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Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/21816 SHARE Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions DETAILS 80 pages | 8.5 x 11 | PAPERBACK ISBN 978-0-309-37904-5 | DOI 10.17226/21816 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK Committee to Review the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions; Space Studies Board; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; European Space Sciences Committee; FIND RELATED TITLES European Science Foundation Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports – 10% off the price of print titles – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions Committee to Review the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences European Space Sciences Committee European Science Foundation Strasbourg, France Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 This study is based on work supported by the Contract NNH11CD57B between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and work supported by the Contract RFP/IPL-PTM/PA/fg/306.2014 between the European Science Foundation and the European Space Agency. -
PUTTING LIFE on MARS: Using Computer Graphics to Render a Living Mars
InSight: RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, VOLUME 9, NUMBER 1, SPRING 2013 PUTTING LIFE ON MARS: Using Computer Graphics to Render a Living Mars Kevin M. Gill ‘11G* Senior Software Engineer, Thunderhead.com, Manchester, NH Keywords: Computer Graphics, Mars, Life, Planetary Science, OpenGL Abstract This article describes the software, algorithms & decisions that went into the development of the Living Mars image project. This includes topics related to computer graphics, software development, astronomy, & planetary science. The purpose of the project was to create a visualization of the planet Mars as could look with a living biosphere. This makes no distinction as to whether this biosphere would represent an ancient or future, possibly terraformed planet. 1 Background Mars, named for the Roman god of war. Ancient civilizations have forever associated the planet with fear, war, and destruction. It is the color of blood, and “one of a handful of planets visible to the naked eye, and the only one of marked color, so the planet demanded attention (Pyle, 2012).” Ever since man has noticed it, there have been dreams and visions of life on Mars, from Giovanni Schiaparelli and Percival Lowell describing channels and canals to Robert A. Heinlein’s science fiction. Lowell, in particular famous for fantastic writings of Mars, asked “are physical forces alone at work there, or has evolution begotten something more complex, something not unakin to what we know on Earth as life?” (Lowell, 1895) Even more recent discoveries by NASA’s Curiosity rover have found proof that liquid water once flowed billions of years ago positing an environment that could have served host to life (Brown, 2013). -
Companion Q&A Fact Sheet: What Mars Reveals About Life in Our
What Mars Reveals about Life in Our Universe Companion Q&A Fact Sheet Educators from the Smithsonian’s Air and Space and Natural History Museums assembled this collection of commonly asked questions about Mars to complement the Smithsonian Science How webinar broadcast on March 3, 2021, “What Mars Reveals about Life in our Universe.” Continue to explore Mars and your own curiosities with these facts and additional resources: • NASA: Mars Overview • NASA: Mars Robotic Missions • National Air and Space Museum on the Smithsonian Learning Lab: “Wondering About Astronomy Together” Guide • National Museum of Natural History: A collection of resources for teaching about Antarctic Meteorites and Mars 1 • Smithsonian Science How: “What Mars Reveals about Life in our Universe” with experts Cari Corrigan, L. Miché Aaron, and Mariah Baker (aired March 3, 2021) Mars Overview How long is Mars’ day? Mars takes 24 hours and 38 minutes to spin around once, so its day is very similar to Earth’s. How long is Mars’ year? Mars takes 687 days, almost two Earth years, to complete one orbit around the Sun. How far is Mars from Earth? The distance between Earth and Mars changes as both planets move around the Sun in their orbits. At its closest, Mars is just 34 million miles from the Earth; that’s about one third of Earth’s distance from the Sun. On the day of this program, March 3, 2021, Mars was about 135 million miles away, or four times its closest distance. How far is Mars from the Sun? Mars orbits an average of 141 million miles from the Sun, which is about one-and-a-half times as far as the Earth is from the Sun. -
