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Acase Study Indian Wind Power Programme for Technology Transfer and Sharing Best Practices

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Acase Study Indian Wind Power Programme for Technology Transfer and Sharing Best Practices A CASE STUDY ON INDIAN WIND POWER PROGRAMME FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND SHARING BEST PRACTICES SAARC Energy Centre Islamabad, Pakistan December 2011 Author Dr. S.Gomathinayagam Executive Director Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) Chennai, India External Reviewer Mr. M. P. Ramesh Former Executive Director Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) Chennai, India Programme Coordinator and Internal Reviewer Dr. Muhammad Pervaz Programme Leader, Technology Transfer SAARC Energy Centre Published by SAARC Energy Centre Address: House # 697, Street # 43, NPF, Sector E-11/4, Islamabad. Contact: +92-51-222 8802-4 Fax: +92-51-222 1937 Email: [email protected] Web: www.saarcenergy.org A CASE STUDY ON INDIAN WIND POWER PROGRAMME FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND SHARING BEST PRACTICES SAARC Energy Centre Islamabad, Pakistan December 2011 DISCLAIMER: The author’s compilation or views expressed in this publication does not necessarily reflect views of either SAARC Energy center (SEC) or that of any of the Governments of SAARC countries including India. The maps of countries and related objects are not meant to be exact geo-political maps; these are mere indicative thematic maps with shape, boundaries mostly not to scale. Copyright © 2011 by SAARC Energy Centre. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have immense pleasure in thanking Mr. Hilal A. Raza, Director of SAARC Energy Centre at Islamabad, Pakistan for having entrusted this reporting on Indian Wind Power Development as a case study. Author acknowledges with thanks the patient co- ordination of the preparation and review of this compilation by Dr.Muhammad Pervaz, Programme Leader, Technology Transfer, SEC. The author also would like to place on record his sincere thanks for his nomination as an expert to take up this assignment by Secretary /MNRE and Chairman Governing Council, CWET. Last but not the least, the author would like to place on record his sincere acknowledgements to various printed /published and internet resources which have been referred in this report either directly or indirectly. Some of the published information have been compiled and included “as reported” to avoid mis-interpretation or re-writing errors. Such special reports are acknowledged with due courtesy in the common interest of sharing information among member countries. V CONTENTS Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Section – 1 Introduction and Review of Indian Wind Power…………………… 2 Section – 2 Policy Formulation and Implementation.……………………………... 16 Section – 3 Role of Institutional Mechanisms….…………………………………….. 30 Section – 4 Quality Assurance and Safety of WTGs ………………..……………… 46 Section – 5 Highlights of Best practices in India…………………………………….. 48 Section – 6 Grid Connectivity and Compatibility…………………………………….. 61 Section – 7 Lessons Learned from Indian Wind Power Programme……….. 80 Section – 8 Specific Recommendations for SAARC Member States…………. 86 Section – 9 Summary and Way Forward…………………………………………………. 101 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………… 103 Web Resources…………………………………………………………………………………………. 104 Acronyms/ Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………. 105 Appendices and Annexures (Documents related to Indian Wind Power Programme)……………………….……………………………………………….……………………. 108 Vi LIST OF TABLES 1 Wind Power Installed Capacity in MW -- 13 2 Installable potential at 50 m level ( 2% L.A) -- 14 3 State-wise data of wind projects -- 21 4 Wind Tariff order determining parameters - A review -- 24 5 Picture of various areas of focus of MNRE -- 38 6 Voltage withstand limits for wind farms -- 68 7 Voltage unbalance limits for wind farms -- 69 8 Fault clearing time and voltage limits -- 71 9 Operating voltage limits for wind farms -- 72 10 Ramp rate limits for wind farms -- 73 11 Voltage harmonic limits -- 74 12 Current harmonic limits -- 75 13 Wind Potential and Installed potential -- 89 Vii LIST OF FIGURES 1 Cumulative installed wind power capacity in India -- 3 2 State-wise annual capacity addition of wind power installations -- 3 3 Cumulative distribution of Indian Wind Power -- 4 4 Market Share of Indian manufacturers in 2009-2010 -- 4 5 Growth of average rating per windmill in India -- 5 6 State share of cumulative wind electric generation -- 5 7 Lower capacity WTGs and power curves -- 8 8 Sub-Mega watt medium capacity WTGs and power curves -- 9 9 Mega watt class WEGs and power curves -- 10 10 Wind utilization index ( WUI) over the years -- 12 11 Wind potential yet un-tapped in India -- 12 12 Wind Installed capacity 1994-2003 and 2003-2011 -- 29 13 Asia’s largest wind farms near the Aralvoimozhi Pass -- 51 14 Highest wind penetration region ( 55% base power level in -- 51 installed capacity) 6 GW wind and 10.0 GW conventional 15 Growth of wind turbine models and manufacturers -- 57 16 Highest rated capacity of wind turbines -- 58 17 Voltage Vs Power factor characterization of wind farms -- 69 connected above 66 kV 18 Variation of active power output of wind farms with respect to -- 70 frequency 19 Fault ride through