possible boundary of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. (1) Not visible on the most recent digital aerial photography. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 48 Site Name Ring Cairn, Newby Moss, Clapham Common NGR SD 74173 72284 YDNPSMR no MYD53392 Site Type Ring Cairn Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A probable prehistoric ring cairn made up of an irregular bank of earth and stone. Ring cairn made up of an irregular bank of earth and stone, having a sort of piecemeal appearance as if built up over a period. Some features extraneous to the embankment. Part of the embankment and stones are slipping down into the adjacent shakehole, as it erodes and widens. Presumably this has happened since the structure was built, and indicates the great age of the monument. This is a feature which it shares with Cote Gill Head East Ring Cairn, which lies 225m due east of here. The ring cairn is on the downslope side of the shake hole, the south west lip. The shake hole itself forms one of a series on this part of the hillside. This one is filled with water. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is probably prehistoric in date. It is D-shaped and measures 12m by 9m with banks 2m wide by 0.3m high. The feature is more akin to a pen-annular enclosure such as those seen in parts of the Lake District . These usually take in a boulder as one end of their structure, but here it is a shake

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 70 hole. This type of feature is more likely rather than strictly being a typical ring cairn.

Site Number 49 Site Name Ring Cairn, Newby Moss, Clapham Common NGR SD 74395 72306 YDNPSMR no MYD53393 Site Type Ring Cairn Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A prehistoric ring cairn made up of a low bank with stones and some facing stones; some parts of the bank give the appearance of being built in small straight sections. Ring cairn made up of a low bank with stones and some facing stones; some parts of the bank give the appearance of being built in small straight sections. Part of the ring cairn is slipping down the sides of the shakehole as it erodes and widens. This is a feature it shares with Cote Gill Head West Ring Cairn which lies 225m due west of here. Similarly it lies on the downslope side of the shake hole. This shakehole is plugged by large boulders. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is probably prehistoric in date. It is sub-circular in shape and measures 12m in diameter with banks 2m wide by 0.25m high. The feature is more akin to a pen-annular enclosure such as those seen in parts of the Lake District These usually take in a boulder as one end of their structure, but here is it a shake hole. This type of feature is more likely rather than strictly being a typical ring cairn.

Site Number 50 Site Name Cairn, Herningside, Clapham Common NGR SD 74387 71891 YDNPSMR no MYD24796 Site Type Cairn Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Still extant on OS 1:10000. Shown as mound although boundary is now dissolved. Site derived from OS 1st edition map (1) Herningside Mound. A small but substantial grass covered cairn which can be seen in profile on the summit of Herningside from some distance away. 5m x 3.5m x 0.75m high. Only a few stones can be seen under the turf. The long axis is focused on Little Ingleborough, and lies on an N-S axis. It has been built close to where limestone pavement outcrops. OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described.

Site Number 51 Site Name Round Cairn?, Herningside, Clapham Common NGR SD 74385 71877 YDNPSMR no MYD53394 Site Type Round Cairn Period Unknown Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A low spread of gritstone boulders forming a probable late prehistoric small cairn. Low spread of gritstone boulders and stones up to a maximum 0.5m in size, in an irregular formation c. 6m x 3m x 0.25m high. Long axis towards Pendle Hill, slightly east of south. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site may be the remains of a very dubious round cairn. There is no evidence for any kerb or other distinguishing features.

Site Number 52 Site Name Shooting Stand, Herningside, Clapham Common NGR SD 74463 71832 YDNPSMR no MYD53395 Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 71

Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Nineteenth century shooting butts. Early shooting butt, possibly 19th century, in a distinctive style, one of several in this area apparently built on a line. Well built stone walls, now in some state of decay, c.4m diameter, circular design. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: A collapsed oval drystone shooting stand. 4m by 3m and

Site Number 53 Site Name Shooting Stand, Herningside, Clapham Common NGR SD 74472 71764 YDNPSMR no MYD53395 Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Nineteenth century shooting butts. Early shooting butt, possibly 19th century, in a distinctive style, one of several in this area apparently built on a line. Well built stone walls, now in some state of decay, c.4m diameter, circular design. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: A collapsed oval drystone shooting stand. 4m by 3m and

Site Number 54 Site Name Shooting Stand, Herningside, Clapham Common NGR SD 74478 71702 YDNPSMR no MYD53395 Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Nineteenth century shooting butts. Early shooting butt, possibly 19th century, in a distinctive style, one of several in this area apparently built on a line. Well built stone walls, now in some state of decay, c.4m diameter, circular design. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: A collapsed oval drystone shooting stand. 4m by 3m and

Site Number 55 Site Name Shooting Stand, Herningside, Clapham Common NGR SD 74487 71644 YDNPSMR no MYD53395 Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Nineteenth century shooting butts. Early shooting butt, possibly 19th century, in a distinctive style, one of several in this area apparently built on a line. Well built stone walls, now in some state of decay, c.4m diameter, circular design. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: A collapsed circular drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter

Site Number 56 Site Name Rock Art, Herningside, Clapham Common NGR SD 74651 71754 YDNPSMR no MYD53787 Site Type Rock Art Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Cup marked gritstone boulder in Cote Gill - some of the cup marks also have rings around them. Cup marked gritstone boulder in Cote Gill - some of the cup marks also have rings around them.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 72

(1) A partially quarried boulder with motifs on north sloping face. Difficult to determine motifs during visit due to poor lighting conditions. However, a photogrammetric model with 2mm surface suggests up to 20 cups, 2 with single rings and a cup with an inner and offset outer ovoid ring with possible grooves radiating out to the outside ring. Connecting grooves may also be present on other cups. Caution advised when determining motifs from photogrammetry model alone, 2nd visit in more favourable lighting required as grooves could be bedding / erosion channels. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described.

Site Number 57 Site Name Field System, Herningside, Clapham Common NGR SD 74641 71756 YDNPSMR no MYD38704 Site Type Field System Period Prehistoric to Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A possible enclosure of prehistoric date, seen as an earthwork and stonework. Associated with circular structures, possibly domestic, and small enclosures within field system. (2) Herningside Enclosure Foundations of a sub-rectangular structure with very rounded corners, forming a stony embankment 1m-1.5m wide. The structure, either the remains of a building or a small enclosure is c.10m x 8m and sits within a larger enclosure defined by two large broadly linear embankments. It lies only a few metres from the western embankment, but a good 100m from the eastern embankment. Herningside Enclosure: Linear earthwork forming the westerly part of an enclosure, the rest being bounded by high limestone pavement and change of slope (north); linear enclosure (east) and a change of slope (south). Over 75m in length running approximately N-S. Substantial bank up to 3m wide with large limestone stones incorporated; the southern end is more eroded and partial than the rest. Herningside Enclosure: Linear earthwork forming the easterly part of an enclosure, the rest being bounded by high limestone pavement and change of slope (north); linear enclosure (west) and a change of slope (south). Over 100m in length running approximately north-north-west / south-south-east. The wall includes several remarkable and curious hollows in its line, which show built structures in partial collapse beneath the current turf line and the stony bank. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described. The rectangular domestic structure with rounded ends is located at SD 74641 71756. The surrounding enclosure consists of earth and orthostatic stone banks. It is very roughly rectangular and measures over 155m by 115m. The enclosure defines a plot of cleared land between two scarped areas of limestone pavement, and the denuded northern boundary uses the top break of a limestone scarp as its foundation. The southern boundary of the enclosure was not identified as it lay within the intake south of the open common.

Site Number 58 Site Name Long Cairn, Herningside, Clapham Common NGR SD 74768 71927 YDNPSMR no MYD53397 Site Type Earthwork Period Unknown Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Natural stone feature enhanced with banked stone into a possible prehistoric cairn. Natural feature enhanced with cairn material; situated on the northern edge of a limestone pavement (the side closest to Little Ingleborough) it forms a rectangle c.15m long and 3-5m wide. The limestone pavement has been enhanced by the addition of other boulders and stones. Around the edge the ground dips, probably an effect of the surface geology. To the north lies great areas of boulder clays with their distinctive rough grasses; to the south limestone pavements and scars with their typical vegetation. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: This feature, although extant, is probably of natural origin. There was little evidence for clearance stone being added to the natural geology here.

