Fine Scaling the design of the Marine Management Areas: 2nd inshore research expedition report Author: Dr Ander M. de Lecea, Project Manager

South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute

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Contents Logistics ...... 3 Vessel ...... 3 Dates ...... 3 Team members ...... 3 Acknowledgements ...... 4 Main equipment ...... 4 Priority goals brief description (see objectives section below for full details) ...... 4 Overview ...... 5 Objectives ...... 5 Methodology ...... 6 Survey sites ...... 6 Non-SCUBA surveys ...... 7 Environmental data ...... 7 Side-scan sonar ...... 7 Deep-water Camera ...... 8 ROV work ...... 8 SCUBA survey ...... 8 Mobile animal counts ...... 8 Quadrant photography ...... 8 JNCC habitat types ...... 8 Collaborations ...... 9 Dr Marina Costa, SAERI (Falkland Islands) ...... 9 Heather Glon, PhD student at Ohio State University (US) ...... 9 Dr Claire Goodwin, Huntsman Marine Science Centre (Canada) ...... 9 Dr Angie Diaz, University of Concepcion (Chile) ...... 10 Data collected and some preliminary analyses ...... 11 Oceanographic data ...... 11 Side-Scan sonar ...... 12 Deep-water camera ...... 12 SCUBA surveys ...... 14 ROV dives ...... 15 Collaborations ...... 16 Heather Glon, PhD student at Ohio State University (US) ...... 16 Dr Claire Goodwin, Huntsman Marine Science Centre (Canada) ...... 16 Data ...... 17 Acknowledgments ...... 17 Appendix 1: Event log of the expedition ...... 19

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Logistics Vessel Golden Fleece – Skipper Dion Poncet

Dates 14th November 2019 – 26th November 2019

Team members  Ander de Lecea (SAERI/MMA Project Manager) – Expedition Leader  Paul Brickle – until 21/11 (SAERI Director) – Dive Officer/Scientist  Marina Costa (SAERI/MMA Project Officer) – Scientist  Claire Goodwin (Researcher at the Huntsman Ocean Sciences Océaniques) – Scientist  Angie Dominique Díaz Lorca (Assistant Professor at the Universidad de Conception) – Scientist  Heather Glon - until 21/11 (Ph.D. Graduate Student at the Ohio State University) – Scientist  Sacha Cleminson - from 21/11 (RSPB) – Scientist  Joost Pompert - from 21/11 (Georgia Seafoods) – Scientist/Dive Officer from the 21st Nov  Juliette Hennequin – Golden Fleece skipper and crew  Dion Poncet – Golden Fleece skipper and crew

Figure 1. Members of the expedition at jetty. Left to right, starting on the front row: H. Glon, A. Diaz, J. Hennequin; back row: D. Poncet, A. de Lecea, J. Pompert, S. Cleminson, C. Goodwin, P. Brickle and M. Costa

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Acknowledgements Research would not have been possible without the funding from the following organizations 1) Darwin Initiative (DPLUS071); 2) Falkland Islands Government (FIG), and; 3) The Shackleton Scholarship Fund. Please ensure that these organizations are acknowledge on any communications/work relating to samples collected during this research expedition. This research was undertaken under permit 48/2018.

Main equipment used ● MMA project: o Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) + fluorometer o Deep-water camera o Side-scan sonar o BlueRobotics ROV ● SMSG (Shallow Marine Survey Group): o Underwater cameras (1 x macro and 2 x wide angle) o Various diving equipment items ● SAERI o Gladius mini-ROV

Priority goals brief description (see objectives section below for full details) Full details in the brief description section below.

 High priority for MMA project: o Photo-quadrats of the sea floor in the localities of Cape Dolphin/Elephant Beach, Bird Islands, and Queen Charlotte Bay) by diving (>20m) and using the deep camera (<-20m). Lead: SAERI-MMA o Side-scan of the sea floor in the three localities cited above; at least along transects. Lead: SAERI-MMA o CTD deployment in the three localities cited above. Lead: SAERI-MMA o ROV photo and videos of the sea floor Lead: SAERI-MMA  Other priorities not directly link to MMA project: o Tissue sampling of Commerson's and Peale's dolphins Lead: SAERI-MMA o Collection of echinoderms, molluscs, and bivalves, the latter mainly from the intertidal zone for molecular ecology. Lead: Angie Díaz Lorca o Collection of various anemones species. Lead: Heather Glon o Collection of various sponge species. Lead: Claire Goodwin o Cetacean observation Lead: SAERI-MMA o Coastal monitoring from the sea to verify the presence of solid waste, in particular plastic. Lead: Falkland Conservation o Sample collection (benthic organisms, algae, genetics)

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Overview This was the second research expedition conducted for the Darwin Plus Project Fine Scaling of the Marine Management Areas (MMA Project Number: DPLUS071). The project builds on SAERI’s previous Marine Spatial Planning projects. These previous projects are the Falkland Islands Marine Spatial Planning project (DPLUS027 2014-2016). Following the successful conclusion of DPL027, FIG appointed SAERI to undertake a second phase of the Marine Spatial Planning project (Marine Spatial Planning Phase II; July 2016 to May 2017), which included an Assessment of Fishing Closure Areas as Sites (AFCAS) as potential marine management areas (MMAs), to be assessed against international criteria for Marine Protected Areas.

