DOCSLIB.ORG

Platensimycin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Platensimycin Platensimycin By Talitha Pahs, Patrick Müller and Isabella Mladenova Introduction Platensimycin is a recently discovered antibiotic with a new mechanism of action, produced by the bacterium Streptomyces platensis which was first isolated out of a South African soil sample by MSD Sharp & Dohme, due to a Substance screening project. They have been searching for a target which is able to inhibit Proteins like FabF being involved in the fatty acid synthesis, as they were successfully detected by an Antisense RNA-Method to be necessary for the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell membrane. The first chemical racemic total synthesis of Platensimycin was completed in 2006 by MSD Sharp & Dohme1.[1] 1. MSD Sharp & Dohme is called Merck & Co., Inc. in Canada and USA [2] The relevance of Platensimycin Platensimycin (Fig.1) is a promising antibiotic against several multi resistant gram-positive bacteria without any cross-resistances observed concerning other antibiotics like Vancomycin. It is assumed that fewer bacteria build a resistance against Platensimycin, which provides Platensimycin to be a possible reserve antibiotic. Other points for Platensimycin being a relevant antibiotic, is the selectivity as well as no toxicity being observed in a murine model. Furthermore Platensimycin might be a potent drug against Diabetes and related metabolic diseases. Due to the extrusion mechanism of gram-negative bacteria which is pumping the target out of the cell membrane, Platensimycin is not a suitable antibiotic against gram-negative bacteria as long as the extrusion mechanism is not disturbed. [1] The Synthesis of Platensimycin The first total synthesis of racemic Platensimycin was reported in 2006 by Nicolaou and coworkers. Since then different Syntheses of the core substructure were developed by various groups in quite a short time. There are racemic and enantiopure synthesis. [3] Now there are more than 21 Syntheses for the core substructure. [3] Synthesis in general (Graphics: Information concerning the Mechanism [7] structures [8]) Synthesis of the aromatic fragment There are two ways of making the aromatic fragment. Nicolaou and co-worker start with a 2-Nitroresorcin which then gets two times a MOM (Methoxymethyl) protection group. The next step is the reduction to an Amin that afterwards is transformed to N-Boc (tert-Butoxycarbonyl)- Derivate. The carboxylic acid was made after an In-situ Silylieration of the Carbamate through ortho-metallation. The removal of the Boc-protection group made the Amin [8] that is needed for the Synthesis of Platensimycin. [6] (Graphics: https://publikationen.uni- tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/49592/pdf/Dissertation_Max_Wohland_Endversion.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y) Giannis has in a not regioselective method Methyl-2,4-dihydroxybenzoat nitrated in a 1:1 assortment. The Isomers are easy to separate and there are two more reactions steps necessary to get the final product. Because of that the Synthesis seems very efficient. (Graphics: https://publikationen.unituebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/49592/pdf/Dissertation_Max_Wohland_Endversion.pdf?sequence=1 &isAllowed=y) The Nicolaou Synthesis Nicolaou and coworkers started with (R)-carvone, which was converted to branch derivate A. Thus, a 1-2 addition of a Grignard reagent in the present of Ce3Cl2 followed by allylic oxidation of the resulting tertiary alcohol with transposition of the double bond gave [A]. [A] made a oxymercuration- carbocyclization with Hg(OAc)2 and NaBH4 gave the bicyclic product [B] as a mixture of epimers. Then an elimination with Martin’s sulfurane reagent led to the exocyclic olefin [C] which was converted to the aldehyde [D] through the cleavage of the acetal. [D]was treated with SmI2 to give the tricyclic product [E] as a single stereoisomer in a 57% yield. Subsequent occurred an inversion of configuration by a Mitsunobu reaction, followed by treatment with base led to [F] in a 1:1 mixture of diastereoisomers. Stereoselective reduction of the ketone, followed by an acidic work-up and then an oxidation with PCC gave ketone [G]. This substrate was transformed into enone [H] and its regioisomer in a 2:1 ratio. Double alkylation led to [I], which can be used to make Platensimycin. [3] This mechanism led to cyclic ether as an intermediate which has been the pivotal „relay compound for most of the subsequent formal syntheses of Platensimycin. [3] (Graphics: http://ccc.chem.pitt.edu/wipf/courses/2320_08_files/HO/Nicolaou%20(Platensimycin,%202008).pdf structure of Platensimycin [8] ) The Gosh Synthesis The Gosh Synthesis started with an (S)-carvone [A]and was first reported in 2007 by Gosh and Xi. Their strategy was based on the conversion of (S)-carvone into the known oxabicycle[3.3.0]octane ketone [B]. [3] [B] was made of [A] with an oxidation under Bayer-Villiger conditions in excellent yield. Then further oxidation of the methyl ketone appendage gave the corresponding alcohol [C]. In the following step a protection group as TBS ether was made and then an olefination according to Petasis, followed by hydroboration which gave product [D] as a 2:1 mixture of isomers [6]. Deprotection of the TBS ether with DDQ gave the corresponding secondary alcohol which following oxidized to the ketone. The ketone was treated with chiral phosphonoacetate and gave product [E] in a seperavle 3.2:1 mixture of E-/Z- esters. The reduction of product [E] led to the alcohol [F], which was prepared for the Diels- Alder reaction. First a transformation led to the methoxydiene [H] and a following thermal intramolceluar Diels-Alder reaction afforded the core substructure [I] as the O-methyl ether. The core substructure is closely related to Nikolaou’s key intermediate, but does not make a formal synthesis yet. [6] (Graphics: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.200705303/full) Comparison with Nicolaou Synthesis Both synthesises started with carvone but they use different enantiomers Crucial for the conception of the synthesis plan was a similar radical carbon cycle closure In the step of bicyclic ketone , the synthesis pathways differ : The product A was isolated in the Gosh synthesis of its epimer [3] Nikolaou’s two asymmetric syntheses The first total synthesis of racemic Platensimycin by Nicolaou and coworkers was soon changed into an asymmetric synthesis due to an enantioselective cycloisomerization or diastereoselective alkylation. The enantioselective cycloisomerization reaction started with substrate [A]which react to the spirocyclic product [B] (in a 91% yield and high enantiomeric excess) due to a Ru(II) catalyst according to Zhang. The residual carboxylate function needed to be removed, which was made using the Barton’s method. During this reaction there happened a 1,3 Hydrid shift. Follwed by a hydrolysis of the acetal group and the treatment of SmI2 led to product [E]. [E] was treated with TFA and react to the core substructure. [3] (Graphics [3],[8]) In the second asymmetric synthesis was an oxidative cycloaromatization of the key amid [B] due to an acylation of (S , S) -pseudoephedrine with the carboxylic acid [A]. Following by an asymmetric Myer- alkylation with benzyl bromide and LDA led to product [C]. In 4 steps the substrate [ D ] was made. This is needed for the oxidative cyclodearomatzation, which is the key reaction. Substrate [E] reacts in three steps to the optic active core substructure Platensimycin. [3] ( Graphics: http://www.unc.edu/depts/mtcgroup/litmeetings/platensimycin.pdf) Yamamoto’s asymmetric synthesis A profitable Synthesis of the core substructure of Platensimycin was developed in 2007 by Yamamoto and coworkers. Substrate [B]was made by an asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction of methylcyclopentadiene and methyl acrylate in a 92% yield and 99% ee. An N-nitrose aldol addition- decarboxylation sequences led to the enantiomerically pure ketone [C]. Afterwards a Bayer-Villiger oxidation with H2O2 under basic conditions, followed by hydrolysis and dehydrative lactonization led to the bycicle lactone [D]. A following SN2 addition of a vinyl group and a lactonization of the intermediate cyclopentane with triflourmethansulfonimide as organic solvent. These rections gave product [E] that is further elaborated to F and F’. Substrate [F] is necessary for the following reaction. [F‘] can be recycelt. The enone [F] was extended through a critical L-proline- mediated Robinson annulation. The resulting product is furnished a stoichiometric amount of L-proline in DMF which effected an intramolecular Michael addition and led to product [G]. The treatment of [G] with NaOh led to an aldol condensation and the formation of the core substructure with a good diastereoselctivity (dr = 5:1) [3]. (Graphics: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553032/figure/F3/) Corey’s