Site Number 59 Site Name Limekiln, Crooklands, Clapham Common

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 73

NGR SD 72979 71186 YDNPSMR no MYD52660 Site Type Limekiln Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR; D Johnson; Photo 8857-8, 8860, 8897 Description Lime kiln visible as an earthwork and hollow. Broad and squat lime kiln now only visible as an earthwork and hollow. There is no evidence of any associated features, although a gateway is present in a wall just below the kiln. (1). The site of a former lime kiln, broad and squat in form, which survives as a grassed-over hollow marking the position of the bowl and draw hole. A gate just east of the adjacent sheepfolds allows access into the intake land. D Johnson. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site consists of the sub-rectangular turf-covered earthwork remains of a lime kiln, with an bowl-shaped depression in the centre. It measures 15m by 9m and 1.5m high. There is no stone superstructure surviving but there is a well-defined loading platform upslope on the northern end. The kiln is associated with two quarries located further upslope (OA North Sites 33 and 163) which were accessed by a hollow

Site Number 60 Site Name Rock Art, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73799 72012 YDNPSMR no MYD55149 Site Type Rock Art Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR; Photo 8895 Description Roughly square shaped gritstone rock with 4 cup marks. A flat squareish gritstone rock measuring 1m x 1m x 0.25m. 4 worn, shallow cups of varying size placed fairly centrally. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described. It is one of a cluster of six such rock art panels located on flat stones within a 35m radius on Cote Gill Head (OA North Sites 42-44 and 60-62).

Site Number 61 Site Name Rock Art, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73798 72011 YDNPSMR no MYD55150 Site Type Rock Art Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR; Photo 8893-4 Description A low, angular gritstone rock with 7 cup marks on its western half. A low angular gritstone rock measuring 0.98 x 0.47 x 0.12m. 7 cups of varying size and depth can be found on the stone's western half. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described. It is one of a cluster of six such rock art panels located on flat stones within a 35m radius on Cote Gill Head (OA North Sites 42-44 and 60-62).

Site Number 62 Site Name Rock Art, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73796 72012 YDNPSMR no MYD55151 Site Type Rock Art Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A flat, low, turf-covered stone with 3 cup marks visible. A flat low turf covered stone at ground level with visible area currently (May 2010) measuring 1m x 0.7m. 3 fairly shallow, worn cups with approximately 0.06m diameters form a triangle. Presumably this is the stone referenced by IAG with more cups under turf. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described. It is one of a cluster of six such rock art panels located on flat stones within a 35m radius on Cote Gill Head. There is currently one further definite cup mark partially exposed on the edge of the turf cover (OA North Sites 42-44 and 60-62).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 74

Site Number 63 Site Name Boundary Bank, Hagg, Clapham Common NGR SD 73780 71000 YDNPSMR no MYD38674 Site Type Boundary Bank Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A probable boundary, medieval in date visible as a single continuous earthwork. EH MORPH SUMMARY EH Unit No. 2: A probable boundary of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. EH Unit No. 1: A probable boundary of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. (1) Clearly visible on recent digital aerial photography, extending further than originally identified by the Yorkshire Dales Mapping Project. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is a boundary bank which may have once formed an early Post- Medieval intake at Hagg. The surviving section measures over 575m long. This is not part of any

Site Number 64 Site Name Boundary Bank, Herningside, Clapham Common NGR SD 74420 71920 YDNPSMR no MYD38693 Site Type Boundary Bank Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description A boundary, possibly Post Medieval in date, one of several on the same orientation in the landscape. EH MORPH SUMMARY EH Unit No. 1: A potential boundary of unknown date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. (1) Not discernible on the most recent digital aerial photography. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 65 Site Name Boundary Bank, Cote Haw, Clapham Common NGR SD 73440 70925 YDNPSMR no MYD38697 Site Type Boundary Bank Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A boundary, possibly removed to allow stock to funnel onto the moor. EH MORPH SUMMARY EH Unit No. 1: A possible boundary of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. (1) Clearly visible on the most recent digital aerial photography. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is a boundary bank which may have once formed an early Post- Medieval intake at Cote Haw. The surviving section measures over 170m long. This is not part of any prehistoric field-system and would have closed off the current outgang leading up from Newby Cote.

Site Number 66 Site Name Boundary Bank, Hurnel Moss, Clapham Common NGR SD 74560 72270 YDNPSMR no MYD38702 Site Type Boundary Bank Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 75

Boundary, possible Medieval in date. EH MORPH SUMMARY EH Unit No. 1: A possible boundary of unknown date, seen as an earthwork and stonework, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. (1) The boundary is not discernible on the most recent digital aerial photography. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 67 Site Name Leat, Know Gap Sike, Clapham Common NGR SD 74572 71711 YDNPSMR no MYD38703 Site Type Leat Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR, D Johnson Description Post Medieval artificial watercourse. EH MORPH SUMMARY EH Unit No. 2: A probable leat of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. EH Unit No. 1: A probable leat of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. EH Unit No. 3: A probable leat of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. (1) Part of an extensive drainage ditch called Know Gap Sike on 1st edition OS maps 1851. The part going through the field here has broken drainage pipes now visible. The line of the drain can be followed on the 1st edition map and is still visible today. The watercourse is clearly visible on the digital aerial photography for the area. The watercourse can be traced running from Know Gap Sike to below Clapham Scars. (2). IC26 - It runs for 4km from high on Clapham Bents, tapping a number of small streams, round Little Knott and Clapdale Scars, past Know gap farm site to Clapdale farm. It was built to supply water to these two farms and to Flatt farmhouse. It’s date of construction is unknown, but it was in use as the sole supply of water until a hydraulic ram was installed on Clapham Beck in 1929 to pump water to Flatt and Clapdale. Higher up it survives as a natural-looking grip but, in places, it appears as a ceramic half-section drain pipe, 300mm wide at the rim x 180mm deep at centre. D Johnson. (3) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described.

Site Number 68 Site Name Boundary Wall, Clapdale Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 74119 70864 YDNPSMR no MYD52341 Site Type Boundary Wall Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Cow Pasture Boundary Wall, enclosing Clapdale Scars and Rayside. Cow Pasture Boundary wall enclosing large area of rough grazing. Cow pasture boundary wall enclosing a large area of rough grazing, probably built in the early post medieval period to enclose earlier commons. The wall is still extant and visible on digital vertical aerial photographs (1). (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described.

Site Number 69 Site Name Boundary Wall, Clapdale Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 74700 71116 YDNPSMR no MYD52342 Site Type Boundary Wall Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Field boundary wall dividing large cow pasture. Boundary wall dividing large cow pasture, and visible on digital vertical aerial photographs (1). (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is as described.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 76

Site Number 70 Site Name Bield, Little Knott, Clapham Common NGR SD 74212 71491 YDNPSMR no MYD53398 Site Type Bield Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A bield-like structure built along the top of a vast scree slope, of likely post-medieval date. Bield-like structure built along the top of a vast scree slope which is highly visible all around and across the valley. The wall is over 15m long, roughly built and now much tumbled, but in the centre point is the remains of a small indefinite structure. If it is a bield, it is not typical of later 19th century bield walls and must date from much earlier. It does not appear on the 1st edition 6" OS map, and whatever its function was by then fallen out of use. (1). (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site consists of a linear bield/shelter wall with a central shooting stand. It measures 20m long by 0.5m wide and 0.4m high. The U-shaped shooting stand is 3m by 2m and 0.75m high.

Site Number 71 Site Name Leat/Hollow Ways, Grey Wife Sike, Clapham Common NGR SD 73613 72056 YDNPSMR no MYD55262 Site Type Leat Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR, D Johnson Description A watercourse, probably improved/canalised. EH MORPH SUMMARY EH Unit No. 2: A probable leat of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. EH Unit No. 1: A probable leat of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. EH Unit No. 3: A probable leat of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. (1) The watercourse is clearly visible on the most recent digital aerial photography. There are areas along its length where the watercourse has clearly been artificially improved. The watercourse flows from Knoutberry Hole to Newby Cote, it is supplied with further water from a second artificial watercourse on Newby Moss. (2). IC36 - Running south-north from the Knoutberry Hole vicinity to the plateau of Little Ingleborough on its western flank. Clearly engineered as a cart track. Possibly associated with the flagstone quarries. D Johnson. (3) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site consists of a series of sinuous ribbon-like hollow ways ascending Cote Gill Head in the vicinity of a line of shooting stands. At the northern end the feature is a leat draining a spring at Knoutberry downslope into Newby

Site Number 72 Site Name Hollow Ways, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 74030 71829 YDNPSMR no MYD55266 Site Type Hollow Way Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description Hollow ways, possibly Medieval in origin. Hollow ways, clearly visible on the most recent digital aerial photography. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site consists of a series of sinuous ribbon-like hollow ways ascending Cote Gill Head between Newby Cote and Newby Moss. The hollow ways clearly truncate the earlier coaxial field- system at Cote Gill Head (OA North Site 84).