The main objective of this research expedition was to collect benthic data and specimens in three main areas of the Falkland Islands that were highlighted through the AFCAS report as being potential MMAs (Figure 1). These areas were Bird Island and the southern cost of (hereafter Area 1); the coast around Queen Charlotte Bay (hereafter Area 2 - all work in this area is funded by the Shackleton Scholarship fund); and the western islands of the Jason’s Islands and nearby (hereafter Area 3) (See figure 1). The expedition lasted 12 days from mid-day of the 14th to mid-day of the 26th of November 2019, and as other fieldwork around the Falkland Islands, the work was very weather dependent.

Table 1. Type of data collected. Event Type of data and/or frequency Dive JNCC Photo Transect (~20) Sample collection Deep camera (DC) JNCC Photo Transect (~1) Video ROV JNCC Photo Video CTD CTD Text file – when deep camera or ROV are deployed Scan Sonar (SO) Sonar file Cetacean observation Navigation/sighting data (during transfer) Dolphin biopsy Tissue sample and spreadsheet data(during transfer) Coastal monitoring for plastic Photo (whenever possible) Samples collected Angie, Claire and Heather: list of species collected

Objectives ● The main objective of the research expedition was to collect benthic information in poorly studied areas identified as potential MMAs, in order to quantify benthic habitats and understand species distributions. ● Specific objectives were: o To survey the marine flora and fauna of Bird Island, Queen Charlotte Bay and the quantitatively and qualitatively in order to make direct comparisons, at a community level, with other sites surveyed on previous SMSG expeditions. o To gain information on species distributions and relative abundance, geographically, around the Falkland Islands o To collect deep-water photography and video in order to quantify biodiversity below diving depth o To collect side-scan data in order to identify seafloor sedimentary composition o To collect physico-chemical data using a CTD o To collect specimens for collaborators from other institutions

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Methodology Under the Conservation of Wildlife and Nature Ordinance 1999: Section 9, all sampling and collection conducted during this field trip for the MMA project was done under the Research Licence 48/2018. Other licences were used for spin-off projects and are stated below in the relevant sections. Permits were issued by the Environmental Unit, Directorate of Policy and Economic Development, FIG.

Survey sites A total of 194 events, i.e. moments in which data was being collected such as dives, CTD deployment etc. were recorded during this expedition (Fig. 1; Table 2). A total of 20 new sites were surveyed using SCUBA (Fig. 1), which equalled to 58 dives (Table 2). At each site two different depths were sampled, these were shallower than 10m (‘shallow’ transect) and deeper than 10m (‘deep’ transect) spanning the range available, depending on the profile. Additionally, in 16 stations dive teams were dedicated to animal collections, while in nine stations a diver was dedicated to macro photography (one macro dive was cancelled due to poor visibility). A full expedition event log is available in Appendix I.

In addition to the SCUBA effort, the deep-water camera was deployed 78 times, with depths ranging from 6.2m to 85.2m. Almost 1 km2 of side-scan data were also collected to the East of Bird Island. There was an issue with the side-scan around Queen Charlotte Bay and after it was fixed, the weather was not suitable for side-scan deployment around the Jason Islands.

A total of 28 CTD deployments were successfully completed.

Table 2. Summary of number of events per category. Activity Count of Event Type CTD 28 Deep Camera 78 Dives 58 Dolphin genetic 16 ROV dives 11 Side scan sonar 1 Snorkelling 2 Surface collection 1 Grand Total 194

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Figure 2. Map of the events that took place during the second inshore survey.

Non-SCUBA surveys Environmental data A ValePort FastCTD was used to collect physical data. The CTD was deployed at every station where SCUBA surveys were conducted. Additionally, the CTD was deployed in the centre of Queen Charlotte Bay, as well as in the beginning of a deep-water camera surveys.

Side-scan sonar A Tritech StarFish 452F Pro System was used for side-scan data collection. A total area of 0.87 km2 was scanned to the east of Bird Island. More stations were planned in Queen Charlotte Bay and the Jason Islands Group (Fig 2).However, we had technical issues with the side-scan in Queen Charlotte Bay, and the weather not being suitable around the Jason Islands meant that no other side-scan data was collected.

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Deep-water Camera We deployed a deep-water camera to collect seafloor data, when seafloor depth was too deep for SCUBA survey. The deep-water camera consisted of a GitUP in a GroupBin Passive Video Basic Underwater Housing kit, with two programmable underwater video lights, Nautilux, all housings are rated to a depth of 1750m. In order to deploy the camera, a locally based engineer assembled a frame and tripod legs, which enabled the camera to sit 80cm above the seafloor, photographing an area of 1.0 x 1.0 m. When deployed on the seafloor, the tripod legs were 1.22m apart. The camera was deployed a total of 78 times.

