A Proposed Lexicon-Based Sentiment Analysis Approach for the Vernacular Algerian Arabic
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Different Dialects of Arabic Language
e-ISSN : 2347 - 9671, p- ISSN : 2349 - 0187 EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review Vol - 3, Issue- 9, September 2015 Inno Space (SJIF) Impact Factor : 4.618(Morocco) ISI Impact Factor : 1.259 (Dubai, UAE) DIFFERENT DIALECTS OF ARABIC LANGUAGE ABSTRACT ifferent dialects of Arabic language have been an Dattraction of students of linguistics. Many studies have 1 Ali Akbar.P been done in this regard. Arabic language is one of the fastest growing languages in the world. It is the mother tongue of 420 million in people 1 Research scholar, across the world. And it is the official language of 23 countries spread Department of Arabic, over Asia and Africa. Arabic has gained the status of world languages Farook College, recognized by the UN. The economic significance of the region where Calicut, Kerala, Arabic is being spoken makes the language more acceptable in the India world political and economical arena. The geopolitical significance of the region and its language cannot be ignored by the economic super powers and political stakeholders. KEY WORDS: Arabic, Dialect, Moroccan, Egyptian, Gulf, Kabael, world economy, super powers INTRODUCTION DISCUSSION The importance of Arabic language has been Within the non-Gulf Arabic varieties, the largest multiplied with the emergence of globalization process in difference is between the non-Egyptian North African the nineties of the last century thank to the oil reservoirs dialects and the others. Moroccan Arabic in particular is in the region, because petrol plays an important role in nearly incomprehensible to Arabic speakers east of Algeria. propelling world economy and politics. -
Arabic Sociolinguistics: Topics in Diglossia, Gender, Identity, And
Arabic Sociolinguistics Arabic Sociolinguistics Reem Bassiouney Edinburgh University Press © Reem Bassiouney, 2009 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh Typeset in ll/13pt Ehrhardt by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and East bourne A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 2373 0 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 2374 7 (paperback) The right ofReem Bassiouney to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Contents Acknowledgements viii List of charts, maps and tables x List of abbreviations xii Conventions used in this book xiv Introduction 1 1. Diglossia and dialect groups in the Arab world 9 1.1 Diglossia 10 1.1.1 Anoverviewofthestudyofdiglossia 10 1.1.2 Theories that explain diglossia in terms oflevels 14 1.1.3 The idea ofEducated Spoken Arabic 16 1.2 Dialects/varieties in the Arab world 18 1.2. 1 The concept ofprestige as different from that ofstandard 18 1.2.2 Groups ofdialects in the Arab world 19 1.3 Conclusion 26 2. Code-switching 28 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Problem of terminology: code-switching and code-mixing 30 2.3 Code-switching and diglossia 31 2.4 The study of constraints on code-switching in relation to the Arab world 31 2.4. 1 Structural constraints on classic code-switching 31 2.4.2 Structural constraints on diglossic switching 42 2.5 Motivations for code-switching 59 2. -
Arabic and Contact-Induced Change Christopher Lucas, Stefano Manfredi
Arabic and Contact-Induced Change Christopher Lucas, Stefano Manfredi To cite this version: Christopher Lucas, Stefano Manfredi. Arabic and Contact-Induced Change. 2020. halshs-03094950 HAL Id: halshs-03094950 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03094950 Submitted on 15 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Arabic and contact-induced change Edited by Christopher Lucas Stefano Manfredi language Contact and Multilingualism 1 science press Contact and Multilingualism Editors: Isabelle Léglise (CNRS SeDyL), Stefano Manfredi (CNRS SeDyL) In this series: 1. Lucas, Christopher & Stefano Manfredi (eds.). Arabic and contact-induced change. Arabic and contact-induced change Edited by Christopher Lucas Stefano Manfredi language science press Lucas, Christopher & Stefano Manfredi (eds.). 2020. Arabic and contact-induced change (Contact and Multilingualism 1). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/235 © 2020, the authors Published under the Creative Commons Attribution -
Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education
Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Research University of Oran Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages MAGISTER THESIS OPTION: SOCIOLINGUISTICS THE EMERGENCE OF EDUCATED SPOKEN ARABIC IN ALGERIA Submitted by: Supervised by: KERMA Mokhtar Dr: OUAHMICHE Ghania Members of the Jury Soutenue le 22 Janvier 2015 President : Dr. MOULFI Leila MC(A) University of Oran Supervisor : Dr. OUAHMICHE Ghania MC(A) University of Oran Examiner : Dr.BENHATTAB Abdelkader Lotfi MC(A) University of Oran Examiner : Dr. BOUKRERIS Louafia MC(A) University of Oran 2014/2015 I To all my family my wife my sons MONCIF and MOUANIS my butterfly NOUR EL FAJR I First and foremost, my utmost gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. Ouahmiche Ghania, for her many valuable comments and stimulating suggestions on my work. I am grateful to her for helping me to focus my ideas. I have immensely benefited from her talent in simplifying