Site Number 73 Site Name Hollow Ways, Cote Haw, Clapham Common NGR SD 73330 70800 YDNPSMR no MYD55269 Site Type Hollow Way

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 77

Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR, D Johnson Description A series of hollow ways within a possible stock funnel, leading onto Ingleborough Common. Hollow ways within possible stock funnel, leading onto Ingleborough Common. Possibly Medieval in origin, although likely to still be in use. (1) IC16 - A complex series of deeply sunken holloways connecting Newby Cote with the open area of Hagg. D Johnson. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site consists of a tightly packed series of sinuous ribbon-like hollow ways and later farm tracks. These ascend through Cote Haw in the outgang to the north of Newby Cote, and in places they have been truncated by later quarrying (OA North Site 168).

Site Number 74 Site Name Limekilns, Hagg, Clapham Common NGR SD 73680 70790 YDNPSMR no MYD36908 Site Type Limekiln Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR, D Johnson Description A group of six sow kiln sites. Recorded by David Johnson, April 2000 (CLA/SOW1-5). This is a series of six sow kilns in a linear row along the 300m contour, numbered 1 - 6 from east to west. All are rounded with a narrow funnel neck. The largest is 2.7m wide x 2.5m long, and 0.7m deep (#1SD7376 7078); #2 (SD7373 7078) is deeper, has a wider neck (1.5m). #3 (SD7369 7079) is more open and shallow than the others. #4 (SD7366 7082) is like #2 but with a narrow neck. #5 (SD7366 7082)is longer and narrower than the others (4.9m x 1.8m) with a 1.2m neck. No dimensions as yet for #6 (SD7360 7085). The sites are presently in good condition but in danger of encroachment from a track. There is an enormous quarry (max 100m x 40m and up to 2.5m deep) immediately north-east of the kilns. D Johnson, Yorkshire Dales Lime Kiln Survey. (1) Two of these kilns were excavated at SD73667082 and SD73637083, as part of The Sow Kilns Project by the Ingleborough Archaeology Group. The kilns appear on the ground as pen-annular depressions cut into the natural banking. On the lower south side of each of the depressions is a funnelled entrance into the bowl. (2) The excavation of the two kilns is briefly described in a paper by David Johnson, from Industrial Archaeology Review. (3). IC18 - A series of clamp kilns just above the intake wall/boundary head dyke. Nos.2 and 3 were excavated in 2005. No.3 provided a carbon date from a ritual horse burial of AD1440-1640 at 95.40% probability. D Johnson. (4) OA North Field Visit 2013: The sites are as described.

Site Number 75 Site Name Spechscaflade Placename, Clapham Common NGR SD 75150 74870 YDNPSMR no MYD53843 Site Type Placename Period Unknown Sources YDNPSMR Description A natural feature with an unusual name - Spechscaflade. The name Spechscaflade appears in the 'Coucher Book of Furness Abbey, in relation to a limestone inlier. It may mean a 'place where speeches were made' or the 'place where the boundary turns', or possibly a place or path related to sheafs or ore production. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 76 Site Name Sheepfold, Grey Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 72847 72272 YDNPSMR no MYD24774 Site Type Sheepfold Period Unknown

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 78

Sources YDNPSMR Description A sheepfold, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. No longer extant. Site depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map as 'Old sheepfold'. (1) The fold is no longer extant though a faint circular earthwork is (just) visible on recent aerial photography, marking the location of the former structure. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: No extant site was identified at the given location.

Site Number 77 Site Name Sheepfolds, Joseph's Folds, Ingleborough Common NGR SD 73270 72840 YDNPSMR no MYD24775 Site Type Sheepfold Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR; D Johnson Description A pair of sheepfolds, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. Now ruinous. Site derived from the 1st edition 6" OS map. (1) Joseph's Fold Complex group of sheepfolds, including rectangular fold with tall battered walls up to 1.7m high with internal partition; sheep creep; other low walls adjoining in greater state of collapse. The sheepfolds are visible on recent aerial photography though they are in a ruinous state and are unlikely to be stockproof. The northern fold in particular has been almost completely demolished. (3). IC10 - An intact sheepfold with two internal divisions, and a long funnelling wall leading to the entrance. Walls stand to a max height of 2m in the south-east corner. There is a cripple hole in the east wall. D Johnson. (4) OA North Field Visit 2013: The southernmost fold lay within the present survey area. It measures 20m by 9m and survives to 1.9m high in places. In places it is well constructed and it has a pair of stone seats constructed externally on the west wall elevation.

Site Number 78 Site Name Sheepfold, Crooklands, Clapham Common NGR SD 72982 71145 YDNPSMR no MYD24780 Site Type Sheepfold Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR; D Johnson; Photo 8896 Description sheepfold, depicted on the 1st edition 6" OS map. The site is visible on recent aerial photography as a rectangular, stone-built structure. The enclosure walls appear to be in a good state of preservation, and so it is quite possible that the fold is still in use. The fold also has a triangular shaped compartment attached to the eastern end of the main compartment. (2) IC4 - A sheepfold built in to the intake wall, divided into two unequal parts. The larger, western section measures 11m in length by 8m in width (at west end) narrowing to 7m at the east end. The eastern section tapers to a point at its east end and is 6m in length. A cripple hole gave egress at the tapered end. It is built dry stone with coursed limestone. D Johnson. (3) OA North Field Visit 2013: It is a two celled trapezoidal fold located on the external side of the intake wall above Crooklands. It measures 18m by 7m and up to 1.5m high with slanting coping stones on top. There is an entrance on the west end by the intake wall. On the east side the smaller triangular cell has a sheep creep on the eastern end which is adjacent to a field gate in the intake wall (OA North Site 165).

Site Number 79 Site Name Quarry, Cote Haw, Clapham Common NGR SD 73390 71030 YDNPSMR no MYD24781 Site Type Quarry Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR, D Johnson; 8823-7 Description Gravel pit depicted on the 1st edition OS 6" map. Site derived from OS 1st edition map.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 79

(1) Clearly visible on the most recent digital aerial photography. (2) IC1 - A shallow delf cut into limestone bedrock, with a track leading to the late 18th/early 19th century lime kiln just within the intake land west of Cote Haw. There is no trace of a former gateway through this wall suggesting that the kiln was out of use before the wall was built. D Johnson. (3) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site is an amorphous quarry with trackway leading south to an associated limekiln (outside of the present survey area). Overall the quarry measures 48m by 37m and up to 3m deep. The grass-covered trackway measures over 50m long.

Site Number 80 Site Name Quarry, Hagg, Clapham Common. NGR SD 73700 70840 YDNPSMR no MYD24785 Site Type Quarry Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR, D Johnson Description Gravel pit, still clearly visible as a well defined earthwork. Site derived from OS 1st edition map. (1) The quarry is clearly visible as a large well defined earthwork on recent digital aerial photography. (2) IC17 - An extensive but shallow (100m x 40m x max 2.50m deep) delf just to the north-east of the series of sow kilns (IC18). It served these kilns. D Johnson. (3) OA North Field Visit 2013: There is a sinuous shallow surface quarry. It measures 107m by 30m and 2m deep. It is probably associated with six sow kilns located immediately to the south of it (OA North Site 74).

Site Number 81 Site Name Hillfort, Ingleborough NGR SD 74200 74500 YDNPSMR no MYD3700 Site Type Hillfort Period Iron Age Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description This was originally interpreted as an Iron Age hillfort comprising a stone-built rampart enclosing about twenty round-houses. Recent work reinterprets the hut circles as ring cairns. Hill Fort. A Brigantian fortified village on the flat summit of Ingleborough. A stone rampart nearly 3000ft. in length runs round the edge of the 15 acre plateau and within the interior are numerous hut circles. Scheduled 'defended settlement'. (1-2) In general the description above is correct. A rubble rampart encircles the entire plateau except for a portion of the northern side. The absence of walling or foundations at this point suggest that it was never completed. The major part of the surviving rampart has been considerably mutilated and robbed (probably in recent times). Nineteen hut circles are recognisable although these are only defined by surface foundations but the remainder of the site is well defined. (3) A piece of Castor ware was found at Ingleborough, at SD 743746, several years ago by H.G. Ramm. (4)Visible on air photographs. (5) Mr Alan King (local historian) believes that he can trace an outer rampart of this work on the south-west face. However, no trace of such a feature can be found on the 45 degree slope, either on the ground or on air photographs. Surveyed on 1:10000 MSD. (6) Listed by Challis and Harding as a hillfort. (7) Ingleborough is, at 720m, the highest hillfort in England. The roughly triangular gritstone summit of the peak has been surrounded by a carefully-built stone rampart consisting of rubble contained within boxes of orthostats and drystone walling; this building technique is believed to be unique in England though there are possible parallels in Wales and Scotland. Gaps in the rampart are probably the result of erosion and destruction rather than indicating that the circuit was incomplete (see Source 4). Quarry scoops survive in places to the rear of the rampart and slight ditches outside the south-east rampart should probably be regarded as external quarry scoops. The position of the original entrances is uncertain but the most likely candidates are on the east and north-east sides. Twenty hut circles are now visible within the fort, mainly on the relatively sheltered east side. The huts tend to cluster in discrete groups. All are between 5.5m and 8.0m in diameter within rubble walls. Some of the huts have external drainage gullies. Where entrances are visible they lie in the arc from south- south-east to east-north-east. Two of the huts appear to have been excavated. The massive drystone walls outside the north and west sides of the fort noted by King (see Source 4) are crudely constructed and

