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Elements, the Undergraduate Research Journal of Boston College, Showcases the Varied Research Endeavors of Fellow Undergraduates to the Greater Academic Community e mission statement Elements, the undergraduate research journal of Boston College, showcases the varied research endeavors of fellow undergraduates to the greater academic community. By fostering intellectual curiosity and discussion, the journal strengthens and affirms the community of undergraduate students at Boston College. Elements Fall 2015 thanks elements staff We would like to thank Boston College, the Institute for the Liberal editor-in-chief Arts, and the Office of the Dean for the College of Arts and Sciences marissa marandola for the financial support that makes this issue possible. managing editor questions & contributions betty (yunqing) wang If you have any questions, please contact the journal at deputy editor [email protected]. All submissions can be sent to elements. alessandra luedeking [email protected]. Visit our website at www.bc.edu/elements for updates and further information. treasurer michelle kang cover © Scott Liebenson/ Wikimedia Commons layout xizi (kelsey) zhang, Senior Editor periodicity marissa hollyer, Editor Elements is published twice an academic year in the fall and spring rebecca mcgeorge, Editor semesters. emmy ye, Editor electronic journal humanities Elements is also published as an open access electronic journal. jacob ciafone, Senior Editor It is available at http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/elements. mary kate cahill, Editor ISSN 2380-6087 domenick fazzolari, Editor jingzong yan, Editor The information provided by our contributors is not independently verified by Elements. social sciences The materials presented represent the personal opinions of the individual authors and do annie kim, Senior Editor not necessarily represent the views of Elements or the Boston College community. tobie kim, Editor Elements, Undergraduate Research Journal, Volume 11, Issue 2, Fall 2015 Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Service Building 103, natural sciences Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 david fu, Senior Editor Printed by Flagship Press,150 Flagship Drive, North Andover, MA 01845 peter czajka, Editor Copyright © 2015 by the Trustees of Boston College nick yu, Editor media & publicity editor This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. anne donnelly, Senior Editor faculty advisors elizabeth chadwick jason cavallari editor’s note Dear Readers, We live in a world of constant change, where an unyielding flow of innova- vertical transmission of HIV/AIDS to endure in India. In “Latino Masculin- tion forces existing systems to adapt, often in the face of significant resis- ity,” Maria Vazquez brings Larrabee’s concern for social stigmas stateside as tance. How do we measure the impact of new developments in technology, she attempts to dissect the influence of cultural stereotypes on college com- business, politics, and scholarly methodology? Is the process of transform- pletion rates among first-generation Latinos. Featured author Olivia McCaf- ing from old to new unequivocally good? Throughout history, these ques- frey goes beyond the symptoms of stagnation to root causes in her analysis tions have arisen whenever a period of rapid shifts approaches. However, of voters who are “Neither Red Nor Blue,” the Massachusetts voters for they take on greater importance in our 21st century context, characterized whom the big tent, two-party system no longer suffices as an expression of by changes in all arenas at unprecedented speed. Simultaneous revolutions political ideology. Through their examination of social systems struggling in multiple facets of human life challenge our understanding of what it to adapt to 21st century circumstances, these three pieces highlight the risks means to live in relation to one another. This issue of Elements explores the inherent to resisting change. implications of disruptive innovation in a variety of contexts, in an attempt to reconcile the vestiges of the past with the realities of the present. This issue of Elements marks the integration of disruptive innovations in our own publication process. We are now operating under a Creative Com- We seek to present the process of 21st century evolution as it unfolds in di- mons license, meaning that articles published in Elements are non-exclusive verse arenas. “Uber Takes the Passing Lane,” our cover article, provides an and may be shared and cited, with attribution, by readers worldwide. in-depth analysis of a disruptive innovation that increasingly permeates Through a partnership with Boston College University Libraries, Elements daily life for urban residents. Author Allison Schneider examines the ripple debuted a live, open access e-scholarship website this semester, which effect of Uber’s arrival in the taxi-livery market and its potential conse- houses an