ROV work There were two ROV available to the expedition, an eight propeller Blue Robotics ROV with a 300 m tether and a smaller 3 propeller Gladius with a 100 m tether.

SCUBA survey Mobile animal counts Two 20 m transects were conducted at most sites. All mobile animals greater than 2 cm in length and lying within 1m either side of the transect were counted and recorded on an underwater slate. In addition to the mobile animals the number of kelp stipes within the 40 m2 area were also counted.

Quadrant photography At each site and on each transect a photograph was taken of a 0.25 m2 quadrat placed every metre along the 20 m transect. The photographs were taken with a Nikon D90 and Nikon D700 in Ikelite housings respectively with dome ports and wide-angle lenses, and a single Ikelite strobe. Individual animals will be counted in the quadrats and percent area cover will be determined using PhotoQuad software. These data will be used to examine community structure and will be compared between sites and depths. The community data will help the MMA project, along with SMSG data, to fine tune habitat structure at a later date.

JNCC habitat types JNCC Sublittoral Habitat Forms were filled in post dive, documenting substrate type, exposure and the relative abundances of the species encountered. These data will be entered into the Marine Recorder database and will be used in conjunction with the quadrat data to fine tune habitat classification for the Falkland Islands.

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Specimen photography

In certain dives, a team of divers were sent specifically to do macro photography of the subtidal environment. This will be able to be used as a record for species presence, as well as for improving the SMSG species catalogue. This was done in situ using a Nikon D90 with a macro lens in an Ikelite housing with a macro port. If rare, other specimens were brought to the surface and photographed with a macro lens and then fixed for the reference collection.

Collaborations Dr Marina Costa, SAERI (Falkland Islands) Dr Costa took tissue samples and identification photos of two common cetacean species, Commerson’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) and Peale’s dolphin (Lagenorhynchus australis), in the Falkland Islands. These photos and samples will aid in the characterization of their populations. This work will also add towards the data collected by Dr Costa while she was the project manager of the Darwin+ funded project DPLUS042, Dolphins of the Kelp. A total of 16 tissue samples were collected during this expedition. Research Licence Permit No.: R04/2016.

The collection of the tissue sample is a non-surgical technique involving the collection of a small sample of skin and blubber using a biopsy dart deployed during surveys. The duration of the biopsy sampling is essentially instantaneous, as the dart strikes the animal and immediately recoils from the force of impact. The vessel must approach the dolphins slowly to reduce the potential for behavioural disturbance. Samples are then preserved in 96% EtOH for genetic analysis.

Heather Glon, PhD student at Ohio State University (US) Specimens of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) were collected by hand via SCUBA (down to 20 m) or within the intertidal by snorkelling. Each species encountered had at least two specimens collected, if possible, with one specimen preserved for genetic analysis and one specimen preserved for morphology. Preservation of individuals for morphology consisted of muscle relaxation using clove oil and subsequent fixation in 10% formalin. Preservation of individuals (or a clip of the same individual if only one was found) for genetics were preserved in 96% EtOH for genetic analysis, with one full change of ethanol within a 24 hrs to a week of collection. Specimens of hydroids and nudibranchs were collected and preserved in 96% ethanol. Research Licence Permit No.: R33/2019.

Dr Claire Goodwin, Huntsman Marine Science Centre (Canada) Dr Goodwin collected and photographed a variety of sponge species at each location. Each sponge was photographed in situ to obtain a record of its external appearance. Then a small piece of the sponge tissue was cut using a knife and placed in a numbered bag which could later be linked with the photographs. One hundred and sixteen sponge samples were taken. The sponge tissue was preserved in 95% ethanol. Small sub-samples were preserved separately for genetic sequencing. In the laboratory tissue sections and spicule preparations will be made from the sponges to allow them to be identified. This research will

9 complement two earlier studies of sponges using similar methodology at the Jason Islands and Beauchêne and Sea lion Islands. Research Licence Permit No.: R39/2019.

Dr Angie Diaz, University of Concepcion (Chile) Dr Diaz’s main project ‘Genomics Antarctic Biodiversity (GAB)’ proposes to examine the geographic distribution of genetic diversity of several taxa along their distribution in the Southern Ocean, along Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions, including Falkland Islands. Her team also aim to understand the historical and contemporary effects of climate change on the diversification, demographic history, and adaptation of the Antarctic biodiversity (including microorganisms, invertebrate and vertebrate species) based on the genomic data.