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 80 incorporate large boulders: though their construction differs markedly from that of the hillfort rampart they may be of broadly similar date. The function of these walls is unknown. Damage to the hillfort is documented since the Victorian period and appears to have accelerated in recent years, the main problem being the popularity of the Three Peaks route for walkers and runners. The construction of walkers' cairns, mainly from rampart material, is particularly regrettable. In the absence of any dating evidence Ingleborough has been assumed to be a hillfort of the pre-Roman Iron Age; whilst this is the most likely date others are possible. The site is so exposed that permanent occupation is extremely unlikely; seasonal occupation as part of a transhumance cycle, or a role connected with the expression of prestige or social ritual seems to be indicated. The RCHME survey was carried out in the summer of 1988. A full comprehensive archive comprising detailed plans and accounts is available for consultation through the NMR. (8-9)A short version of the RCHME report has been published. (10) Listed in Hogg's index of British Hillforts. (11) Large univallate hillfort on Ingleborough Hill. Scheduled. (12) Scheduling revised in 1994. (13) MORPH description. (14) Condition was monitored as part of the MARS project 13/07/05 (Y. Luke). (15) Geophysical survey of RCHME hut circles 3 and 4 revealed no evidence for any hearths. (16) Re-interpretation of hut circles as ring cairns suggesting a funerary/ritual focus to Ingleborough rather than military/domestic. (17) Another interpretation of the walls and stone circles describes the remains as a 'psychodynamic structure with transient-use circles', that is a monument principally constructed to underscore the prestige and importance of the builders which was only used on a seasonal basis. (18) (19) OA North Field Visit 2013: The ring cairn hypothesis is doubtful but excavation may prove or disprove this interpretation. The thin soils covering the site continue to suffer from erosion by hill walkers and the construction of walker's cairns and shelters.

Site Number 82 Site Name Stock Enclosure, High Trough, Clapham Common NGR SD 73273 72098 YDNPSMR no MYD38659 Site Type Stock Enclosure Period Prehistoric to Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A sheepfold and associated enclosure; probably Medieval in date. EH MORPH SUMMARY EH Unit No. 1: A probable sheepfold of Unknown Medieval date, seen as a stonework, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. The site appears as an incomplete, polygonal enclosure, 16m x 8m, defined by 1 foundation with 4 sides visible, and is located at SD 7327 7212. EH Unit No. 2: A possible enclosure of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork and stonework, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. (1) The folds in particular are clearly visible on the most recent digital aerial photography. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: The site consists of a roughly rectangular stock enclosure wedged into the sheltered gap between two areas of exposed limestone pavement at High Trough. The enclosure has two south- south-west/north-north-west running orthostatic boundary banks which cross the trough and define the ends of the stock enclosure. Overall the stock enclosure measures 50m by 38m. The northern corner of the enclosure has a more recent two celled sub-rectangular sheepfold built upon it. The fold measures 15m by 10m and 1.5m high. There is an entrance on the south-east end. The sheepfold is depicted on the modern OS mapping.

Site Number 83 Site Name Boundary Banks/Stock Enclosure, Low Trough, Clapham Common NGR SD 73070 71990 YDNPSMR no MYD38660 Site Type Boundary Bank Period Prehistoric to Medieval Sources Aerial Photography; Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR; Photo 8874-5 Description An enclosed hut circle settlement. EH MORPH SUMMARY EH Unit No. 2: A potential enclosure of unknown date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. The site appears as a complete enclosure, 9m x 8m, defined by 1 bank, and is located at SD 7306 7196. EH Unit No. 5: A potential enclosure

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 81 of unknown date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. The site appears as a complete enclosure, 9m x 8m, defined by 1 bank, and is located at SD 7311 7196. EH Unit No. 1: A probable enclosure of unknown date, seen as an earthwork and stonework, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. The site appears as an incomplete enclosure, 90m x 60m, defined by 1 foundation, and is located at SD 7305 7199. EH Unit No. 3: A potential enclosure of unknown date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. The site appears as a complete enclosure, 9m x 8m, defined by 1 bank, and is located at SD 7308 7198. EH Unit No. 4: A potential enclosure of unknown date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. The site appears as a complete enclosure, 9m x 8m, defined by 1 bank, and is located at SD 7304 7200. (1). OA North Field Visit 2013: The site consists of a definite U-shaped section of boundary wall, possibly forming a small stock enclosure sheltering beneath the southern edge of a limestone pavement scarp at Low Trough. It measures 40m square and the earthen and orthostatic stone banks are up to 2m wide by 0.4m high. Aerial photography has highlighted several further sections of possibly boundary wall in the vicinity. The site may be the most obvious section of a larger fragmentary field-system.

Site Number 84 Site Name Coaxial Field System, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73970 72030 YDNPSMR no MYD38683 Site Type Coaxial Field System Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR Description A field system, probably Iron Age in date. Consisting of hut circles, stock enclosures and field banks all within a larger enclosing bank. A potential hut circle of Unknown Prehistoric date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. The site appears as a complete, sub-circular enclosure, 4m in diameter, defined by 1 foundation, and is located at SD 7402 7205. A possible field system of Unknown Prehistoric date, seen as an earthwork. A possible boundary of Unknown Prehistoric date, seen as an earthwork. A potential enclosure of Unknown Prehistoric date, seen as an earthwork. The site appears as a complete, oval enclosure, 20m x 12m, with 1 straight side, defined by 1 bank, and is located at SD 7393 7195. A potential hut circle of Unknown Prehistoric date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. The site appears as a complete, sub-circular enclosure, 6m in diameter, defined by 1 foundation, and is located at SD 7402 7195. A potential hut circle of Unknown Prehistoric date, seen as an earthwork. The site appears as a complete, sub-circular enclosure, 4m in diameter, defined by 1 foundation, and is located at SD 7402 7206. A potential hut circle of Unknown Prehistoric date, seen as an earthwork. The site appears as a complete, sub-circular enclosure, 4m in diameter, defined by 1 foundation, and is located at SD 7389 7200. (1) Unusually wide stone embankment walls. Area of cup marked stones in associated field systems. (2) Swales reports pollen analysis from a monolith taken by Alan King cut from the floor of a hut circle, one of several within a recently discovered settlement site at the head of a small valley below Newby Moss which were surveyed and one subject to preliminary excavations . The settlement also appears to include enclosures, walls and droveways. (3). OA North Field Visit 2013: The complex is definitely an unenclosed coaxial field-system and is much larger than that area already defined in the YDNPA SMR. The core of the complex consists of sub-divided field plots surrounding a pair of hut circles (OA North Site 125), and a possible further example (OA North Site 154). This core area, which runs gently down an east-facing slope above Cote Gill measures 345m by 270m. The field-system is orientated on a north-north-east / south-south-west alignment and is defined to the north by the pot holes on Newby Moss. To the east it is defined by Cote Gill, although there is slight evidence for a boundary going further east to a pot hole. The western end of the field system has a large terminal coaxial field boundary that runs for over 700m parallel to Cote Gill and along the fell and down towards Newby Cote (OA North Sites 143 and 153). To the south of the field system there are several large field plots located on the southern summit edge of Cote Gill Head and down into Cote Gill (OA North Sites 126, 142 and 39). The possible southernmost boundary wall was only identified by aerial photography (OA North Site 164).

Site Number 85 Site Name Quarry, Hagg, Clapham Common NGR SD 74025 70659 YDNPSMR no MYD38684 Site Type Quarry

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 82

Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; YDNPSMR; D Johnson; Photo 8824 Description A probable quarry of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. EH MORPH SUMMARY EH Unit No. 1: A probable quarry of Unknown Medieval date, seen as an earthwork, and mapped from poor quality aerial photographs. (1) Small-scale quarrying of probable post-medieval date surviving as earthworks visible on recent digital vertical aerial photography (2-3). IC21 - A large but shallow (45m x 30m x <1m deep), completely grassed over with the appearance of a pre-modern delf. Limestone. D Johnson. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: An amorphous Post-Medieval quarry located on the outer edge of the intake above Know Gap. It measures 50m by 29m and is 1.5m deep.