250.000 Judar -Skall Bort Fran B~,F!Fj/!Est Fran St:~T:S :Gjrlinredakti,Ir Chrisq.ER
·- COCPERATI ON WITH O'rHSR GOVER~'MK'iTS: :-ll!,UTPJU. ~L-.'l0P3:AJ;; (SWEDE~!) VOL.z (LAST PART) LETT,;RS F!!OM IVKR C. OLSEN, TRM/SMITTHG PRESS RELEASES & TRAN3J,ATIONS FROM S'o'3DEN ----- 3 lm<:UBt 1'3, 1'144 - iind'onc·· . ~. 'I THE FOREIGN SERVICE OF THE UNil'ED STATES OF AMERICA AMERICAN LEGATION 848/MET Stockholm, Sweden December 4, 1944 Mr. John w. Pehle Executive Director War Refugee Board Washington, D. c. Dear•Mr. Pehle: For the information of the Board, there are enclosed a few articles and translations from the local press. Sincerely yours, ~~ Ma~abet~For: rver c. Thomps~nOlsen Special Attach~ for War Refugee Board Enclosures - 4 . i •· --I ~· SOURCE: Dagens Nyheter, November 18, 1944 FOR POLAND'S CHILDREN. The collection which the Help Poland's Children Committee started during Poland Week in September and which is still going on has at present resulted in 154,000 crowns, apart from the great quantity of clothes and shoes. Great amounts have come from industries and shops in the country, Among the more noticeable contributions is the one from teachers and pupils at Vasaetaden's girls' school through a bazaar, The sum was 2,266 crowns, from the employees and workers in the ASEA factories in Ludvika, 2,675 crowns, from employees and workers at Telefon AB L,M. Ericsson 1,382 crowns, and from the staff at AB Clothing Factory in Nassjo 629 crowns. Through the committee 35,000 kg. of food have been sent to the evacuation camp at Pruezkow and other plaoes, and we hope to be able to send even more food and clothes to other camps where the population of Warsow has been brought. -
Prospects for Life on Mars Without Doubt, Mars Is the Planet That Has Inspired the Most Speculation About Life Outside Earth. It
Prospects for Life on Mars Without doubt, Mars is the planet that has inspired the most speculation about life outside Earth. It has also starred in more science fiction stories than all other non-Earth planets put together. In this lecture we will have some fun exploring the history of these notions, as well as the entirely serious pursuit of life on Mars that is an ongoing focus of NASA. Lowell and the canals Fascination with Mars has probably occurred since the dawn of humans. Its bright red aspect draws attention, and it is probably no accident that multiple civilizations identified it with the god of war. We take our tradition in this respect from the Romans. Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun, is the second smallest of the terrestrial planets. It has about 1/10 of the mass of the Earth and 1/3 of Earth’s surface gravity, with the consequence that it has difficulty holding onto gases and thus has an atmosphere with only about 1% of the density of Earth’s. The atmosphere itself is mostly carbon dioxide; the oxygen that was in the atmosphere has combined with the iron in the crust to make rust, which is why the planet is red. Mars has no detectable magnetic field, which suggests to some people that it is solid throughout: for comparison, the Earth’s molten interior combined with its rotation (which is similar to that of Mars) generates our magnetic field. Nonetheless, Mars has some spectacular surface features including the largest volcano in the Solar System, Olympus Mons, which rises an amazing 25 km above the surface and is 600 km wide at its base. -
Magnetite Biomineralization and Ancient Life on Mars Richard B Frankel* and Peter R Buseckt
