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Post-Medieval Colonisation in the Forests of Howland, Knaresborough and Pickering

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Post-Medieval Colonisation in the Forests of Howland, Knaresborough and Pickering THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL POST-MEDIEVAL COLONISATION IN THE FORESTS OF HOWLAND, KNARESBOROUGH AND PICKERING being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. in the University of Hull by MAURICE TURNER, B.Sc., B.A., OCTOBER, 1987 POST-MEDIEVAL COLONISATION IN THE FORESTS OF BOWLAND, KNARESBOROUGH AND PICKERING Contents Preface Chapter I The material of the thesis and the methods of Page 1 investigation Chapter II The medieval background to encroachment Page 7 a) The utilisation of forest land b) The nature of medieval clearance c) Early clearances in the Forest of Pickering d) Medieval colonisation in Bowland Forest e) Migration into Knaresborough Forest after the Black Death f) The medieval settlement pattern in Knaresborough Forest g) Measures of forest land Chapter III Tenures, Rents and Taxes in the Tudor Forests Page 36 a) The evidence of the Tudor Lay Subsidies b) The evidence of manorial rent rolls C) Tudor encroachment on the common wastes Chapter IV The demographic experience of forest Page 53 parishes Chapter V The reasons for encroachment Page 73 a) The problem of poverty in 17th century England b) The evidence for subdivision of holdings c) Changes in the size of tenements with time d) Subdivided holdings in Forests other than Knaresborough Chapter VI Illegal encroachment in the Forest of Knaresborough Page 96 a) The creation of new hamlets 1600 - 1669 b) The slowing down of encroachment in the late 17th century c) The physical form of squatter encroachments as compared to copyholder intakes before 1730 Chapter VII Alternative encroachment practices Page 120 a) New settlements on old agistments in Pickering Forest b) Encroachments based on old nucleated centres in Bowland Forest Chapter VIII Origins and social circumstances of colonists on Page 139 the wastes a) The social structure of Knaresborough Forest townships b) Social composition of the hamlet of Kettlesing c) Social groups and religious beliefs among forest inhabitants d) Evidence of insularity versus accessibility from marriage records e) Household and family relationships in Bowland Contents (cont'd) Chapter IX Trades and occupations Page 163 a) The role of Knaresborough town in financing and organising Forest industry b) Forest trades and occupations c) Ironworkers throughout the Duchy Forests Chapter X Summary and Conclusions Page 195 LIST OF MAPS Map 1 The location of Howland, Knaresborough and Pickering Forests p. 1 Map 2 Townships comprising the Forest and Honour of Pickering pp. 11-12 Map 3 Medieval encroachments in Goathland township , pp. 13-14 Map 4 Ancient farm sites related to Brown Earth Soils in Hartoft pp. 16-17 Map 5 16th century vaccary sites in Howland Forest pp. 20-21 Map 6 Townships comprising the Forest of Knaresborough pp. 22-23 Map 7 Medieval hamlets in the Forest of Knaresborough pp. 30-31 Man 8 Post-medieval hamlets in Knaresborough Forest pp. 103-104 Map 9 Encroachments at Darley (upper) and Hardisty Hill (lower) pp. 109-110 Map 10 Encroachments at Bramley Head and Redshaw in Thruscross pp. 112-113 Map 11 Encroachments (numbered) at Hampsthwaite Hollins pp. 112-113 Map 12 Encroachments (numbered) at High and Low Harrogate pp. 116-117 Map 13 Encroachments in Lockton township pp. 122-123 Map 14 Farm sites relative to Brown Earth Soils in Langdale pp. 129-130 Map 15 The former vaccary of Battris in 1765 pp. 135-136 Map 16 Number of brides or grooms from each 10 km. square of the pp. 149-150 national grid marrying at Knaresborough a partner from that location between 1653 and 1657 inclusive Map 17 Number of brides or grooms from each 10 km. square of the pp. 151-152 national grid marrying at Hackness a partner from that location in the 20 years from 1653 to 1672 inclusive Map 18 Industrial Hearths in 1672 pp. 188-189 iii -LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Tenants at Hartoft in 1334 p.18 Table 2.2 Surnames arising within Knaresborough Forest p.25 Table 2.3 Surnames arising outside Knaresborough Forest p.26 Table 2.4 Surnames of non-specific local origin p.27 Table 3.1 Taxpayers and tenants in Knaresborough Forest 1545-6 p.41 Table 3;2 Analysis of Tudor Rent Rolls for various forest areas p.44 - percentage of tenants in each category Table 3.3 Average tax assessments in 1546 p.46 Table 4.1. Elizabethan baptisms and burials p.55 Table 4.2 17th century baptisms and burials in selected p.58 Yorkshire parishes Table 4.3 Quaker burials in lower Nidderdale p.62 Table 4.4 Analysis of burials in Pateley Bridge, by quarters p.64 Table 4.5 Ages of brides and grooms p.69 Table 5.1 Messuage holdings per tenant from the 1526 Rental, p.78 for the townships of Thruscross, Hill and Bramley,; Fewston; and Killinghall Table 5.2 Distribution of rents (including both old messuages p.79 and new rents) in 1526 for seven Knaresborough Forest townships Table 