complex linguistic issues. In the absence of her guidance and assistance, this research work would never been realized. I would like to acknowledge my thesis examiners Dr. MOULFI Leila, Dr.BENHATTAB Abdelkader Lotfi and Dr. BOUKRERIS Louafia at the University of Oran for their constructive suggestions, their mentoring and advice regarding the organization of this research work and its results. Very special thanks go to Dr. Benyamina for his understanding and assistance. II ABSTRACT The present research studies the use of different varieties of Arabic within the Algerian society. The concern of my field research is to try to demonstrate through investigation, and sociolinguistic interpretations the extent to which the Algerians, namely the educated ones, are driven by the necessity to use an intermediate level of Arabic to express themselves. -
A Thesis Entitled a Framework for the Study of the Spread of English In
A Thesis entitled A Framework for the Study of the Spread of English in Algeria: A Peaceful Transition to a Better Linguistic Environment by Kamal Belmihoub Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in English as a Second Language _________________________________________ Melinda Reichelt, PhD, Committee Chair _________________________________________ Mohamed Benrabah, PhD, Committee Member _________________________________________ Ruth A. Hottell, PhD, Committee Member _________________________________________ Patricia R. Komuniecki, PhD, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo May 2012 Copyright 2012, Kamal Belmihoub This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of A Framework for the Study of the Spread of English in Algeria: A Peaceful Transition to a Better Linguistic Environment by Kamal Belmihoub Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in English as a Second Language The University of Toledo May 2012 The first chapter of this thesis provides an overview of Algeria‟s history of linguistic diversity. The same chapter describes the language policy of Arabization, which has dominated Algeria‟s linguistic situation since independence from France in 1962. In the second chapter, this thesis presents a theoretical framework for the study of the spread of English in Algeria, where this language has been making inroads. It is argued that English should play a positive role in promoting a peaceful linguistic environment in the North African country. In the third and final chapter, the above- mentioned framework is applied to Algeria‟s context, analyzing this environment through the lenses of the theoretical considerations suggested by the framework. -
Berber Etymologies in Maltese1
Berber E tymologies in Maltese 1 Lameen Souag LACITO (CNRS – Paris Sorbonne – INALCO) France ﻣﻠﺧص : ﻻ ﯾزال ﻣدى ﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻷﻣﺎزﯾﻐﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﻟطﯾﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺿﺎ، واﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻻﻗﺗراﺣﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﺷورة ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻣﺟﺎل ﻟﯾﺳت ﻣؤﻛدة . ھذه اﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﯾم ﻛل ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟطﯾﺔ اﻗ ُﺗرح ﻟﮭﺎ أﺻل أﻣﺎزﯾﻐﻲ ﻣن ﻗﺑل، ﻓﺗﺳﺗﺑﻌد ﺧﻣﺳﯾن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ وﺗﻘﺑل ﻋﺷرﯾن . ﻛﻣﺎ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻘﺗرح ﻟﻠﻣرة اﻷوﻟﻰ أﺻوﻻ أﻣﺎزﯾﻐﯾﺔ ﻟﺳﺗﺔ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺎﻟطﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر ھذه اﻟﺳﺑﻌﯾن، وھﻲ " أﻛﻠﺔ ﻟزﺟﺔ " ، " ﺻﻐﯾر " ، " طﯾر اﻟوﻗواق " ، " ﻧﺑﺎت اﻟدﯾس " ، " أﻧﺛﻰ اﻟﺣﺑ ﺎر " ، واﻟﺗﺻﻐﯾر ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺄﻧﯾث . ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ھذه اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ، ﺗﻔﺣص اﻟﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻟدﻻﻟﻲ ﻟدى اﻟﻣﻔردات اﻟدﺧﯾﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻷﻣﺎزﯾﻐﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻧظرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﺑﯾن اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ واﻷﻣﺎزﯾﻐﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻓرﯾﻘﯾﺔ ﻗﺑل وﺻول ﺑﻧﻲ ھﻼل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ Abstract : The extent of Berber lexical influence on Maltese remains unclear, and many of the published etymological proposals are problematic. This article evaluates the reliability of existing proposed Maltese etymologies involving Berber, excluding 50 but accepting 20, and proposes new Berbe r etymologies for another six Maltese words ( bażina “overcooked, sticky food”, ċkejken “small”, daqquqa “cuckoo”, dis “dis - grass, sparto”, tmilla “female cuttlefish used as bait”), as well as a diminutive formation strategy using - a . Based on the results, it examines the distribution of the loans found, in the hope of casting light on the context of Arabic - Berber contact in Ifrīqiyah before the arrival of the Banū Hilāl. Keywords: Maltese, Berber, Amazigh, etymology, loanword s 1 The author thanks Marijn van Putten, Karim Bensoukas, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper, and Abdessalem Saied for providing Nabuel data. © The International Journal of Arabic Linguistics (IJAL) Vol. -
Attitudes Towards Diglossia in an Algerian Educational Context: an Investigation of the Primary Level in Tlemcen
Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Volume 10. Number 1. March 2019 Pp.314-323 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol10no1.26 Attitudes towards Diglossia in an Algerian Educational Context: An Investigation of the Primary Level in Tlemcen Chahrazed HAMZAOUI Department of Letters and Languages Belhadj Bouchaib University Centre AinTémouchent, Algeria Abstract Since diglossia has an immense impact on formal instruction, the present paper aims to detect teachers’ as well as pupils’ attitudes towards the forms of Arabic at play, Modern Standard Arabic on the one hand and Algerian Arabic on the other. To achieve the aims of this study, and try to find an answer as to the way teachers and learners react to Modern Standard Arabic and Algerian Arabic in attitudinal terms inside the school context, two instruments were utilized to collect data. First, a questionnaire was administered to a sample consisting of 12 teachers and then, the matched-guise technique was designed to 72 pupils from two different primary schools. Based on both a quantitative and qualitative approaches, the findings of this empirical study reveal that both teachers and pupils display positive attitudes towards Modern Standard Arabic since it is granted an outstanding predominance and prestige in the community, especially because of its tight association with the Qur’an. However, the findings also reveal that pre-school grade pupils hold a less positive attitude towards Modern Standard Arabic and favour Algerian Arabic instead. Keywords: Algerian arabic, attitudes, diglossia, modern standard arabic, pupils, teachers Cite as: HAMZAOUI, C. (2019). Attitudes towards Diglossia in an Algerian Educational Context: An Investigation of the Primary Level in Tlemcen. -
Arabic Language Modeling with Stem-Derived Morphemes for Automatic Speech Recognition
ARABIC LANGUAGE MODELING WITH STEM-DERIVED MORPHEMES FOR AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ilana Heintz, B.A., M.A. Graduate Program in Linguistics The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Prof. Chris Brew, Co-Adviser Prof. Eric Fosler-Lussier, Co-Adviser Prof. Michael White c Copyright by Ilana Heintz 2010 ABSTRACT The goal of this dissertation is to introduce a method for deriving morphemes from Arabic words using stem patterns, a feature of Arabic morphology. The motivations are three-fold: modeling with morphemes rather than words should help address the out-of- vocabulary problem; working with stem patterns should prove to be a cross-dialectally valid method for deriving morphemes using a small amount of linguistic knowledge; and the stem patterns should allow for the prediction of short vowel sequences that are missing from the text. The out-of-vocabulary problem is acute in Modern Standard Arabic due to its rich morphology, including a large inventory of inflectional affixes and clitics that combine in many ways to increase the rate of vocabulary growth. The problem of creating tools that work across dialects is challenging due to the many differences between regional dialects and formal Arabic, and because of the lack of text resources on which to train natural language processing (NLP) tools. The short vowels, while missing from standard orthography, provide information that is crucial to both acoustic modeling and grammatical inference, and therefore must be inserted into the text to train the most predictive NLP models. -
Croft's Cycle in Arabic: the Negative Existential Cycle in a Single Language
Linguistics 2020; aop David Wilmsen* Croft’s cycle in Arabic: The negative existential cycle in a single language https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0021 Abstract: Thenegativeexistentialcyclehasbeenshowntobeoperativein several language families. Here it is shown that it also operates within a single language. It happens that the existential fī that has been adduced as an example of a type A in the Arabic of Damascus, Syria, negated with the standard spoken Arabic verbal negator mā, does not participate in a negative cycle, but another Arabic existential particle does. Reflexes of the existential particle šay(y)/šē/šī/ši of southern peninsular Arabic dialects enter into a type A > B configuration as a univerbation between mā and the existential particle ši in reflexes of maši. It also enters that configuration in others as a uni- verbation between mā, the 3rd-person pronouns hū or hī, and the existential particle šī in reflexes of mahūš/mahīš.Atthatpoint,theexistentialparticlešī loses its identity as such to be reanalyzed as a negator, with reflexes of mahūš/mahīš negating all manner of non-verbal predications except existen- tials. As such, negators formed of reflexes of šī skip a stage B, but they re- enter the cycle at stage B > C, when reflexes of mahūš/mahīš begin negating some verbs. The consecutive C stage is encountered only in northern Egyptian and southern Yemeni dialects. An inchoate stage C > A appears only in dialects of Lower Egypt. Keywords: Arabic dialects, grammaticalization in Arabic, linguistic cycles, standard negation, negative existential cycle, southern Arabian peninsular dialects 1 Introduction The negative existential cycle as outlined by Croft (1991) is a six-stage cycle whereby the negators of existential predications – those positing the existence of something with assertions analogous to the English ‘there is/are’–overtake the role of verbal negators, eventually replacing them, if the cycle continues to *Corresponding author: David Wilmsen, Department of Arabic and Translation Studies, American University of Sharjah P.O. -