Site Number 86 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73260 71058 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A circular part-sunken drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter by 1m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

Site Number 87 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73277 71115 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A circular part-sunken drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter by 1m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

Site Number 88 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73282 71150 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A circular embanked turf covered shooting stand. 3.5m diameter by 0.5m high. It is on the edge of a shake hole. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

Site Number 89 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73290 71167 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A circular part-sunken drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter by 1m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 83

Site Number 90 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73305 71219 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8825 Description A circular part-sunken drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter by 0.75m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

Site Number 91 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73309 71230 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8829 Description A circular embanked turf covered shooting stand. 3.5m diameter by 0.5m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

Site Number 92 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73321 71279 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8830 Description A circular part-sunken drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter by 0.75m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

Site Number 93 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73330 71305 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8831 Description A circular embanked turf covered shooting stand. 3.5m diameter by 0.5m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

Site Number 94 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73336 71332 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8832 Description A circular part-sunken drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter by 1m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 84

Site Number 95 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73349 71380 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8835 Description A circular part-sunken drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter by 0.6m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

Site Number 96 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73364 71434 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8837 Description A circular part-sunken drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter by 1m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

Site Number 97 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73369 71450 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8838 Description An oval embanked turf covered shooting stand. 4.5m by 3m and 0.5m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

Site Number 98 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73375 71483 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8839 Description A circular part-sunken drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter by 1m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

Site Number 99 Site Name Shooting Stand, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73396 71534 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8841 Description A V-shaped collapsed stone and turf shooting stand dug into the slope. 4m diameter by 0.75m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 86-99).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 85

Site Number 100 Site Name Hunting Lodge, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73422 71577 YDNPSMR no Site Type Hunting Lodge Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; D Johnson; Photo 8843-51 Description IC8 - A two-bay, stone-built shooting cabin. The west room, for the guns, stands to full wall height but the east bay, for the beaters, has been demolished and stands to a maximum of six courses on the north wall. It is mainly built with limestone and is coursed, mortared throughout and rendered on the south face. The roof has been removed but was finished with corrugated iron set on wooden roofing timbers. Each room has a doorway on the north side. The surviving room has a window on the south side. This has a fireplace, with remains of a belly stove, on the west gable. It is rather ornate. The east room had a fireplace with cast-iron arrangement within. The west room was floored with concrete; the east is rubble-filled and not visible. The west room door has sandstone quoins and wooden jambs. The window has a wooden lintel and flagstone base. D Johnson. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: A ruinous two celled rectangular lodge building. Overall it measures 9m by 5m. The eastern cell is entirely collapsed but there is evidence for a fireplace in the eastern wall elevation. The western cell is unroofed but remains extant to roof level. This cell is constructed of lime mortared stone which externally has later been strengthened with concrete mortar and render on the south side. There is a small collapsed cell on the west elevation of the extant cell, this may have been a lean-to store or toilet. The extant cell has quoin stones on the corners, internally it has a concrete floor, a window on the south elevation with wooden lintel, doorway on the north elevation. The west elevation has a composite fireplace constructed of concrete and modern? bricks, which are from the Claughton brick works near Lancaster. It has a broken iron hood that is partially in-situ, the rest being displaced outside of the structure. The concrete in the fireplace is engraved 'Settle High School 1976'. There is slight evidence for a corrugated iron roof to the structure.

Site Number 101 Site Name Limekilns, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73214 71045 YDNPSMR no Site Type Limekiln Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8852-5 Description The circular turf-covered earthwork remains of a pair of sow kilns located on the outer edge of the intake above Newby Cote. Each measures 5m in diameter and the depressions are cut into the hillside 1m deep with upcast banks on the south side.

Site Number 102 Site Name Limekiln, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 72921 71175 YDNPSMR no Site Type Limekiln Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8861-2 Description The oval turf-covered earthwork remains of a sow kiln, located on the outside edge of the intake at Newby Cote. It measures 10m by 8m and the depression is cut into the hillslope by 1m deep with upcast banks on the south side. The kiln is located adjacent to a blocked field gate in the intake wall.

Site Number 103 Site Name Quarry, Bleak Bank, Clapham Common NGR SD 72633 71382 YDNPSMR no

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 86

Site Type Quarry Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; D Johnson; Photo 8864 Description IC6 - A small delf cut into limestone bedrock, connected to the intake wall by a sunken sledway to the south- west and a level sledway to the south. D Johnson. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: A B-shaped quarry scoop located on the outside edge of the intake. It is depicted on the modern OS mapping as a shake hole. Overall it measures 17m by 12m and is up to 2m deep. The quarry is located on the edge of a series of hollow ways (OA North Site 159) leading up onto the open common from the intake around Bleak Bank.

Site Number 104 Site Name Boundary Stone, Cock Flower Hill, Clapham Common NGR SD 72450 71656 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Stone Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8865-6 Description A rectangular hewn slab boundary stone measuring roughly 0.5m high by 0.4m wide and 0.1m thick. The flat faces are inscribed 'N' on the east side and 'I' on the west side.

Site Number 105 Site Name Boundary Stone, Grey Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 72858 72285 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Stone Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8869-70 Description A rough hewn sandstone erratic boundary stone measuring roughly 0.7m high by 0.25m square. It is inscribed 'N' on the east side and 'I' on the west side.

Site Number 106 Site Name Shooting Stand, Low Trough, Clapham Common NGR SD 73354 71702 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8878-9 Description An isolated U-shaped drystone shooting stand. 3m by 2.5m and 1.4m high. The entrance is on the east side..

Site Number 107 Site Name Shooting Stand, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73509 71748 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8881-2 Description A circular drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter by 0.8m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 107-109 and 111-116).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 87

Site Number 108 Site Name Shooting Stand, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73532 71797 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8883 Description A collapsed oval drystone shooting stand. 4m by 3m and 0.4m high. It is on the edge of a shake hole. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 107-109 and 111-116).

Site Number 109 Site Name Shooting Stand, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73561 71840 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8884 Description A collapsed oval drystone shooting stand. 4m by 3m and 0.3m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 107-109 and 111-116).

Site Number 110 Site Name Boundary Stone, Harry Horse Stone, Clapham Common NGR SD 73639 71802 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Stone Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8885 Description A large, prominently visible, limestone erratic boulder located on the edge of Cote Gill Head. It measures 4m by 2.5m and up to 1.7m high. It looks mildly like an elephant rather than a horse!. The 1st Edition OS mapping records the site as being located slightly further to the north (OA North Site 41) but this is the most prominent stone in the locality.

Site Number 111 Site Name Shooting Stand, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73597 71899 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8886-7 Description A collapsed D-shaped drystone shooting stand. 3m by 2.5m and 0.4m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 107-109 and 111-116).

Site Number 112 Site Name Shooting Stand, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73627 71949 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8888 Description A collapsed U-shaped drystone shooting stand. 3.5m by 2.5m and 0.3m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 107-109 and 111-116).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 88

Site Number 113 Site Name Shooting Stand, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73650 72003 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8889 Description A partially collapsed circular drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter by 0.6m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 107-109 and 111-116).

Site Number 114 Site Name Shooting Stand, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73677 72057 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8890 Description A collapsed D-shaped drystone shooting stand. 3m by 2m and 0.3m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 107-109 and 111-116).

Site Number 115 Site Name Shooting Stand, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73706 72110 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8891 Description A collapsed D-shaped drystone shooting stand. 3m by 2m and 0.4m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 107-109 and 111-116).

Site Number 116 Site Name Shooting Stand, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73733 72172 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; Photo 8892 Description A collapsed sub-circular drystone shooting stand. 3m diameter by 0.3m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 107-109 and 111-116).

Site Number 117 Site Name Quarries, Hagg, Clapham Common NGR SD 73837 70704 YDNPSMR no Site Type Quarry Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; D Johnson Description IC14 - A series of four limestone quarries cut into the natural steep slope, each on a different level. They are alongside the intake wall. They may have served a former lime kiln where Newby Cote Quarry now stands as

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 89 well as for building stone. Each has a clear working face. The largest is the lowest 15m x 3m x max 2m height. D Johnson. (2) OA North Field Visit 2013: A series of five small disparate areas of shallow surface quarrying located outside of the intake wall at Hagg. The largest quarry located adjacent to the intake wall measures 45m by 13m and is up to 1m deep.

Site Number 118 Site Name Sheepfold, Hagg, Clapham Common NGR SD 74141 70737 YDNPSMR no Site Type Sheepfold Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; D Johnson Description IC22 - A completely ruined and largely robbed out sheepfold complex set against the east wall of Hagg, adjacent to the enclosed pastures of the former Know Gap Farm. Consists of three bays. D Johnson. Foundations of a trapezoidal sheepfold located externally on the intake wall above Know Gap. It measures 40m by 10m and is up to 0.2m high. It is depicted on both the 1st Edition and current OS mapping.