entioselective synthesis Lalic and Corey found a new synthesis in 2007. The synthesis started with 6-methoxy – α-naphtol [A]. In a one-step reaction 6-methoxy – α-naphtol [A]was converted to 1,4-naphthoqinone [B] by oxidative ketalization with bis-trifouroacetoxyiodobenzene. For the following reactions trimethylamine is an essential compound. [B] react in a enantioselective conjugate addition to [C] in the presence of Ru-BINAP catalyst and trimethylamine. In five stepts [B] react to [C]. [C] got a protection group to protect the reactive phenolic hydroxyl group. Then a treatment with bromine in CH2Cl2 led to tricyclic bromide [D]. A following treatment with TBAF led to quinone [E]. [E] was hydrogenated in a stereoselective manner in the presence of chiral rhodium phosphine catalyst to build ketone [F]. The last step is the formation of the TMS silyl enol ether, followed by oxidation with IBX. The product is the core substructure. [3] (Graphics: http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/17858/heckere.pdf?sequence=2) Snider’s formal synthesis of (±)-Platensimycin The synthesis pathway of Snider’s and co-workers synthesis started with a four step conversion of the 5-methoxytetraloe [A] to the enone [B] in a mixture of cis- and trans- decalines. The mixure of decalines were separated and equilibrated to a 6:4 ratio.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inhibition of the Fungal Fatty Acid Synthase Type I Multienzyme Complex
    Inhibition of the fungal fatty acid synthase type I multienzyme complex Patrik Johansson*, Birgit Wiltschi*, Preeti Kumari†, Brigitte Kessler*, Clemens Vonrhein‡, Janet Vonck†, Dieter Oesterhelt*§, and Martin Grininger*§ *Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; †Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; and ‡Global Phasing Ltd., Sheraton House, Castle Park, Cambridge CB3 0AX, United Kingdom Communicated by Hartmut Michel, Max Planck Institute for Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany, June 23, 2008 (received for review March 6, 2008) Fatty acids are among the major building blocks of living cells, isoniazid and triclosan, both inhibiting the ER step of bacterial making lipid biosynthesis a potent target for compounds with fatty acid biosynthesis (6, 7). Several inhibitors targeting the antibiotic or antineoplastic properties. We present the crystal ketoacyl synthase (KS) step of the FAS cycle have also been structure of the 2.6-MDa Saccharomyces cerevisiae fatty acid syn- described, including cerulenin (CER) (8), thiolactomycin (TLM) thase (FAS) multienzyme in complex with the antibiotic cerulenin, (9), and the recently discovered platensimycin (PLM) (10). The representing, to our knowledge, the first structure of an inhibited polyketide CER inhibits both FAS type I and II KS enzymes, by fatty acid megasynthase. Cerulenin attacks the FAS ketoacyl syn- covalent modification of the active site cysteine and by occupying thase (KS) domain, forming a covalent bond to the active site the long acyl-binding pocket (11, 12). TLM and PLM, in contrast, cysteine C1305. The inhibitor binding causes two significant con- have been shown to be selective toward the FAS II system, formational changes of the enzyme.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhodomyrtone Accumulates in Bacterial Cell Wall and Cell
    antibiotics Article Rhodomyrtone Accumulates in Bacterial Cell Wall and Cell Membrane and Inhibits the Synthesis of Multiple Cellular Macromolecules in Epidemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Ozioma F. Nwabor 1,2 , Sukanlaya Leejae 2 and Supayang P. Voravuthikunchai 2,* 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; [email protected] 2 Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: As the burden of antibacterial resistance worsens and treatment options become narrower, rhodomyrtone—a novel natural antibiotic agent with a new antibacterial mechanism—could replace existing antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused by multi-drug resistant Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, rhodomyrtone was detected within the cell by means of an easy an inexpensive method. The antibacterial effects of rhodomyrtone were investigated on epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Thin-layer chromatography demonstrated the entrapment and accumulation of Citation: Nwabor, O.F.; Leejae, S.; rhodomyrtone within the bacterial cell wall and cell membrane. The