Magnetite biomineralization and ancient life on Mars Richard B Frankel* and Peter R Buseckt Certain chemical and mineral features of the Martian meteorite with a mass distribution unlike terrestrial PAHs or those from ALH84001 were reported in 1996 to be probable evidence of other meteorites; thirdly, bacterium-shaped objects (BSOs) ancient life on Mars. In spite of new observations and up to several hundred nanometers long that resemble fos interpretations, the question of ancient life on Mars remains silized terrestrial microorganisms; and lastly, 10-100 nm unresolved. Putative biogenic, nanometer magnetite has now magnetite (Fe304), pyrrhotite (Fel_xS), and greigite (Fe3S4) become a leading focus in the debate. crystals. These minerals were cited as evidence because of their similarity to biogenic magnetic minerals in terrestrial Addresses magnetotactic bacteria. *Department of Physics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA; e-mail: [email protected] The ancient life on Mars hypothesis has been extensively tDepartments of Geology and Chemistry/Biochemistry, Arizona State challenged, and alternative non-biological processes have University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1404, USA; e-mail: [email protected] been proposed for each of the four features cited by McKay et al. [4]. In this paper we review the current situa tion regarding their proposed evidence, focusing on the Abbreviations putative biogenic magnetite crystals. BCM biologically controlled mineralization BIM biologically induced mineralization BSO bacterium-shaped object Evidence for and against ancient Martian life PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PAHs and BSOs Reports of contamination by terrestrial organic materials [5°,6°] and the similarity of ALH84001 PAHs to non-bio genic PAHs in carbonaceous chondrites [7,8] make it Introduction difficult to positively identify PAHs of non-terrestrial, bio A 2 kg carbonaceous stony meteorite, designated genic origin. -
Executive Intelligence Review, Volume 17, Number 15, April 6, 1990
LAROUCHE So, You Wish to Leant All About BUT YOU'D BEDER EconoInics? KNOW WHAT H. Jr. HE HAS TO SAY by Lyndon LaRouche, A text on elementary mathematical economics, by the world's leading economist. Find out why EIR was right, when everyone else was wrong. The Power of Order from: Ben Franklin Booksellers, Inc. Reason: 1988 27 South King Street Leesburg, Va. 22075 An Autobiography by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. $9.95 plus shipping ($1.50 for first book, $.50 for each additional book). Information on bulk rates and videotape Published by Executive Intelligence Review Order from Ben Franklin Booksellers, 27 South King St., Leesburg, VA 22075. available on request. $10 plus shipping ($1.50 for first copy, .50 for each ad,:::ional). Bulk rates available. THE POWER OF REASON 1iM.'" An exciting new videotape is now available on the life and work of Lyndon LaRouche, political leader and scientist, who is currently an American political prisoner, together with six of his leading associates. This tape includes clips of some of LaRouche's most important, historic speeches, on economics, history, culture, science, AIDS, and t e drug trade. , This tape will recruit your friends to the fight forr Western civilization! Order it today! $100.00 Checks or money orders should be sent to: P.O. Box 535, Leesburg, VA 22075 HumanPlease specify Rights whether Fund you wish Beta or VHS. Allow 4 weeks for delivery. Founder and Contributing Editor: From the Editor Lyndon H. LaRouche. Jr. Editor: Nora Hamerman Managing Editors: John Sigerson, Susan Welsh Assistant Managing Editor: Ronald Kokinda Editorial Board: Warren Hamerman. -
Pre-Mission Insights on the Interior of Mars Suzanne E