Site Number 119 Site Name Hollow Way, Hagg, Clapham Common NGR SD 73988 70873 YDNPSMR no Site Type Hollow Way Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A linear hollow depression running uphill towards an area of quarrying and sow kilns (OA North Sites 36, 37 and 166). It is orientated west-south-west / east-north-east and measures 136m long by 2m wide and 0.5m deep.

Site Number 120 Site Name Stock Enclosure, Little Knott, Clapham common NGR SD 74190 71400 YDNPSMR no Site Type Stock Enclosure Period Prehistoric to Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A U-shaped stock enclosure located on the south-facing slope beneath the summit of the limestone pavement crag at Little Knott. It is constructed of earth and orthostatic stone banking and overall it measures 16m by 9.5m, with the banks 2m wide and up to 0.5m high. The centre of the enclosure has been cleared of stone.

Site Number 121 Site Name Shooting Stand, Herningside, Clapham Common NGR SD 74452 71911 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A collapsed oval drystone shooting stand. 4m by 3m and 0.4m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 52-55,121 and 167).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 90

Site Number 122 Site Name Round Cairn, Hurnel Moss, Clapham Common NGR SD 74965 71910 YDNPSMR no Site Type Round Cairn Period Bronze Age Sources Walkover Survey Description An oval funerary cairn located on the edge of the exposed limestone pavement to the south of Hurnel Moss. It is constructed of a collection of gritstone stones/boulders. It measures 9m by 7m and survives up to 0.5m high. There is no surface evidence for a kerb or internal cist. The feature is located on the alignment of a modern trackway but this cairn is not a modern boundary/walkers cairn.

Site Number 123 Site Name Round Cairn, Hurnel Moss, Clapham Common NGR SD 74978 71981 YDNPSMR no Site Type Round Cairn Period Bronze Age Sources Walkover Survey Description A possible small circular funerary cairn located on the edge of a shake hole, and just off of the exposed limestone pavement to the south of Hurnel Moss. It is turf-covered but is constructed of a collection of small stones. It measures 3m in diameter and survives up to 0.25m high. There is no surface evidence for a kerb or internal cist. The feature is not modern upcast created by potholing in the shake hole, which evident in the vicinity of some surrounding shake holes.

Site Number 124 Site Name Boundary Stone, Hurnel Moss, Clapham Common NGR SD 75140 72282 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Stone Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A single upright boulder stone levered on end. It is possibly a boundary marker stone and is located on the east side of Hurnel Moss. It measures 1m high by 0.5m square. There are several anchor points drilled into it so it could be used as an anchoring point for giving access to an adjacent shake hole.

Site Number 125 Site Name Hut Circles, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 74021 72065 YDNPSMR no Site Type Hut Circle Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey Description The adjacent earthwork remains of a pair of hut circles that are located within the large coaxial field-system on Cote Gill Head (OA North Site 84). Each circle has earth and stone embanked foundations. The larger circle measures 12m in diameter by 0.4m high. The smaller circle is sub-circular and measures 9m by 8m. They are both cut slightly into the hillside and are each platformed up to form a level internal surface.

Site Number 126 Site Name Boundary Bank, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73856 71876 YDNPSMR no

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 91

Site Type Boundary Bank Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey Description A curvilinear boundary bank associated with the south side of the extensive field-system located at Cote Gill Head. The section identified by walkover survey was orientated roughly south-south-west/north-north-east and runs for 145m between scarped limestone ridges to the east of Harry Horse Stone. The visible northern end possibly marks a turn to the west (only seen on aerial photographs) with a possible extension of the bank running east-south-east / west-north-west for a further 120m to reach the terminal co-axial boundary of the field-system (OA North Site 143).

Site Number 127 Site Name Shooting Stand, Simon Fell Breast, Clapham Common NGR SD 75503 74432 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description An isolated D-shaped drystone shooting stand located on the north side of the footpath on Simon Fell Breast. It measures 2.5m by 1.5m and 1.5m high. The stand is platformed up to form a south-facing firing step.

Site Number 128 Site Name Bield, Clapham Bents, Clapham Common NGR SD 75086 74086 YDNPSMR no Site Type Bield Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A collapsed linear bield wall or a shooting stand. It measures 3m by 0.6m and 0.3m high.

Site Number 129 Site Name Shooting Stand, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74463 73543 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A collapsed D-shaped drystone shooting stand located on the scree slope on the south side of Little Ingleborough. It measures 3m by 2.5m and 0.8m high. It is one of a cluster of such structures at this location (OA North Sites 129-133).

Site Number 130 Site Name Shooting Stand, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74490 73501 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A collapsed D-shaped drystone shooting stand located on the scree slope on the south side of Little Ingleborough. It measures 3m by 2.5m and 0.75m high. It is one of a cluster of such structures at this location (OA North Sites 129-133).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 92

Site Number 131 Site Name Shelter, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74483 73489 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shelter Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A small C-shaped drystone shooting shelter. It is platformed up to 1.5m high onto the scree slope on the south side of Little Ingleborough. Part of a corbelled roof survives on the shelter. It measures 5m by 3.5m and is 2m high. There is an entrance on the west side and an attached shooting stand on the north side. The site is depicted as a shelter on the current OS mapping. It is one of a cluster of such structures at this location (OA North Sites 129-133).

Site Number 132 Site Name Shooting Stand, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74461 73420 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A D-shaped drystone shooting stand located on the scree slope on the south side of Little Ingleborough. It measures 3m by 2m and 0.7m high. It has a small corbelled roof on top. It is one of a cluster of such structures at this location (OA North Sites 129-133).

Site Number 133 Site Name Shooting Stand, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74462 73379 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A C-shaped drystone shooting stand located on the scree slope on the south side of Little Ingleborough. It measures 4m in diameter by 0.6m high. It has possibly been rebuilt or is a modern construction. It is one of a cluster of such structures at this location (OA North Sites 129-133).

Site Number 134 Site Name Bield, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74327 73100 YDNPSMR no Site Type Bield Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A collapsed linear bield wall or a shooting stand. It measures 3m by 1m and 0.7m high.

Site Number 135 Site Name Boundary Cairn, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74130 73088 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Cairn Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 93

Description A rectangular boundary marker cairn. It measures 4m by3m and 1.1m high. There is some structure to it so it is unlikely to be a modern walker's cairn.

Site Number 136 Site Name Boundary Cairn, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74106 73052 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Cairn Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A circular boundary marker or walker's cairn. It measures 1.5m in diameter by 0.7m high.

Site Number 137 Site Name Shooting Stand, Seat Haw, Clapham Common NGR SD 74287 72615 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A collapsed U-shaped drystone shooting stand. It measures 3m by 2.5m and 0.6m high.

Site Number 138 Site Name Boundary Cairn, Seat Haw, Clapham Common NGR SD 74646 72851 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Cairn Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A small sub-circular boundary marker cairn. It measures 1.5m in diameter by 0.3m high.

Site Number 139 Site Name Boundary Cairn, Thack Pot, Clapham Common NGR SD 75025 73073 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Cairn Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A possible oval boundary marker cairn located in an area of scree. It measures 3m by 1.5m and is 0.6m high.

Site Number 140 Site Name Quarries, Cote Gill, Clapham Common NGR SD 73781 71375 YDNPSMR no Site Type Quarry Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A pair of adjacent quarries located on the south-facing flank of the slope at Cote Gill. Both are roughly kidney- shaped and each measure up to 35m by 15m and 2m deep.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 94

Site Number 141 Site Name Shooting Stand, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73966 71948 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description An isolated linear shooting stand located on top of a possible enclosure/structure within the field system on Cote Gill Head (OA North Site 84). It measures 2m by 0.6m and 0.6m high.

Site Number 142 Site Name Boundary Bank, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73816 71855 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Bank Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey Description A fragmentary L-shaped boundary bank with some orthostatic stones. There is a 14m long west-south-west /east-north-east section defined by orthostatic stones then it turns north on the eastern end and runs north for a further 28m as an ephemeral banked feature. The site is probably an eroded part of the extensive Cote Gill Head field-system (OA North Site 84).

Site Number 143 Site Name Boundary Bank, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73751 71922 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Bank Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey Description A long linear terminal co-axial field boundary associated with, and located on, the west side of an extensive field-system on Cote Gill Head. The boundary consists of an earth and stone bank with some orthostatic stones that is up to 1.8m wide by 0.3m high in places. The boundary is orientated roughly north-north-east / south- south-west with a slight kink to the south-west on the southern end, and measures over 475m long. On the south end there is a 140m gap before the boundary continues downslope on the same alignment for a further 178m (OA North Site 153).

Site Number 144 Site Name Shooting Stand, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73693 71961 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A collapsed C-shaped drystone shooting stand located on the edge of a shake hole. It measures 3.5m in diameter by 0.3m high.