Dr Diaz collected a variety of benthic organisms such as chitons, limpets, crustaceans, echinoderms, gastropods and bivalves. Overall, a total of 17 different species were collected and preserved in 96% EtOH for genetic analysis. For each one of the sampled species Dr Diaz will determine the levels of molecular divergence, to compare among congeneric species of these taxa from different provinces in the Southern Ocean and estimate the divergence time between the different evolutionary units identified by molecular phylogenetic reconstructions using different markers and methods. The information contained in their DNA sequences will allow to estimate rhythms and trends in the diversification of genetic lineages of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic taxa. Molecular-based analyses at different temporal and spatial scales will help to improve our understanding about the biogeographical patterns in these taxa and to test the role of variance and/or dispersal in the current distribution of them. Research Licence Permit No.: R38/2019.

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Data collected and some preliminary analyses Oceanographic data The CTD was cast several times throughout the expedition. The results showed different conditions in n Queen Charlotte Bay (QCB) and Jason Islands, when compared to Bird Island (Fig. 3). In particular, surface water temperature down to 10 m were cooler in Bird Island when compared to the Jason Islands and Queen Charlotte Bay, with differences of up to 1.1 ˚C.

Primary productivity also differed between each region. Specifically, Mid-QCB having an average value of 9.6±2.1 µg/l compared to 1.7±0.6 µg/l for the Jason Islands or 1.1±0.03 µg/l Bird Island (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Four CTD data examples recorded from the three different focal areas. QCB stands for Queen Charlotte Bay. Mid indicates that the CTD cast was conducted in the middle of the Bay.

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Side-Scan sonar A total of 0.87 km2 were recorded with the side-scan sonar of Bird Island. In figure 4 you can see the partially processed data collected in this expedition. The North-West area of the side-scan represents rocky outcrops, which was verified with the deep-water camera (see Deep-water camera section below for more details.

Bird Islands

Figure 4. Side-scan sonar data. Rugged section on the east, north-northeast section of the data represents reef area, while the smoother section represents sand. Deep-water

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Deep-water camera We deployed the deep-water camera a total of 78 times, of which only 5 were unsuccessful. Unsuccessful deployments were due to seaweed making it impossible for the camera to land straight on the seafloor. We solved our earlier issue of the camera tumbling over by having the lights on all the time during deployment, and therefore not having to have a period of waiting between landing and the lights switching on, which was allowing the boat to drift from the spot and the camera to drag. Towards the end of the expedition some water entered the cables, which resulted in the camera not functioning to its full capabilities (one light was used instead of two). The deep-water camera deployment was weather dependent.

Figure 5. Examples of successful seafloor photographs taken by the deep-water camera.

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SCUBA surveys A total of 58 dives were conducted during this expedition, in teams of either two or three divers. Some dives involved a mixture of transect, sample collection or/and macro photography. Overall 39 dives where transects with quadrat photography (therefore around 780 quadrat photographs were taken for later analysis in the laboratory). In 41 dives, there were specimens collected and another seven dives included macro photography. There was also one snorkel event in Queen Charlotte Bay, for which a JNCC form was filled.

Figure 6. Examples of quadrat photography collected during the inshore survey.

Figure 7. Loligo squid swimming inshore to spawn. Picture taken by H. Glon during a dive safety stop off Bird Island.

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ROV dives Although not quantitative, a total of 11 ROV dives were conducted in order to understand the environment at depths greater than 20m or in situations where the divers were unable to dive, such as the maximum numbers of dives allowed for the day.

Figure 8. Footage from Blue Robotics ROV.

Figure 9. Footage from Gladius ROV during a night dive.

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Collaborations Heather Glon, PhD student at Ohio State University (US) Sixty-six specimens of sea anemones were collected, representing nine identified species and 24 specimens of species unable to be identified at the time. Three specimens of nudibranchs and four specimens of hydroids were also collected in ethanol for collaborators. Notably, two new locations of the non-native Metridium senile (Linneaus, 1761) were recorded at Bird Island and in the Jason Islands. Previously, Metridium senile had only been seen at in the Falkland Islands.

Future analyses and planned outcomes Specimens of sea anemones will be examined by Heather Glon and Meg Daly (The Ohio State University), and by their collaborators Estefania Rodriguez (American Museum of Natural History) and Vreni Häussermann (Huinay Scientific Field Station, Chile). Nudibranchs and hydroids will be sent to Bernard Picton (National Museum Northern Ireland) or to Vreni Häussermann and her collaborators for identification and sequencing.

Sea anemones will be sequenced for up to six gene regions (ITS, 18S, 28S, COIII, 12S, 16S) using Sanger sequencing for phylogenetic analyses and species confirmations via DNA. Specimens requiring identification will be morphologically examined in addition to genetic analysis, which consists of histology for the internal structures and measurements of the cnidom via microscopy. Any new species will be described using morphological and DNA data.

A manuscript outlining the presence of Metridium senile in the Falkland Islands is forthcoming, encompassing the occurrences in Stanley Harbour as well as those at Bird Island and the Jason Islands. This will be followed by a manuscript regarding the potential origin of southern hemisphere populations of M. senile when compared genetically with northern hemisphere populations. There are populations of M. senile in Chile, Argentina, and South Africa also documented, and the Falkland Islands will be a strong addition to understanding potential sources and vectors of introduced marine species in the southern hemisphere.