characteristics -- 71 20 Energy ring envisages in SEC formations -- 86 21 Energy supply corridor in SAARC Countries -- 88 22 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Afghanistan -- 89 23 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Pakistan -- 90 24 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Bhutan -- 91 25 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Nepal -- 92 26 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Sri Lanka -- 94 27 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Maldives -- 95 28 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of Bangladesh -- 96 29 Wind Power Density and Country Road Map of India -- 97 30 Cost of Typical Wind Power Plant -- 101 viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Wind power development in India is certainly a success story, even though it had its ups and downs rather due to policy changes, democratic governance, and fiscal and other tax sops. In the recent years there have been several case studies with varying focus on specific aspects of wind power development in India. C-WET sponsored study and review by World Institute of Sustainable Energy (WISE, Pune) and ABPS-infrastructure is released in 2009. Global outlook studies almost every year since 2000, with specific focus on the Indian Wind power scenarios by Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC). Recent theme paper presented in the Wind Energy 20% in 2020 is almost the latest review one can think of. With this kind of developments there are several case studies available in several wind energy web sites for a curious information seeker. However in what follows in this will serve as yet another review with specific objective of transfer of Technology to SAARC member countries. As in the rest of the world wind power in India started due to increase in oil prices, as early as in 1980s. The history of development indicates Governments’ strong initiative to promote renewable energy. A few demonstration wind mills initially and wind farms later by Government of India in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, illustrated the technological feasibility and viability of Wind Power. This activity attracted several private investors in this industry slowly increasing the installed capacity to nearly 14989 MW (as on date) and keeps its global position as 5th. Today China, USA, Germany and Spain are ahead of India in the overall installed capacity. This report is intended to provide the details of Indian experience of Wind Power Development and share the same as a case study to all the other SAARC member countries. While the report discusses various procedures and best / bad practices in the installation of small , sub-megawatt class and mega watt class wind turbine which are grid connected to various central and state electrical utility grids. The Section - 1 deals with the introduction and a general review of wind power development in India. The Section - 2, describes the step by step policy development to enable wind Power in the energy mix. In Section - 3 we explain special institutional mechanisms which geared the growth of the industry in an orderly manner. The Section - 4 describes the requirements of quality and safety of wind turbine systems in its installed positions under various conditions of operations. The Section - 5 highlights the best practices of Indian Wind Power development. The Section - 6 enlists the methods of obviating problems related to grid connectivity. The Section - 7 gives the lessons learnt through case study of Indian Wind power and describes the stalemate situation of transfer of Technology from the developed Western Europe. The Section - 8 addresses briefly various specific issues relevant to India and the other SAARC countries, and recommends specific measures based on the Case study of Indian Wind power. The final Section - 9 provides the summary and way forward. 1 SECTION - 1 INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF INDIAN WIND POWER 1.1 INTRODUCTION India is in 5th position having a total installed capacity of 14 GW in the Grid connected Wind Power next to China, USA, Germany and Spain. However, there is a significant boost in average capacity of installed wind mills in India which is close to 1 MW per installed wind machine. Yet, the expected capacity utilization factor all over India stands oscillating between 17-20%. However the electrical energy generated from wind is close to 3 – 4 % of net electricity generation from all sources. This needs a thorough relook and revamping of the existing grid connection norms and operational maintenance issues of wind turbines as well as wind farms which are geographically spaced all around India. DEMONSTRATION WIND FARMS AND THEIR IMPACT Late in the eighties the formation of an independent ministry for non-conventional energy sources (MNES which is now renamed as MNRE meaning Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) was established for the first time in the country and probably the first in the world as well. Starting with a few demonstration wind farms in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra to promote the viability and utility of such projects through state electricity boards(SEBs) the Govt. of India (GOI) was able to attract several investors small and big through a series of incentives and tax sops.
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