incorporation of radiolabelled Voravuthikunchai, S.P. Rhodomyrtone Accumulates in precursors revealed that rhodomyrtone inhibited the synthesis of macromolecules including DNA, Bacterial Cell Wall and Cell RNA, proteins, the cell wall, and lipids. Following the treatment with rhodomyrtone at MIC Membrane and Inhibits the Synthesis (0.5–1 µg/mL), the synthesis of all macromolecules was significantly inhibited (p ≤ 0.05) after 4 h. of Multiple Cellular Macromolecules Inhibition of macromolecule synthesis was demonstrated after 30 min at a higher concentration of in Epidemic Methicillin-Resistant rhodomyrtone (4× MIC), comparable to standard inhibitor compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery of Novel Fabf Ligands Inspired by Platensimycin by Integrating Structure-Based Design with Diversity-Oriented Synthetic Accessibility
    promoting access to White Rose research papers Universities of Leeds, Sheffield and York http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ This is an author produced version of a paper published in Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/77263/ Paper: Fisher, M, Basak, R, Kalverda, AP, Fishwick, CW, Bruce Turnbull, W and Nelson, A (2013) Discovery of novel FabF ligands inspired by platensimycin by integrating structure-based design with diversity-oriented synthetic accessibility. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ob41975d White Rose Research Online [email protected] Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry RSCPublishing ARTICLE Discovery of novel FabF ligands Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x inspired by platensimycin by integrating structure-based design Received 00th January 2012, with diversity-oriented synthetic Accepted 00th January 2012 DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x accessibility www.rsc.org/ Martin Fisher,[a,b] Ramkrishna Basak,[a,b] Arnout P. Kalverda,[b] Colin W. G. Fishwick,[a,b] W. Bruce Turnbull[a,b] and Adam Nelson*[a,b] , An approach for designing bioactive small molecules has been developed in which de novo structure-based ligand design (SBLD) was focused on regions of chemical space accessible using a diversity-oriented synthetic approach. The approach was exploited in the design and synthesis of a focused library of platensimycin analogues in which the complex bridged ring system was replaced with a series of alternative ring systems. The affinity of the resulting compounds for the C163Q mutant of FabF was determined using a WaterLOGSY competition binding assay. Several compounds had significantly improved affinity for the protein relative to a reference ligand.
    [Show full text]
  • Production of Malonic Acid Through the Fermentation of Glucose
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Senior Design Reports (CBE) Engineering 4-20-2018 Production of Malonic Acid through the Fermentation of Glucose Emily P. Peters University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Gabrielle J. Schlakman University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Elise N. Yang University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_sdr Part of the Biochemical and Biomolecular Engineering Commons Peters, Emily P.; Schlakman, Gabrielle J.; and Yang, Elise N., "Production of Malonic Acid through the Fermentation of Glucose" (2018). Senior Design Reports (CBE). 107. https://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_sdr/107 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_sdr/107 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Production of Malonic Acid through the Fermentation of Glucose Abstract The overall process to produce malonic acid has not drastically changed in the past 50 years. The current process is damaging to the environment and costly, requiring high market prices. Lygos, Inc., a lab in Berkeley, California, has published a patent describing a way to produce malonic acid through the biological fermentation of genetically modified easty cells. This proposed technology is appealing as it is both better for the environment and economically friendly. For the process discussed in this report, genetically modified Pichia Kudriavzevii yeast cells will be purchased from the Lygos lab along with the negotiation of exclusive licensing rights to the technology. The cells will be grown in fermentation vessels, while being constantly fed oxygen, glucose and fermentation media. The cells will excrete malonic acid in the 101 hour fermentation process.