A manuscript containing the list or inventory of sea anemones of the Falkland Islands was submitted for publication, pending identification of species. Identifications and photographs will also be included in SMSG and SAERI identification guides.

Dr Claire Goodwin, Huntsman Marine Science Centre (Canada) From previous surveys in the Falkland Islands, in collaboration with SMSG, 21 species new to science were described. Until laboratory work is completed it is not possible to determine the full list of species found. However, it was possible to recognise several of species described from the last surveys, that were new to science. This extends the known geographic range of many of them. Several morpho-species recorded had not been recorded from previous surveys and are likely to be new records for the Falkland Islands, or potentially new to science. It was noted that Queen Charlotte Bay has particularly diverse sponge communities which were distinct to the more oceanic influenced communities previously surveyed. The survey results will be written up as a scientific paper. Specimens will be retained in the Atlantic Reference Centre Museum. Specimens will be genetically sequenced (C01 and 28S) and the sequences uploaded to relevant international repositories. As specimens were not sequenced for the last two surveys this will

16 form the basis of a sequence library for Falkland sponges. Claire also searched for non-native ascidian species. However, aside from records of Ciona intestinalis on the FIPASS docks in Stanley, none were noted.

Data All data collected during this fieldwork will be stored at SAERI, with a second copy being kept in the SMSG hard-drive. The benthic data has already been stored in the Marine Recorder data centre, and in addition, a metadata entry will stored in the IMS-Data centre.

Acknowledgments This work would not have been possible without the funding provided by the UK Government through the Darwin Initiative (Ref.: DPLUS071) as well as the Environmental Studies Budget provided by FIG and the Shackleton Scholarship Fund. A big thank you to the Shallow Marine Surveys Group (SMSG), a partner in the project, for providing the diving equipment and access to their volunteer list. The crew of the Golden Fleece (Dion Poncet and Juliette Hennequin) get a big thanks from the MMA team for looking after our safety, helping out with the surveys and overall ensuring that the atmosphere was always light and entertaining on board. Thanks also go to Clare Goodwin, Heather Glon and Angie Diaz, whom although their main focus was their own work, their help was invaluable during the fieldwork. A special thanks go to Joost Pompert and Sacha Cleminson, who took time off their work to fully volunteer and help out in the expedition. Last, but not least, thank you to Marina Costa, once again ensuring that life was not boring for a minute and for being a key part in ensuring the huge success of this work.

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APPENDICES

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Appendix 1: Event log of the expedition Event Event Date Location Start Time End Time Start Lat Start Lon Number Type 15/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 1 CTD 11:09 -52.171100 -60.922900 15/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 2 ROV 11:40 -52.171167 -60.922917 15/11/2019 Ten Shilling Bay 3 CTD 14:17 -52.191970 -60.748700 15/11/2019 Ten Shilling Bay 4 Dive 14:42 15:20 -52.191970 -60.748700 15/11/2019 Ten Shilling Bay 5 Dive 14:48 15:40 -52.191970 -60.748700 15/11/2019 Ten Shilling Bay 6 Dive 15:50 16:35 -52.191970 -60.748700 15/11/2019 Ten Shilling Bay 7 ROV 21:12 21:25 -52.191970 -60.748700 Bird Island North Coast East 16/11/2019 8 CTD 08:54 -52.16816667 -60.91455 side of the bay Bird Island North Coast East 16/11/2019 9 Dive 09:20 10:00 -52.16816667 -60.91455 side of the bay Bird Island North Coast East 16/11/2019 10 Dive 09:43 10:30 -52.16816667 -60.91455 side of the bay Bird Island North Coast East 16/11/2019 11 ROV 09:44 10:30 -52.16816667 -60.91455 side of the bay Bird Island North Coast East 16/11/2019 12 Dive 10:50 11:37 -52.16816667 -60.91455 side of the bay Bird Island North Coast 16/11/2019 13 ROV 13:40 -52.16743333 -60.91901667 central bay Bird Island North Coast west 16/11/2019 14 CTD 15:25 -52.165567 -60.919850 bay Bird Island North Coast west 16/11/2019 15 Dive 15:56 17:42 -52.165567 -60.919850 bay Bird Island North Coast west 16/11/2019 16 Dive 16:20 17:45 -52.165567 -60.919850 bay Bird Island North Coast west 16/11/2019 17 Dive 17:02 17:55 -52.165567 -60.919850 bay 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 18 Dive 08:55 09:55 -52.17086667 -60.92268333 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 19 Dive 09:15 10:00 -52.17086667 -60.92268333 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 20 Dive 09:50 10:41 -52.17086667 -60.92268333 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 21 Dive 10:58 11:37 -52.17086667 -60.92268333 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 22 CTD 11:03 -52.17086667 -60.92268333 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 23 ROV 11:30 11:49 -52.17086667 -60.92268333 -60.91395 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 24 14:07 -52.17505