Site Number 145 Site Name Boundary Stone, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73639 72024 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Stone

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 95

Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A possible boundary marker stone consisting of a slab of levered up limestone pavement. It is not a natural erratic and does not seem to be a modern structure. It measures 1.5m by 1m and 1.6m high. The surrounding area running south down towards the boundary marker of Harry Horse Stone (OA North Site 110) has several limestone erratics.

Site Number 146 Site Name Shooting Stand, Joseph's Folds, Clapham Common NGR SD 73294 72747 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A collapsed curvilinear drystone shooting stand. It measures 4m by 0.5m and 0.6m high.

Site Number 147 Site Name Shooting Stand, Joseph's Folds, Clapham Common NGR SD 73247 72776 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A collapsed circular drystone shooting stand or small fold. It measures 5m in diameter by 0.6m high.

Site Number 148 Site Name Shooting Stand, High Trough, Clapham Common NGR SD 73177 72093 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A collapsed sub-rectangular drystone shooting stand. It measures 4m by 2m and 0.4m high. It is one of a rough linear group of such structures in the area (OA North Sites 148-152).

Site Number 149 Site Name Shooting Stand, High Trough, Clapham Common NGR SD 73325 72085 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A partially collapsed C-shaped drystone shooting stand. It measures 3m by 2m and 0.6m high. It is one of a rough linear group of such structures in the area (OA North Sites 148-152).

Site Number 150 Site Name Shooting Stand, High Trough, Clapham Common NGR SD 73477 71976 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 96

Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A collapsed linear drystone shooting stand. It measures 3.5m by 0.6m and 0.4m high. It is one of a rough linear group of such structures in the area (OA North Sites 148-152).

Site Number 151 Site Name Shooting Stand, High Trough, Clapham Common NGR SD 73545 71950 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A curvilinear drystone shooting stand. It measures 3m by 1.5m and 0.5m high. It is one of a rough linear group of such structures in the area (OA North Sites 148-152).

Site Number 152 Site Name Shooting Stand, High Trough, Clapham Common NGR SD 73405 72012 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A C-shaped drystone shooting stand. It measures 4m by 2m and 0.6m high. It is one of a rough linear group of such structures in the area (OA North Sites 148-152).

Site Number 153 Site Name Boundary Bank, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73514 71524 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Bank Period Prehistoric Sources Walkover Survey Description A fragmentary linear section of the terminal coaxial boundary located on Cote Gill Head (OA North Site 143). This section is located to the south of the longer section of the boundary and is separated from it by a gap of 140m. This section continues downslope on a north-north-east/south-south-west orientation for a further 178m.

Site Number 154 Site Name Hut Circle, Cote Gill Head, Clapham Common NGR SD 73886 72011 YDNPSMR no Site Type Hut Circle Period Prehistoric Sources Aerial Photography Description A possible hut circle located within the extensive field-system on Cote Gill Head (OA North Site 84). It was only discovered through aerial photography and measures approximately 9m in diameter.

Site Number 155 Site Name Boundary Cairn, Simon Fell Breast, Clapham Common NGR SD 75237 74474 YDNPSMR no

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 97

Site Type Boundary Cairn Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A small boundary marker cairn or collapsed shooting stand located on the eastern bank of Green Hill Sike on Simon Fell Breast. It is roughly constructed and measures 2m by 1.5m and 0.6m high.

Site Number 156 Site Name Boundary Cairn, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74256 73903 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Cairn Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A small boundary marker cairn located on the parish boundary on Little Ingleborough. It measures 1.5m in diameter by 0.4m high.

Site Number 157 Site Name Boundary Cairn, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74297 73435 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Cairn Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A small boundary marker cairn. It measures 2.6m in diameter by 0.4m high.

Site Number 158 Site Name Quarries, Little Ingleborough, Clapham Common NGR SD 74298 73429 YDNPSMR no Site Type Quarry Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; D Johnson Description IC34 - An extensive spread of flagstone delfs around the snout end of the hill, representing a long period of quarrying. D Johnson. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: A pair of large surface quarry scoops located on the south-facing flank and near to the summit of the ridge of Little Ingleborough. The quarries each measure up to a maximum of 63m by 46m and 2m deep. There are several walker's shelters built into them.

Site Number 159 Site Name Hollow Ways, Bleak Bank, Clapham Common NGR SD 72814 71505 YDNPSMR no Site Type Hollow Way Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; D Johnson Description IC9 - It extends for a total distance of 900m, and varies in width and depth, from 300mm to 600mm in both dimensions. It seems to carry no water. It starts at an intersection with Grey Wife Sike close to the cabin and peters out by the intake wall above Bleak Bank, heading west-south-west then west then south-west. It clearly predates the quarries (IC6) and the cabin (IC8) as each has destroyed the line of the ditch on the ground. Initially there are two branches (see sketch) which join at SD7334 7156 where the southern limb is at a lower level, and thus later, than the northern limb which is truncated at this point. There is one short section (4m

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 98 long) in a sandstone-capped culvert (from SD72733 71396) with no obvious reason why this was done. D Johnson. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: A series of ribbon-like hollow ways ascending onto the open common from the intake near to Bleak Bank. In part they are associated with access to various quarries (OA North Sites 103, 160-161 and 163), as well as to the shooting lodge

Site Number 160 Site Name Quarries, Grey Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 72846 71718 YDNPSMR no Site Type Quarry Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; D Johnson Description IC33 - Intermittent series of limestone quarries cut back into a natural outcrop along the contour. D Johnson. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: An amorphous quarry located on the south-facing flank slope of open common below Grey Scars. It measures approximately 52m by 15m.

Site Number 161 Site Name Quarries, Bleak Bank, Clapham Common NGR SD 72706 71301 YDNPSMR no Site Type Quarry Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description An amorphous quarry located immediately outside of the intake wall above Bleak Bank. It measures approximately 39m by 22.5m.

Site Number 162 Site Name Hollow Ways, Crooklands, Clapham Common NGR SD 72997 71305 YDNPSMR no Site Type Hollow Way Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description Several ribbon-like hollow ways running up onto the open common roughly N/S from a gate in the intake wall above Crooklands (OA North Site 165). They are associated with both access onto the common and between two limestone quarries (OA North Sites 33 and 163) and a lime kiln (OA North Site 59).

Site Number 163 Site Name Quarries, Newby Cote, Clapham Common NGR SD 73083 71522 YDNPSMR no Site Type Quarry Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; D Johnson Description IC2 - Extent: the delfs extend over a horizontal distance of nearly 200m; max depth is 2.50m in the largest working but depth averages 1.50m. Width variable. A series of unconnected delfs cut into limestone bedrock, on two levels. It most probably served the lime kiln (IC3). D Johnson. (1) OA North Field Visit 2013: An amorphous quarry located on the south-facing flank slope of open common below Grey Scars. It measures approximately 158m by 34m. It is associated with a limekiln located further downslope (OA North Site 59), which was accessed by a hollow way (OA North Site 162).

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 99

Site Number 164 Site Name Boundary Bank, Cote Gill, Clapham Common NGR SD 73679 71236 YDNPSMR no Site Type Boundary Bank Period Unknown Sources Aerial Photography Description A possible boundary bank located on the south-facing flank slope near Cote Gill. It was only identified on aerial photography through vegetation differentiation. It measures approximately 800m long and runs roughly east/west and crosses Cote Gill on the eastern end. If the site is real then it may form part of the southern end of the coaxial field-system (OA North Site 84).

Site Number 165 Site Name Gateway, Crooklands, Clapham Common NGR SD 72993 71137 YDNPSMR no Site Type Gateway Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; 8859 Description A field gate located in the intake wall above Crooklands. It is immediately on the east side of a sheepfold (OA North Site 78) and would have originally given access up onto the open common via a hollow way (OA North Site 162). There is a small stone in the wall next to the gateway that is inscribed 'W H'.

Site Number 166 Site Name Quarries, Clapdale Scars, Clapham Common NGR SD 74090 70913 YDNPSMR no Site Type Quarry Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey; D Johnson Description IC23 - A series of delfs cut into a natural limestone outcrop, extending lineally for 110m, and up a max width of 5m and max height of 2m. They have a multi-period appearance with some totally grassed over and very shallow, others with distinct rock faces. The earlier phases may have supplied sow kilns (IC24 and 25); the later possibly for walling/building stone. D Johnson. (1) OA North 2013: a series of amorphous quarries located on the steep western edge of the unenclosed portion of Clapdale Scars. Overall the quarries measure approximately 125m by 30m and over 2.5m deep on the rear face. The quarries are associated with two sow kilns (OA North Sites 36 and 37).

Site Number 167 Site Name Shooting Stand, Herningside, Clapham Common NGR SD 74492 71573 YDNPSMR no Site Type Shooting Stand Period Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A collapsed oval drystone shooting stand. 4m diameter and 0.4m high. One of a line of shooting stands (OA North Sites 52-55,121 and 167).