5.3A Forest acres per messuage in 1349-50 p.80 Table 5.3B Forest acres per messuage between 1585 and 1634 p.80 Table 5.4 The increase in copyholders between the 14th p.82 and 17th centuries Table 5.5 Numbers of Howland Forest tenants in the 16th p.85 and 17th centuries Table 5.6 Goathland tenants in 1599 and 1619-21 p.89 Table 6.1 Forest of Knaresborough cottagers paying 2d fine p.93-99 May 6th 1652 Table 6.2 Encroachment in the Forest of Knaresborough p.100 from 1612 to 1669 Table 6.3 Post-medieval settlement sites in the townships p.103 of the Forest of Knaresborough Table 6.4 Encroachment in the Forest of Knaresborough p.105 from 1612 to 1708 Table 6.5 The numbers of encroachers in 1698, by townships P.107 Table 6.6 Sizes of Knaresborough Forest encroachments, 1778 p.111 Table 6.7 Analysis of encroachment sizes, 1778 p.111 Table 6.8 Analysis of encrOachment sizes for Harrogate p.117 Table 7.1 Admitted encroachments in Pickering Forest, 1580 p.120 Table 7.2 The shares of Langdale in 1651 p.125 Table 7.3 Heads of families in Langdale 1600 - 1720, from p.127 Hackness Parish Register iv LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 8.1 Hampsthwaite marriages by five-year periods p.150 Table 8.2 Ancient leaseholds in the parish of Slaidburn pp.154-155 1631-40 Table 9.1 Knaresborough trading debts (including rents p.171 and loans) 1660 - 1689 Table 9.2 Analysis of occupations in Hampsthwaite parish p.178 1718-22 LIST OF PLATES Plate la Moorland intake at Allentofts (Goathland) Plate lb Assarted area below Allentofts (Goathland) Plate 2 Hawthorn Hill (Goathland) Plate 3 Ancient meadow at Langdale (or Langden) bridge Plate 4 Farmhouse at site of Battris vaccary, Bowland Plate 5 Assarted fields at Brennand vaccary, Bowland Plate 6 Hamlet sites in Menwith and Darley township Plate 7a Hamlet site at Thornthwaite Brow Plate 7b Farmhouse at Mawekiln (now Moke Hill), Menwith and Darley Plate 8 Former encroachment sites at Hole of Horcum, Pickering ABBREVIATIONS Borthwick Paper Miscellaneous papers published for the Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York Clitheroe Farrer W., Court Rolls of the Honour of Clitheroe. Vol. I (1897), Vol. II (1912), Vol. III (1914) Ec.H.R. Economic History Review, Second Series Harrogate Jennings B.(Ed.) A History of Harrogate & Knaresborough, 1970 Kirkstall Kirkstall Abbey Coucher Book, Thoresby Society, Vol. VII1,1904 Knaresborough Wills and Probate Inventories of the Honour of Knaresborough at the West Yorkshire Archive Service, Sheepscar, Leeds. All references in this thesis to these archives give the name of the testator and the date of the document; their individual reference numbers can be found in Knaresborough Wills, Index, Surtees Society, Vol. 110. 1905. L.P.S. Local Population Studies Nidderdale Jennings B.(Ed.) A History of Nidderdale, Second Edition, 1983 N.Y.C.R.O. North Yorkshire County Record Office, Northallerton Pickering Turton R.B.(Ed.) The Honor and Forest of Pickering, North Riding Record Society, Second Series, Vol. I (1894), Vol. II (1895), Vol. III (1896), Vol. IV (1897) P.R.O. Public Record Office Rossendale Tupling G.H., Economic History of Rossendale, Chetham Society, New Series, Vol. 86, 1927 V.C.H. Victoria County History of Yorkshire Y.A.J. Yorkshire Archeological Journal Y.A.S. Yorkshire Archeological Society, 'Claremont', Clarendon Road, Leeds Y.P.R.S. Yorkshire Parish Register Society, (now incorporated in the Y.A.S.) vi BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscript sources 1. Public Record Office a) Records of the Duchy of Lancaster Class DL 29 (Minister's Accounts) 465/7604 Honour of Knaresborough 476/7706 Class DL 30 (Court Rolls) 478/13 Honour of Knaresborough 491/15 493/6 It 494/12/1 et. seq." 495 It 496/11/12 " It 498/9 500/4/5/6 " It 502/12 Class DL 39 (Miscellaneous Surveys) 5/15 Knaresborough Forest Class DL 41 (Miscellaneous leases, conveyances, and surveys) 29/20 Survey of Incroachments in the north parts, 1580 Class DL 42 (Miscellaneous books) 124 Norden's Survey of Pickering Forest, 1619-21 129 Knaresborough Forest encroachments 1698 & 1708 and survey of the mills and the Forest 1564 Class DL 43 (Rentals and surveys - Yorkshire) 10/19 Knaresborough Forest Rental, 1526 Class DL 44 (Special Commissions - Yorkshire) 233 Survey of the bounds of Croasdale (Bowland Forest) 327 Enquiry into pasturage in Bowland Forest 468 Encroachments in the Manor of Slaidburn, 1592 520 Survey of spoil and waste in Bowland Forest 584 Enquiry into an ironworks in Knaresborough Forest 593 Goathland Rental (Pickering Forest) 732 Encroachments in the Manor of Slaidburn, 1606/7 1035 Commons enclosure in the Manor of Slaidburn 1262 Survey of mines in Pickering Forest b) Tudor Lay Subsidies and Restoration Hearth Tax Returns for Yorkshire Class E179 207/188 Staincliffe wapentake, 1546 207/191 Claro wapentake, 1546 212/191 Pickering Lythe wapentake, 1546 208/201 Staincliffe wapentake, 1545 210/393 West Riding, 1664 210/400 West Riding 1672 262/11 West Riding, 1666 c) Parliamentary Surveys for Yorkshire Class E317 Yorks.
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