17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 25 Dcam 15:28 -52.174233 -60.912667 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 26 Dcam 15:33 -52.174200 -60.911467 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 27 Dcam 15:35 -52.174167 -60.910550 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 28 Dcam 15:43 -52.171950 -60.910350 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 29 Dcam 15:46 -52.171617 -60.909517 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 30 Dcam 15:48 -52.17155 -60.9095 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 31 Dcam 15:55 -52.168633 -60.905550 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 32 Dcam 15:57 -52.168117 -60.905333 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 33 Dcam 15:59 -52.167817 -60.903183 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 34 Dcam 16:08 -52.170100 -60.902533 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 35 Dcam 16:10 -52.16973333 -60.90276667 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 36 Dcam 16:13 -52.16891667 -60.90196667

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17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 37 Dive 17:10 18:00 -52.171600 -60.923750 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 38 Dive 17:20 18:15 -52.171600 -60.923750 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 39 Dive 17:35 18:25 -52.171600 -60.923750 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 40 17:40 18:46 -52.171600 -60.923750 17/11/2019 Bird Island South coast 41 CTD 18:53 -52.171600 -60.923750 16/11/2019 South West Falkland 42 19:12:13 -52.07825 -61.00241667 18/11/2019 Open water 43 18/11/2019 Open water 44 18/11/2019 Open water 45 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 46 CTD 10:05 -51.798400 -60.849550 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 47 Dcam 10:11 -51.799250 -60.849317 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 48 Dcam 10:13 -51.799450 -60.849150 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 49 Dcam 10:15 -51.799450 -60.849083 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 50 Dcam 10:23 -51.806133 -60.847600 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 51 Dcam 10:25 -51.806383 -60.847050 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 52 Dcam 10:27 -51.806217 -60.846800 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 53 Dcam 10:36 -51.815367 -60.851050 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 54 Dcam 10:37 -51.815217 -60.851050 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 55 Dcam 10:38 -51.815330 -60.850767 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 56 Dcam 10:50 -51.826300 -60.859300 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 57 Dcam 10:51 -51.826217 -60.859183 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 58 Dcam 10:52 -51.826183 -60.859017 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 59 Dcam 11:10 -51.834800 -60.824317 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 60 Dcam 11:13 -51.834833 -60.824117 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 61 Dcam 11:14 -51.834667 -60.823917 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 62 Dcam 11:34 -51.839500 -60.778533 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 63 Dcam 11:36 -51.839450 -60.778367 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 64 Dcam 11:38 -51.839517 -60.778067 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 65 CTD 11:44 -51.839830 -60.778150 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 66 Dcam 12:19 -51.844650 -60.688950 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 67 Dcam 12:21 -51.844567 -60.688617 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 68 Dcam 12:23 -51.844450 -60.688450 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 69 Dcam 13:00 -51.841067 -60.592047 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 70 Dcam 13:01 -51.841017 -60.591933 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 71 Dcam 13:02 -51.840950 -60.591383 18/11/2019 Northwest Fox Island 72 Dive 14:20 15:06 -51.818900 -60.497850 18/11/2019 Northwest Fox Island 73 Dive 14:35 15:22 -51.818900 -60.497850 18/11/2019 Northwest Fox Island 74 Dive 15:44 16:16 -51.818900 -60.497850 18/11/2019 Queen Charlotte Bay 75 CTD 15:50 -51.818900 -60.497850 18/11/2019 Philomel Road West Bay 78 ROV 20:53 21:57 -51.79193333 -60.51933333 Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 79 Dive 08:07 08:50 -51.776033 -60.590450 Bay 1 Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 80 Dive 08:23 09:10 -51.776033 -60.590450 Bay 1