Site Number 168 Site Name Quarries, Cote Haw, Clapham Common

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 100

NGR SD 73312 70783 YDNPSMR no Site Type Quarry Period Medieval to Post-Medieval Sources Walkover Survey Description A series of small surface quarries located on Cote Haw and in the outgang channel up onto the open common above Newby Cote.

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 101

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES Figure 1: Site Location Figure 2: Archaeological and Environmental Sites at Ingleborough/Clapham Common (South) Figure 3: Archaeological and Environmental Sites at Ingleborough/Clapham Common (Centre) Figure 4: Archaeological and Environmental Sites at Ingleborough/Clapham Common (North) Figure 5: Archaeological and Environmental Sites at Ingleborough/Clapham Common and the 1st Edition OS mapping Figure 6: Sketch section of the peat exposed at Site E4 – Simon Fell (SD 75758 74698) Figure 7: Assessment of Impacts of Proposed Works at Ingleborough/Clapham Common

PLATES Plate 1: An oblique aerial view of the survey area, looking north Plate 2: Part of Jeffrey’s map of Yorkshire, dated 1771 Plate 3: Centre of the clustered rock art panel group located on Cote Gill Head (Sites 43 and 60-62 ) Plate 4: Small rock art panel located on Cote Gill Head (Site 61 ) Plate 5: Damaged summit cairn located on the southern end of the scarp at Little Ingleborough (Site 12 ) Plate 6: Putative funerary cairn located at Hurnel Moss (Site 122 ) Plate 7: Possible small funerary cairn located at Hurnel Moss (Site 123 ) Plate 8: The westernmost putative ring cairn located at Newby Moss (Site 48 ) Plate 9: The easternmost putative ring cairn located at Newby Moss (Site 49 ) Plate 10: Round-house located within the co-axial field-system on Cote Gill Head (Site 125 ) Plate 11: Large enclosure bank at the north end of the main co-axial field- system on Cote Gill Head (Site 84 ) Plate 12: Relict stock enclosures and fields within the main co-axial field-system on Cote Gill Head (Site 84 ) Plate 13: Rectangular structure located within the field-system at Herningside (Site 57 ) Plate 14: Enclosure bank surrounding the structure at Herningside (Site 57 ) Plate 15: Aerial view of Ingleborough hillfort (Site 81 ) showing perimeter walls and the annular monuments (© English Heritage)

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 Ingleborough and Clapham Commons, Craven, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Survey Report 102

Plate 16: View of the eastern flank of Ingleborough hillfort (Site 81 ) and the peat erosion on Simon Fell Plate 17: Joseph’s Fold located on Ingleborough Common (Site 77 ) Plate 18: A pair of boundary marker pillars located at Grey Scars (Site 26 ) Plate 19: Boundary marker stone located at Seat Haw (Site 20 ) Plate 20: Sow kiln earthworks located by the intake wall above Newby Cote (Site 101 ) Plate 21: Example of well-constructed semi-sunken drystone shooting stands above Newby Cote (Sites 86-99 ) Plate 22: The ruinous hunting lodge located above Newby Cote (Site 100 ) Plate 23: An area of exposed peat (at Site E3) showing only 0.5m accumulation of peat on mineral soil. Plate 24: Exposed eroded peat ‘apron’ on Simon Fell (Site E4), with exposed peat hags behind and in the distance. Plate 25: An area of upstanding peat on Simon Fell (Site E4), showing the extent of erosion and process of erosion that results in formation of peat ‘aprons’ Plate 26: Section of exposed peat >1m thick, showing cascaded peat hags, located near West Weather Syke on Simon Fell (Site E4)

For the use of Yorkshire Peat Partnership © OA North: May 2014 NEWCASTLE! UPON TYNE CARLISLE!

Site Location

Site Location LANCASTER! 476000 MANCHESTER! LIVERPOOL! scale 1:200,000 Legend

Survey Boundary 472000

372000 376000

Based on the Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 0 0.5 1 with the permission of the controller of HMSO © Crown Copyright License number: AL100005569 Kilometres 1:30,000 @ A4

Figure 1: Site Location 129 12 130 131 Legend 13 14 157 OANorth Site (Point) 158 132 133 OANorth Site (Line) 15 16

OANorth Site (Polygon) 17 Environmental Sites

Study Area 134 135 Individual Hags 136

Hagged Gullies 473000 21 Bare Peat

Grips 77 22

147 146 23

20

137 24

25

49 105 47 48 76 26

116 28 29 115 82 27 148 149 71 114 125 30 145 84 152 60 4362 154 83 113 150 61 144 44

151 112 42 141 472000 41 143 64 121 111 50 126 51 142 109 72 52 108 110 53 107 45 160 106 54 46 104 55

100 167 99 163 153 40 159 39 98 70 97 96 120 38 103 95 140 31 33 94 161 162 93 92 32 91 164 90 59 102 89 78 88 165 87

86 101 79 63 471000 65 166 37 119 68 80 36 34 73 168 74

118 117

85

35

373000 374000

Based on the Ordnance Survey 1:10000 0 125 250 with the permission of the controller of HMSO © Crown Copyright License number: AL100005569 Metres

Figure 2: Archaeological and Environmental Sites at Ingleborough/Clapham Common (South) Legend

OANorth Site (Point) 7 8

OANorth Site (Line) 128

9 OANorth Site (Polygon) 10

Environmental Sites 474000 156 3 Study Area

Individual Hags

11 Hagged Gullies 18

Bare Peat

Grips 129 12 130 131 13 7 14 157 158 132 133 15 16

17

134 135 139 19 136 473000

138 2

1 20

137

49 47 48 124 66

116

125 84 60 4362 154 61 123 44

42 141 472000 143 58 64 121 122 50 126 51 142 72 52 57

45 53 56

54 67 46 55

167 40 39 70

120 38 140

374000 375000

Based on the Ordnance Survey 1:10000 0 125 250 with the permission of the controller of HMSO © Crown Copyright License number: AL100005569 Metres

Figure 3: Archaeological and Environmental Sites at Ingleborough/Clapham Common (Centre) Legend

OANorth Site (Point)

OANorth Site (Line)

OANorth Site (Polygon)

Environmental Sites

Study Area 475000 5 Individual Hags 1 75 Hagged Gullies 6 Bare Peat 2 Grips 4 3 4

5 81 155

6 127

7 8

128

9 10 474000

156 3

11 18

129 12 130 131 13 7 14 157 158 132 133 15 16

17

134 135 139 19 136 473000

138 2

1 20

137

374000 375000 376000

Based on the Ordnance Survey 1:10000 0 125 250 with the permission of the controller of HMSO © Crown Copyright License number: AL100005569 Metres

Figure 4: Archaeological and Environmental Sites at Ingleborough/Clapham Common (North) Legend

OANorth Site (Point)

OANorth Site (Line)

OANorth Site (Polygon)

Environmental Sites

Study Area 475000

Individual Hags

Hagged Gullies

Bare Peat

Grips 474000 473000 472000 471000

372000 373000 374000 375000 376000

Based on the Ordnance Survey 1:10000 0 250 500 with the permission of the controller of HMSO © Crown Copyright License number: AL100005569 Metres

Figure 5: Archaeological and Environmental Sites at Ingleborough/Clapham Common and the 1st Edition OS mapping

Legend Traffic Light Impacts

Red

Amber

1 475000 Green 75

OANorth Site (Line) 2

3 OANorth Site (Polygon) 4

Study Area 5 81 155 Individual Hags 6 127

Hagged Gullies

Bare Peat 8 7 Grips 128 9 10

156 474000

11 18

129 12 130 13 131 14 158 132 133 15 157 16

17

134 135 139 19 136

21 473000 138 77 22 147 146 23 20 137 24

25

47 49 105 76 48 66 124 26 116 28 29 115 27 148 82 149 71 114 125 30 84 152 113 145 60 4362 154 83 123 151 61 141 41 44 58

143 64 472000 150 111 42 121 122 144 50 112 142 51 109 72 52 108 110 126 57 107 45 53 56 160 106 54 67 46 104 55 100 167 163 99 153 40 159 39 98 70 96 97 120 38 103 95 140 31 33 94 161 162 92 93 32 91 164 59 102 89 90 78 87 88 69 165 86 101 79 63

65 166 471000 37 119 68 80 34 36 73 74 168 118 117 85 35

373000 374000 375000

Based on the Ordnance Survey 1:10000 0 250 500 with the permission of the controller of HMSO © Crown Copyright License number: AL100005569 Metres

Figure 7: Assessment of Impacts of Proposed Works at Ingleborough/Clapham Common