archive of all past issues of the journal and will serve as a hub for quences at the macro and micro levels, from shifts in regulatory structures our future publications. In combination with our indexing with the Library to new frameworks for employee-employer relations. Doyle Calhoun invites of Congress as a print and digital journal, these advances represent a new linguistic scholars to consider renewed theoretical frameworks through his phase in Elements’ maturation as a publication. As we close our first decade, efforts to decode “A Grammar of Punctuation in Poetry.” Allyson Tank we continue the traditions of academic excellence, intellectual diversity, and draws us to “A Biological Arms Race” in the sciences that could shed new integrity initiated by our founding members and look ahead to the digital light on our understanding of lentiviral resistance. In contrast to these ex- future of scholarship at the university. I invite you to explore our print edi- amples of transformations occurring in our cultural moment, Alec Walker tion, a legacy to which we remain devoted, and then to browse our digital offers a historical perspective on the social forces that provide an impetus book, an innovation we welcome. Happy reading! for new ideas in “Dissent in the Wirtschaftswunder,” an exploration of the 1968 German student movements. Together, this set of articles reminds us Best, that change is a constant in human life, a force that touches us in uncount- able ways. Even as disruptive innovation transforms some fields beyond recognition, marissa marandola lingering remnants of obsolete structures inhibit essential changes in oth- ers. Catherine Larrabee describes how such “Inherited Injustice” allows the Editor in Chief contents 11 UBER TAKES THE PASSING LANE: DISRUPTIVE COMPETITION AND TAXI-LIVERY SERVICE REGULATIONS Allison Schneider Reflecting on how municipal regulatory structures thwart disruptive competition in the ride-sharing market. 24 A GRAMMAR OF PUNCTUATION IN POETRY: MODERN COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVES Doyle Calhoun Decoding the language of punctuation and its relevance to literary studies and textual criticism. 31 LATINO MASCULINITY: UNDERLYING FACTORS IN COLLEGE PERSISTENCE LEVELS Maria Vazquez Dissecting the intersection between Latino culture and college completion rates among first-generation males. 42 DISSENT IN THE WIRTSCHAFTSWUNDER: HISTORICAL MEMORY AND THE GERMAN STUDENT MOVEMENT Alec Walker Examining the 1968 youth backlash against West Germany’s ambiguous relationship with its fascist heritage. 49 A BIOLOGICAL “ARMS RACE”: APOBEC3F DIVERSITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON LENTIVIRAL RESISTANCE Allyson Tank Investigating the genetic diversity of Old World primates and its implications for selective pressures on host proteins. 64 CARTOGRAPHERS IN THE CARIBBEAN: ECONOMICS AND MAPPING IN THE COLONIAL NEW WORLD Benjamin Shapiro Charting European perceptions of their Atlantic holdings through the Jefferys West India Atlas. 72 PERFORMING REDEMPTION: METZIAN THEOLOGY IN THE ART OF KENDRICK LAMAR Evan Goldstein Positioning the harsh reality of Lamar’s good kid, m.A.A.d city within Johann Baptist Metz’ theory of salvation. 82 NEITHER RED NOR BLUE: THE INFLUENCE OF INDEPENDENT VOTERS IN MASSACHUSETTS Olivia McCaffrey Exploring the increase in significance of unaffiliated voters in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 91 INHERITED INJUSTICE: STIGMA AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION AS BARRIERS TO AIDS PREVENTION IN INDIA Catherine Larrabee Exposing how the remnants of the caste system perpetuate vertical transmission in India’s AIDS crisis. 100 AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES 102 LIST OF ARTWORK uber takes the passing lane Disruptive Competition and Taxi-Livery Service Regulations allison schneider it is rare that municipalities have the opportunity to remake a significant portion of key infrastructure, and to do so without significant cost burden on the citizens. the advent of uber and similar entities that have moved the ride-sharing concept into the 21st century provide that unique chance in the public transportation arena. however, cities such as los angeles, new york, and chicago are responding to uber as a threat to established taxi-livery services and their accompanying regulatory struc- tures rather than an opportunity for modernization. in order to capitalize on this transformative moment, cities and governments must rethink and address decades- old rules, regulations, and entrenched interests. the benefits to and acceptance by the public that surround the ride-sharing movement are unprecedented. whether today’s politicians and regulators have the courage and foresight to embrace this fundamental change will determine the long-term success and the meaningful evo- lution of our national transportation network. Technology has transformed much of our ingrained
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