    [Show full text]
  • Antidiabetic and Antisteatotic Effects of the Selective Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) Inhibitor Platensimycin in Mouse Models of Diabetes
    Antidiabetic and antisteatotic effects of the selective fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor platensimycin in mouse models of diabetes Margaret Wua,1, Sheo B. Singhb,2, Jun Wangc,1,3, Christine C. Chunga, Gino Saliturod, Bindhu V. Karanamd, Sang Ho Leee, Maryann Powlese, Kenneth P. Ellswortha, Michael E. Lassmanc, Corey Millerf, Robert W. Myersa, Michael R. Totaa, Bei B. Zhanga,4, and Cai Lia,2 Departments of aDiabetes and Obesity, bMedicinal Chemistry, cCardiovascular Diseases, dPreclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, eIn Vivo Sciences, and fImaging, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065 Edited by Jeffrey M. Friedman, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, and approved February 8, 2011 (received for review March 2, 2010) Platensimycin (PTM) is a recently discovered broad-spectrum in mice does not lead to an overt phenotype when the animals antibiotic produced by Streptomyces platensis. It acts by selec- are fed a normal chow diet (8); however, when animals are fed tively inhibiting the elongation-condensing enzyme FabF of the a zero-fat diet, the lack of FAS does not protect them from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway in bacteria. We report here that development of fatty liver but rather exacerbates it (8). This PTM is also a potent and highly selective inhibitor of mammalian phenotype could be attributed to at least two consequences of fi fatty acid synthase. In contrast to two agents, C75 and cerulenin, FAS de ciency: a decrease in DNL that is a direct consequence of FAS deficiency, and a reduction in β-oxidation that is an in- that are widely used as inhibitors of mammalian fatty acid syn- fi thase, platensimycin specifically inhibits fatty acid synthesis but direct consequence of FAS de ciency.
    [Show full text]
  • Oct 22, Syntheses of Platensimycin and Platencin: Naturally Occuring Antibiotics by Haye Min Ko
    Syntheses of Platensimycin and Platencin: Naturally Occuring Antibiotics 2014. 10. 22 Haye Min Ko Natural Products : Platensimycin & Platencin Isolation from strains of Streptomyces platensis Antibiotic, inhibitor fo bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis highly potent inhibitor of both S. aureus and E. coli FabF enzymes, with IC50 values of 48 and 160 nM, respectively. J. Wang et al, Nature, 2006, 441, 358-361 S. B. Singh et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 11916-11920. J. Wang et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104, 7612-7616 H. Jayasuriya et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4684-4688. Natural Products : Platensimycin & Platencin Carboxylic acid-two active-site histidine residues Hydroxy group-H-bond to malonyl binding site through water J. Wang et al, Nature, 2006, 441, 358-361 S. B. Singh et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 11916-11920. J. Wang et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104, 7612-7616 H. Jayasuriya et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4684-4688. Natural Products : Platensimycin & Platencin Linezolid Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic developed by a team at Parmacia and Upjohn company. It is used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to serveral other antibiotics. No cross-resistance No toxicity towards HeLa mammalian cells J. Wang et al, Nature, 2006, 441, 358-361 S. B. Singh et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 11916-11920. High dose, no toxic effects in the test animals J. Wang et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104, 7612-7616 H.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment with an Inhibitor of Fatty Acid Synthase Attenuates Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice T
    Bone 122 (2019) 114–122 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Bone journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bone Full Length Article Treatment with an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase attenuates bone loss in ovariectomized mice T Sandra Bermeoa,b, Ahmed Al Saedic,d, Christopher Vidala, Mamdouh Khalile, Manhui Pangf, ⁎ Bruce R. Troenf, Damian Myersc,d, Gustavo Duquea,c,d, a Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia b Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia c Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia d Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia e ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney Medical School Concord, The University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2137, Australia f Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Bone and fat cells have an antagonistic relationship. Adipocytes exert a toxic effect on bone cells in vitro through Cerulenin the secretion of fatty acids, which are synthesized by fatty acid synthase (FAS). Inhibition of FAS in vitro rescues Fatty acid synthase osteoblasts from fat-induced toxicity and cell death. In this study, we hypothesized that FAS inhibition would Adipogenesis mitigate the loss of bone mass in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. We treated OVX C57BL/6 mice with cerulenin (a Osteoblastogenesis known inhibitor of FAS) for 6 weeks and compared their bone phenotype with vehicle-treated controls.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibacterial Targets in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