Identification of Languages in Algerian Arabic Multilingual Documents
Identification of Languages in Algerian Arabic Multilingual Documents Wafia Adouane and Simon Dobnik CLASP, Department of FLoV University of Gothenburg, Sweden {wafia.adouane,simon.dobnik}@gu.se Abstract used to refer to the altering of words from one lan- guage into another. This paper presents a language identifi- There is no clear-cut distinction between bor- cation system designed to detect the lan- rowings and code-switching, and scholars have guage of each word, in its context, in different views and arguments. We based our work a multilingual documents as generated on (Poplack and Meechan, 1998) where the au- in social media by bilingual/multilingual thors consider borrowing as the adaptation of lex- communities, in our case speakers of Al- ical items, with a phonological and morphological gerian Arabic. We frame the task as integration, from one language to another. Oth- a sequence tagging problem and use su- erwise, it is a code-switching, at single lexical pervised machine learning with standard item, phrasal or clausal levels, either the lexical methods like HMM and Ngram classifi- item/phrase/clause exists or not in the first lan- cation tagging. We also experiment with guage.1 We will use “language mixing” as a gen- a lexicon-based method. Combining all eral term to refer to both code-switching and bor- the methods in a fall-back mechanism and rowing. introducing some linguistic rules, to deal We frame the task of identifying language mix- with unseen tokens and ambiguous words, ing as a segmentation of a document/text into se- gives an overall accuracy of 93.14%. -
General Introduction
Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Es-Senia- Oran Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages English Section Magister Dissertation in Sociolinguistics Language Contact and Language Management in Algeria A Sociolinguistic Study of Language Policy in Algeria Submitted by: Miss. Sarra GHOUL Members of the Jury: President: MOULFI Leila MCA- University of Oran Supervisor: BENHATTAB Abdelkader Lotfi MCA- University of Oran Examiner: LAKHDAR BARKA Ferida MCA- University of Oran Examiner: ABDELHAY Bakhta MCA- University of Mostaganem 2012-2013 DEDICATION To my beloved mother, This dissertation is lovingly dedicated to you mama Your support, encouragement, and constant love have sustained me throughout my life. ―Mom you are the sun that brightens my life‖. I am at this stage and all the merit returns to you mom. I love you … THANK YOU for everything. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude to all those people who supported me and contributed in making this thesis possible. First and above all, I praise ALLAH, the Almighty for blessing, protecting, and guiding me to proceed successfully. I could never have accomplished this work without the faith I have in the Almighty. This thesis appears in its current form due to the assistance and guidance of several people. I would therefore like to offer my sincere thanks to all of them. Dr. Benhattab Abdelkader Lotfi, my esteemed supervisor, my cordial thanks for accepting me as a magister student, your encouragement, thoughtful guidance, and patience. Dr. Boukereris Louafia, I greatly appreciate your excellent assistance and guidance. -
Corpus of the Algerian Dialect Cdalg: Linguistic Rules of Decision
Corpus of the Algerian dialect CDalg: linguistic rules of decision Abdel Hakim Benali 1, Mohamed Hédi Maaloul 2, Lamia Hadrich Belguith1 1 Faculty of Economics and Management of Sfax 2 Hail University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia a.hakim.benali,mohamedmaaloul,[email protected] om Abstract. In this article, we present a method for the automatic detection of the Algerian dialect, basing on the data dictionary and the morphology of the word Thus, we intend to present in this article, and in the first place, the method adopted for the collection of data. Second, we will aim to explore the detection rules extracted from the data corpus. Thirdly, we will explain our method of iden- tifying the Algerian dialect Keywords: Algerian dialect, Collection, Transcription, dialect identification, decision rules. Resumé. Dans cet article, nous présentons une méthode de détection automa- tique du dialecte algérien, basée sur le dictionnaire de données et la morphologie du mot. Nous avons donc l'intention de présenter dans cet article, et en premier lieu, la méthode adoptée pour la collections des données. Deuxièmement, nous aimerons explorer les règles de détection du corpus de données. Troisièmement, nous expliquerons notre méthode d'identification du dialecte algérien Mots-clés: Dialecte algérien, collection donnée, transcription, identification de dialecte, règles des décisions. 1 Introduction The identification of any spoken language is instantaneous. When the speaker speaks, we will identify the language used without difficulty. This strategy, although at first glance easy, is of particular interest to us. Our ambition is to adapt, exploit and share it with automatic techniques [1]. Language detection automation is one of the most interesting areas for TAL researchers.