Pre-mission InSights on the Interior of Mars Suzanne E. Smrekar, Philippe Lognonné, Tilman Spohn, W. Bruce Banerdt, Doris Breuer, Ulrich Christensen, Véronique Dehant, Mélanie Drilleau, William Folkner, Nobuaki Fuji, et al. To cite this version: Suzanne E. Smrekar, Philippe Lognonné, Tilman Spohn, W. Bruce Banerdt, Doris Breuer, et al.. Pre-mission InSights on the Interior of Mars. Space Science Reviews, Springer Verlag, 2019, 215 (1), pp.1-72. 10.1007/s11214-018-0563-9. hal-01990798 HAL Id: hal-01990798 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01990798 Submitted on 23 Jan 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte (OATAO ) OATAO is an open access repository that collects the wor of some Toulouse researchers and ma es it freely available over the web where possible. This is an author's version published in: https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/21690 Official URL : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0563-9 To cite this version : Smrekar, Suzanne E. and Lognonné, Philippe and Spohn, Tilman ,... [et al.]. Pre-mission InSights on the Interior of Mars. (2019) Space Science Reviews, 215 (1). -
Evolution of Mars As a Planet, Possible Life on Mars
EVOLUTION OF MARS LECTURE 18 NEEP 533 HARRISON H. SCHMITT NASA HST IMAGE N THARSIS HELLAS S ANDESITE OR WEATHERED SOIL DUST DUST DUST BASALT ~100 KM A C B THEMIS THERMAL IMAGING OF SPIRIT LANDING AREA IN GUSEV CRATER A. SPIRIT LANDING ELLIPSE B. CLOSER VIEW OF SPIRIT LANDING ELLIPSE C. NIGHT IR IMAGE: BRIGHT AREAS ARE MORE ROCKY. ARROW POINTS TO ROCKY SLOPE SPIRIT MOVED TO GUSEV CRATER POSSIBLE LAKE BED IN LARGE BASIN A C B THEMIS THERMAL IMAGING OF OPPORTUNITYLANDING AREA IN MERIDIANI PLANUM A. LANDING ELLIPSE ~120 KM LONG) B. CLOSER VIEW OF LANDING ELLIPSE C. NIGHT IR IMAGE: BRIGHT AREAS ARE MORE ROCKY. ARROW POINTS TO ROCKY SLOPE MAJOR STAGES OF MARS’ EVOLUTION 1 BEGINNING 2 MAGMA OCEAN / CONVECTIVE OVERTURN 3A ? ? CRATERED UPLANDS / VERY LARGE BASINS 3B ? CORE FORMATION/GLOBAL MAGNETIC FIELD 3C 4.5 - 1.3 GLOBAL MAFIC VOLCANISM DENSE WATER / CO2 ATMOSPHERE E ? G 3D EROSION / LAKES / NORTHERN OCEAN A T ? ? S 4 LARGE BASINS CATACLYSM ? THARSIS UPLIFT AND VOLCANISM ? 5 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE BASALTIC / ANDESITIC VOLCANISM ? 1.3 - 0.2 SUBSURFACE HYDROSPHERE / CRYOSPHERE 6 ? PRESENT SURFACE CONDITIONS LUNAR 4.6 4.2? 3.8 ? 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 BILLIONS OF YEARS BEFORE PRESENT ITALICS = SNC DATES RED = MAJOR UNCERTAINTY OLYMPUS TOPOGRAPHY OF MONS THARSIS REGION VALLES MARINERIS THARSIS REGION SHADED RELIEF DETAIL MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR MOLA OLYMPUS MONS VALLES MARINERIS APOLLO MODEL OF MARS EVOLUTION ELYSIUM MONS ANDESITIC THARSIS EVENTS EXTRUSIONS <3.8 B.Y. THARSIS THICKENING ATMOSPHERE: MAFIC UPPER MANTLE WITH CO2, H20 CRYOSPHERE / INCREASING HYDROSPHERE SI AND FE UPWARDS OLIVINE/ NA- PYROXENE ? ANDESITIC CUMULATE INTRUSIONS? OLIVINE ? CUMULATE RELIC PROTO- GARNET / NA-CPX/ CORE ? NA-BIOTITE?/NA- HORNBLENDE/ ? FExNIySz “RUTILE” (TRANSITION? CORE CUMULATES ? ZONE) RELIC MAGNETIC STRIPING THICKENED SOUTHERN ©Harrison H. -
Life on Mars- Extracting the Signs for Future Human Habitation on The
Muhammad Shadab Khan, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, India CONTENT- Introduction Life on Mars Signs of Life Found on Mars and Similarities with those signs on Earth Utilizing Life Support Resources present on Mars for human habitation INTRODUCTION 1- Rise of Global Warming and it’s alarming consequences which might cause complete loss of life on Earth– Search for an Earth like habitable body in the outer Space 2- Ongoing Exploration of Mars in search of Life on the Red Planet for future human habitation on the planet. 3- Mars is the planet which is very similar to Earth and it’s believed that Life had existed on Mars in the Past– Big support to our quest for life in the future 4- The life supporting features found on Mars are very similar to those found on Earth– Giving a sign of prospective life in the near future on Mars Life on Mars Life on Mars has been a subject of wide discussion from the very early beginning. There has been speculations about the existence of Life on the Red Planet in the Past But still about the presence of an Earth like habitable environment on Mars is a BIG QUESTION ? The first search for Life on Mars was carried out by NASA’s VIKING LANDER in 1976 Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer Instrument on the Lander detected the possible MICROBIAL LIFE in the soil sample . The question about MICROBIAL LIFE remains unresolved LIQUID WATER ON MARS The speculation about the presence of LIQUID WATER on Mars has been a subject of deep interest to the scientists from the very beginning As it’s believed in order to support LIFE, the need of WATER in LIQUID FORM is MUST. -