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Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 81 Dive 09:07 10:00 -51.776033 -60.590450 Bay 1 Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 82 CTD 09:25 -51.776033 -60.590450 Bay 1 Eastern Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 76 Bay Eastern Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 83 Bay Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 84 Dive 11:30 12:09 -51.729550 -60.632350 Bay 2 Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 85 11:15 12:22 -51.729550 -60.632350 Bay 2 Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 86 CTD 11:37 -51.729550 -60.632350 Bay 2 Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 87 Dive 12:32 13:12 -51.729550 -60.632350 Bay 2 Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 88 Dive 15:05 16:00 -51.690567 -60.659967 Bay 3 Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 89 Dive 15:24 16:17 -51.690567 -60.659967 Bay 3 Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 90 CTD 15:28 -51.690567 -60.659967 Bay 3 Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 91 Dive 16:18 16:45 -51.690567 -60.659967 Bay 3 Northeast Coast of Charlotte 19/11/2019 92 ROV 17:00 18:30 -51.690567 -60.659967 Bay 3 20/11/2019 Fox Island north 93 ROV 13:47 14:53 -51.82348333 -60.49453333 21/11/2019 mid Philomel Road 94 CTD 07:03 -51.7954 -60.48243333 21/11/2019 mid Philomel Road 95 Dcam 07:09 -51.795600 -60.482950 21/11/2019 mid Philomel Road 96 Dcam 07:10 -51.795500 -60.482367 21/11/2019 mid Philomel Road 97 Dcam 07:12 -51.795450 -60.482250 21/11/2019 mid Philomel Road 98 Dcam 07:27 -51.812100 -60.503490 21/11/2019 mid Philomel Road 99 Dcam 07:29 -51.812217 -60.503250 21/11/2019 mid Philomel Road 100 Dcam 07:30 -51.812083 -60.503083 21/11/2019 mid Philomel Road 101 Dcam 07:36 -51.808183 -60.505033 21/11/2019 mid Philomel Road 102 Dcam 07:38 -51.80828333 -60.50506667 21/11/2019 mid Philomel Road 103 Dcam 07:40 -51.808133 -60.504817 21/11/2019 outside Philomel Road 104 Dcam 07:56 -51.821167 -60.535267 21/11/2019 outside Philomel Road 105 Dcam 07:58 -51.821083 -60.535233 21/11/2019 outside Philomel Road 106 Dcam 08:00 -51.821117 -60.535233 21/11/2019 outside Philomel Road 107 Dcam 08:10 -51.8237 -60.54096667 21/11/2019 outside Philomel Road 108 Dcam 08:12 -51.823317 -60.541333 21/11/2019 outside Philomel Road 109 Dcam 08:13 -51.82328333 -60.5412 21/11/2019 outside Philomel Road 110 CTD 08:18 -51.823317 -60.540916 21/11/2019 Entrance of Gull Harbour 112 CTD 10:58 -51.895233 -60.869933 21/11/2019 Entrance of Gull Harbour 113 Dcam 11:05 -51.894667 -60.869883 21/11/2019 Entrance of Gull Harbour 114 Dcam 11:06 -51.894450 -60.869817 21/11/2019 Entrance of Gull Harbour 115 Dcam 11:08 -51.894267 -60.869717 21/11/2019 East of Gull Point Weddell 1 116 Dcam 11:21 -51.907350 -60.850183 21/11/2019 East of Gull Point Weddell 1 117 Dcam 11:23 -51.907033 -60.850017 21/11/2019 East of Gull Point Weddell 1 118 Dcam 11:25 -51.907000 -60.850050

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21/11/2019 East of Gull Point Weddell 2 119 Dcam 11:40 -51.909983 -60.813383 21/11/2019 East of Gull Point Weddell 2 120 Dcam 11:42 -51.909750 -60.813417 21/11/2019 East of Gull Point Weddell 2 121 Dcam 11:44 -51.909533 -60.813533 21/11/2019 Tern Point 122 Dive 13:45 14:13 -51.954900 -60.825017 21/11/2019 Tern Point 123 Dive 14:00 14:40 -51.954900 -60.825017 21/11/2019 Tern Point 124 CTD 14:05 -51.954900 -60.825017 21/11/2019 Tern Point 125 Dive 14:49 15:22 -51.954900 -60.825017 21/11/2019 Queen Point 126 Dive 17:28 18:07 -51.919933 -60.623300 21/11/2019 Queen Point 127 Dive 17:44 18:35 -51.919933 -60.623300 21/11/2019 Queen Point 128 Dive 18:21 19:06 -51.919933 -60.623300 21/11/2019 Queen Point 129 CTD 18:28 -51.919933 -60.623300 Creek south of Queen 21/11/2019 130 ROV 22:29 22:51 -51.981133 -60.709167 Charlotte South centre of Queen 22/11/2019 131 CTD 07:21 -51.913650 -60.785300 Charlotte Bay South centre of Queen 22/11/2019 132 Dcam 07:28 -51.913567 -60.785400 Charlotte Bay South centre of Queen 22/11/2019 133 Dcam 07:30 -51.913650 -60.785183 Charlotte Bay South centre of Queen 22/11/2019 134 Dcam 07:31 -51.913733 -60.785067 Charlotte Bay South centre of Queen 22/11/2019 135 Dcam 07:37 -51.913367 -60.785617 Charlotte Bay South centre of Queen 22/11/2019 136 Dcam 07:39 -51.913567 -60.785450 Charlotte Bay South centre of Queen 22/11/2019 137 Dcam 07:40 -51.913450 -60.785367 Charlotte Bay South centre of Queen 22/11/2019 138 Dcam 07:53 -51.915633 -60.758167 Charlotte Bay South centre of Queen 22/11/2019 139 Dcam 07:55 -51.915683 -60.757667 Charlotte Bay South centre of Queen 22/11/2019 140 Dcam 07:59 -51.915533 -60.757333 Charlotte Bay 22/11/2019 Outer Island 141 CTD 10:22 -51.867383 -60.523950 22/11/2019 Outer Island 142 Dive 10:26 11:12 -51.867383 -60.523950 22/11/2019 Outer Island 143 Dive 10:42 11:31 -51.867383 -60.523950 22/11/2019 Outer Island 144 Dive 11:44 12:28 -51.867383 -60.523950 Island end of Philomel Road, 22/11/2019 145 CTD 14:25 -51.846967 -60.528250 west of Fox Island Island end of Philomel Road, 22/11/2019 146 Dive 14:33 15:17 -51.846967 -60.528250 west of Fox Island Island end of Philomel Road, 22/11/2019 147 Dive 14:48 15:32 -51.846967 -60.528250 west of Fox Island Island end of Philomel Road, 22/11/2019 148 Dive 15:15 16:04 -51.846967 -60.528250 west of Fox Island Island end of Philomel Road, 22/11/2019 149 Dive 15:49 16:36 -51.846967 -60.528250 west of Fox Island 22/11/2019 King George Bay 150 ROV 20:53 21:16 -51.603233 -60.670650 23/11/2019 South Jason 153 CTD 08:04 -51.201267 -60.848900 23/11/2019 South Jason 154 Dive 08:17 08:46 -51.201267 -60.848900 23/11/2019 South Jason 155 Dive 08:31 09:20 -51.201267 -60.848900 23/11/2019 South Jason 156 Dive 09:12 09:58 -51.201267 -60.848900 23/11/2019 Flat Jason 157 CTD 11:59 -51.120150 -60.877593