    Portland State University PDXScholar Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations Chemistry 2007 Antibacterial Targets in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis H. Tonie Wright Virginia Commonwealth University Kevin A. Reynolds Portland State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/chem_fac Part of the Chemistry Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Wright, H. Tonie and Reynolds, Kevin A., "Antibacterial Targets in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis" (2007). Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations. 173. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/chem_fac/173 This Post-Print is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. NIH-PA Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Microbiol. 2007 October ; 10(5): 447±453. Antibacterial Targets in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis H. Tonie Wright† and Dept. of Biochemistry and Institute of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery Virginia Commonwealth University 800 E. Leigh St. Suite 212 Richmond, VA USA 23219-1540 [email protected] Kevin A. Reynolds Department of Chemistry Portland State University Portland, OR USA 97207 [email protected] Summary The fatty acid biosynthesis pathway is an attractive but still largely unexploited target for development of new anti-bacterial agents. The extended use of the anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid and the antiseptic triclosan, which are inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis, validates this pathway as a target for anti-bacterial development. Differences in subcellular organization of the bacterial and NIH-PA Author Manuscript eukaryotic multi-enzyme fatty acid synthase systems offer the prospect of inhibitors with host vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Generate Metabolic Map Poster
    Authors: Pallavi Subhraveti Ron Caspi Peter Midford Peter D Karp An online version of this diagram is available at BioCyc.org. Biosynthetic pathways are positioned in the left of the cytoplasm, degradative pathways on the right, and reactions not assigned to any pathway are in the far right of the cytoplasm. Transporters and membrane proteins are shown on the membrane. Ingrid Keseler Periplasmic (where appropriate) and extracellular reactions and proteins may also be shown. Pathways are colored according to their cellular function. Gcf_000010605Cyc: Streptomyces griseus griseus NBRC 13350 Cellular Overview Connections between pathways are omitted for legibility. Anamika Kothari lipid II (meso molybdate phosphate a dipeptide diaminopimelate phosphate phosphate α containing) D-gluconate leu N-acetyl- -D-glucosamine phosphate ethanolamine N,N'-diacetylchitobiose predicted predicted predicted ABC ABC ABC RS08280 RS15505 RS28310 RS07610 RS26715 SecE RS01035 RS23550 RS22715 RS22495 RS21885 RS13085 RS11270 RS05565 RS33195 RS20325 RS20000 RS10485 RS19275 RS32110 RS31955 RS02430 RS02425 FtsW RS31515 RS18000 RS31430 FtsY RS17615 RS09100 RS02210 RS04225 RS04220 RS17370 RS09005 RS09000 RS08995 RS30705 RS04105 RS17170 RS02130 RS30605 RS08820 RS03960 RS30375 RS16775 RS16670 YajC NhaA RS16430 RS29835 RS16140 RS08480 MurJ RS16435 RS08600 SecF RS29040 RS16780 MycP EccE RS04020 LeuE RS02135 RS04110 NgcE RS19510 RS19505 RS28165 RS30975 RS30980 RS09105 RS17655 RS31170 RS17960 RS04500 RS17990 RS02345 YidD RS09520 RS04690 RS02465 RS09710 RS04920 RS10355 RS19885
    [Show full text]
  • The Design and Synthesis of Novel Antimicrobial Agents for Use in the Battle Against Bacterial Resistance
    University of Tennessee Health Science Center UTHSC Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations (ETD) College of Graduate Health Sciences 5-2010 The esiD gn and Synthesis of Novel Antimicrobial Agents for Use in the Battle Against Bacterial Resistance Joshua Randal Brown University of Tennessee Health Science Center Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations Part of the Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Brown, Joshua Randal , "The eD sign and Synthesis of Novel Antimicrobial Agents for Use in the Battle Against Bacterial Resistance" (2010). Theses and Dissertations (ETD). Paper 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/etd.cghs.2010.0035. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Graduate Health Sciences at UTHSC Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (ETD) by an authorized administrator of UTHSC Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The esiD gn and Synthesis of Novel Antimicrobial Agents for Use in the Battle Against Bacterial Resistance Document Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Program Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Advisor Richard Lee, Ph.D. Committee James Bina, Ph.D. Isaac Donkor, Ph.D. Wei Li, Ph.D. Duane Miller, Ph.D DOI 10.21007/etd.cghs.2010.0035 This dissertation is available at UTHSC Digital Commons: https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations/31 THE DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS FOR USE IN THE BATTLE AGAINST BACTERIAL RESISTANCE A Dissertation Presented for The Graduate Studies Council The University of Tennessee Health Science Center In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy From The University of Tennessee By Joshua Randal Brown May 2010 Copyright © 2010 by Joshua R.