Martian Sub-Surface Ionising Radiation: Abstract Introduction ∗ Biosignatures and Geology Conclusions References Tables Figures L
Biogeosciences Discuss., 4, 455–492, 2007 Biogeosciences www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/4/455/2007/ Discussions BGD © Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed 4, 455–492, 2007 under a Creative Commons License. Biogeosciences Discussions is the access reviewed discussion forum of Biogeosciences Martian radiation L. R. Dartnell et al Title Page Martian sub-surface ionising radiation: Abstract Introduction ∗ biosignatures and geology Conclusions References Tables Figures L. R. Dartnell1, L. Desorgher2, J. M. Ward3, and A. J. Coates4 1CoMPLEX (Centre for Mathematics & Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental J I Biology), University College London, UK J I 2Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Switzerland 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK Back Close 4Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, UK Full Screen / Esc Received: 8 January 2007 – Accepted: 7 February 2007 – Published: 9 February 2007 Correspondence to: L. R. Dartnell ([email protected]) Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion EGU ∗Invited contribution by L. R. Dartnell, one of the Union Young Scientist Award winners 2006. 455 Abstract BGD The surface of Mars, unshielded by thick atmosphere or global magnetic field, is ex- posed to high levels of cosmic radiation. This ionizing radiation field is deleterious to 4, 455–492, 2007 the survival of dormant cells or spores and the persistence of molecular biomarkers in 5 the subsurface, and so its characterisation is of prime astrobiological interest. Previous Martian radiation research has attempted to address the question of biomarker persistence by inappro- priately using dose profiles weighted specifically for cellular survival. Here, we present L. R. Dartnell et al modelling results of the unmodified physically absorbed radiation dose as a function of depth through the Martian subsurface. -
Comment on Liquid Water and Life on Mars
obiolog str y & f A O u o l t a r e n Chandra Wickramasinghe, Astrobiol Outreach 2015, 3:5 a r c u h o J Journal of Astrobiology & Outreach DOI: 10.4172/2332-2519.1000e111 ISSN: 2332-2519 Editorial Open Access Comment on Liquid Water and Life on Mars Chandra Wickramasinghe N*,1,2,3 1Buckingham Centre for Astrobiology (BCAB), Buckingham University, UK 2Institute for the Study of Panspermia and Astroeconomics, Gifu, Japan 3University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka *Corresponding author: Wickramasinghe NC, Buckingham Centre for Astrobiology (BCAB), Buckingham University, UK, Tel: +44-777-838-9243; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: October 01, 2015; Acc date: October 05, 2015; Pub date: October 07, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Chandra Wickramasinghe N, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Editorial but it was quickly rejected on grounds of alleged uncertainties of interpretation, as well as the lack of organic molecules detectable at the The announcement this week of the detection of liquid water on landing site. A year later, in1977, a major dust storm enveloped the Mars has come close on 4 decades after the arrival of the first Viking planet and H. Abadi and the present writer reported evidence of landers at the red planet in 1976 [1]. The temperatures at the two absorption properties of the Martian dust that was consistent with the original landing sites of the Viking spacecraft in 1976 ranged between a presence of aromatic hydrocarbons [3].