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23/11/2019 Flat Jason 158 Dive 12:09 12:52 -51.120150 -60.877593 23/11/2019 Flat Jason 159 Dive 12:22 12:58 -51.120150 -60.877593 23/11/2019 Flat Jason 160 Dive 13:11 13:56 -51.120150 -60.877593 23/11/2019 Elephant Jason north coast 161 CTD 15:08 -51.159383 -60.859467 23/11/2019 Elephant Jason north coast 162 Dive 15:19 15:57 -51.159383 -60.859467 23/11/2019 Elephant Jason north coast 163 Dive 15:45 16:30 -51.159383 -60.859467 23/11/2019 Elephant Jason north coast 164 ROV 15:45 16:00 -51.159383 -60.859467 24/11/2019 Elephant Jason south coast 168 CTD -51.163733 -60.840800 24/11/2019 Elephant Jason south coast 169 Dive 08:22 09:04 -51.163733 -60.840800 24/11/2019 Elephant Jason south coast 170 Dive 09:29 10:22 -51.163233 -60.843317 Penguin Point southern coats 24/11/2019 171 CTD 11:12 -51.190317 -60.911200 of west Dunbar Penguin Point southern coats 24/11/2019 172 Dive 16:11 17:02 -51.374750 -60.646883 of west Dunbar Penguin Point southern coats 24/11/2019 173 Dive 16:24 17:07 -51.374750 -60.646883 of west Dunbar Penguin Point southern coats 24/11/2019 174 CTD 16:25 -51.374750 -60.646883 of west Dunbar Penguin Point southern coats 24/11/2019 175 Dive 17:26 18:10 -51.374750 -60.646883 of west Dunbar Penguin Point southern coats 24/11/2019 195 17:30 -51.374750 -60.646883 of west Dunbar Saunders north west of the 25/11/2019 176 CTD 10:13 -51.308574 -60.262657 southern coast Saunders north west of the 25/11/2019 177 Dive 09:55 10:35 -51.308574 -60.262657 southern coast Saunders north west of the 25/11/2019 178 Dive 10:19 11:03 -51.308574 -60.262657 southern coast Saunders north west of the 25/11/2019 179 Dive 10:59 11:50 -51.308574 -60.262657 southern coast 25/11/2019 183 CTD 17:46 -51.346883 -59.985950 25/11/2019 Keppel Island 184 Dive 17:40 18:00 -51.346883 -59.985950 25/11/2019 Keppel Island 185 Dive 17:58 18:43 -51.346883 -59.985950 west - Jersey 26/11/2019 186 Dcam 08:43 -51.439700 -59.194117 Point Falkland Sound west - Jersey 26/11/2019 187 Dcam 08:46 -51.440100 -59.194417 Point Falkland Sound west - Jersey 26/11/2019 188 Dcam 08:47 -51.44033333 -59.19458333 Point 26/11/2019 Falkland Sound central 189 Dcam 09:00 -51.440567 -59.181817 26/11/2019 Falkland Sound central 190 Dcam 09:04 -51.442767 -59.183167 26/11/2019 Falkland Sound central 191 Dcam 09:05 -51.443750 -59.183717 26/11/2019 Falkland Sound east 192 Dcam 09:25 -51.444500 -59.151417 26/11/2019 Falkland Sound east 193 Dcam 09:27 -51.444850 -59.151917 26/11/2019 Falkland Sound east 194 Dcam 09:28 -51.445317 -59.152317

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