    [Show full text]
  • Total Synthesis of Platensimycin We Thank Dr. DH Huang and Dr. G
    PS 5: provide mechanisms for all transformations in this paper Communications Antibiotics DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603892 Total Synthesis of Platensimycin** K. C. Nicolaou,* Ang Li, and David J. Edmonds Infectious disease remains a menace to society despite the isolation of many new antibiotics over the last few decades. The drugs that are currently available to defend against such ailments are becoming progressively less effective because of the development of bacterial resistance, leading to an increase in potentially fatal, drug-resistant infections. The rather sporadic success in the development of antibiotics since the 1960s has led to a pressing need to discover new antibiotics to combat drug resistance.[1] Compounds that act through new mechanisms are particularly attractive as they offer the prospect of combating effectively infections resistant to all existing drugs. Platensimycin (1, Scheme 1) was isolated recently from a strain of Streptomyces platensis by a Merck research group as part of a high-throughput screening program of metabolites to identify inhibitors of bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis.[2] Platensimycin represents a new structural class of antibiotic, operating through a novel mechanism of action and, as such, presents a ray of hope for the development of a powerful new therapy. Specifically, the Merck research group showed that platensimycin inhibits the elongation–condensing enzymes b-ketoacyl-(acyl carrier pro- tein) synthases I/II (FabF/B) in the type II bacterial fatty acid biosynthetic pathway by binding to the acyl–enzyme inter- mediate involved. These enzymes are essential for lipid biosynthesis and are found in many pathogenic species. Indeed, platensimycin was found to be the most potent inhibitor of these enzymes known to date and exhibited potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram- positive bacterial strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-intermediate Staphylo- coccus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Platensimycin and Platencin: Inhibitors of Β-Ketoacyl-Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) Synthase III (Fabh)
    Molecules 2015, 20, 16127-16141; doi:10.3390/molecules200916127 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Review Review of Platensimycin and Platencin: Inhibitors of β-Ketoacyl-acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) Synthase III (FabH) Ruofeng Shang 1, Jianping Liang 1, Yunpeng Yi 1, Yu Liu 1 and Jiatu Wang 2,* 1 Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China; E-Mails: [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (Y.Y.); [email protected] (Y.L.) 2 Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-931-863-5283; Fax: +86-931-863-5229. Academic Editor: Peter J. Rutledge Received: 9 July 2015 / Accepted: 28 August 2015 / Published: 3 September 2015 Abstract: Platensimycin and platencin were successively discovered from the strain Streptomyces platensis through systematic screening. These natural products have been defined as promising agents for fighting multidrug resistance in bacteria by targeting type II fatty acid synthesis with slightly different mechanisms. Bioactivity studies have shown that platensimycin and platencin offer great potential to inhibit many resistant bacteria with no cross-resistance or toxicity observed in vivo. This review summarizes the general information on platensimycin and platencin, including antibacterial and self-resistant mechanisms. Furthermore, the total synthesis pathways of platensimycin and platencin and their analogues from recent studies are presented. Keywords: platensimycin; platencin; drug resistance; antibacterial activities; synthesis; analogues 1.
    [Show full text]