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The Life, Works and Literary Identity of Eminent Poet and Author of Armenian Literature Hovhannes Tumanyan

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The Life, Works and Literary Identity of Eminent Poet and Author of Armenian Literature Hovhannes Tumanyan Prizren Uksin Hoti University Young Scholars Union The Life, Works and Literary Identity of Eminent Poet and Author of Armenian Literature Hovhannes Tumanyan Yıldız Deveci BozkuĢ Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi ABSTRACT Considered as one of the most eminent poets and authors of Armenian literature and of the national poets of Armenia, Hovhannes Tumanyan is a prominent name in revealing the life styles and commonalities of people living in this geography. Although it can be observed that academic and literary works on Tumantyan do exist in Turkey, these studies are limited. Another objective of this study is to create awareness among literary/academic circles so as to pioneer the translation of the author‘s most of the works listed in this study into Turkish or the study of them in related university units. In addition, this study will contribute in demonstrating that the societies have a sort of a collective memory or literary identity regardless of different religions, ethnicities, cultures or geographies. The reader will be briefly informed about the life and works of Hovhannes Tumanyan by the study. After, some of Tumanyan‘s fables will be presented in translated form. Thus, the aim is to open a small door for readers who wish to research, to investigate to have an idea on such a rich and comprehensive field as Armenian Literature. Keywords: Armenian Literature, poets, Hovhannes Tumanyan “Değerli öğretmenler ve öğrenciler, uluslara barışı, kardeşliği, ışığı ve adaleti getirmek için, bu aydınlık fikirler uğruna dövüşen sizlersiniz.” Hovhannes Tumanyan1 GiriĢ Ermeni edebiyatının Türk diline kazandırılması çalıĢmaları özellikle Soğuk SavaĢ‘ın sona ermesinden sonra ivme kazanmıĢtır. Soğuk SavaĢ yıllarında Türkiye ile - Ermenistan‘ın da bir parçası olduğu - Sovyetler Birliği arasındaki iliĢkilerin mesafeli olması, Türkiye‘de Ermeni edebiyatına duyulan ilginin belli bir seviyeyi aĢmamasının en önemli nedenlerinden biridir. Bununla beraber, son yıllarda Ermeni edebiyatı alanında Türkiye‘de sınırlı sayıda da olsa ufuk açan bazı çalıĢmalar yapılmaya baĢlanmıĢtır. Özellikle Ankara, Ġstanbul, Kayseri gibi kentlerde bulunan üniversitelerde Ermeni Dili ve Edebiyatı, Ermeni Dili ve Kültürü, Kafkas ÇalıĢmaları vb. isimlerle açılan bölümlerde yürütülen çalıĢmaların önümüzdeki dönemde birçok dünyaca ünlü Ermeni yazarın ve eserlerinin tanınması ve tanıtılmasına katkı sağlaması kaçınılmazdır. Son dönemde yapılan yayınlara bakıldığında, önümüzdeki günlerde Türkiye‘de Ermeni edebiyatına duyulan ilginin artmasına paralel olarak, baĢta Ermenistan olmak üzere, Kafkas coğrafyası ve yakın çevrede Türk edebiyatına olan ilginin de giderek artacağı öngörüsünde bulunmak yanlıĢ olmaz. Ermeni edebiyatına yönelik ilginin yakın zamanlara kadar sınırlı olmasının bir nedeni, yukarıda belirtildiği üzere, Türkiye ile Sovyetler Birliği arasındaki iliĢkilerin mesafeli olması ise, Soğuk SavaĢ‘ın bitiminden sonra ortaya çıkan daha önemli bir neden, Ermeni edebiyatı araĢtırmalarının Türkiye-Ermenistan iliĢkilerinde yaĢanan sorunlar ve 1915 olaylarına odaklanan çalıĢmaların gölgesinde kalmasıdır. Diğer bir deyiĢle, ulusal ve uluslararası siyaset, akademik çalıĢmaların gidiĢatı için de belirleyici olmuĢtur. Bu anlamda okumakta olduğunuz bu çalıĢmanın öncelikli amaçlarından biri, Türk ve Ermeni toplumlarının Türk-Ermeni iliĢkilerine dair 1915 merkezli algısını, Ermeni edebiyatının bazı önemli çalıĢmalarının Türkçe‘ye kazandırılması aracılığıyla bir nebze değiĢtirmektir. 1 Hovhannes Tumanyan, Yaşamak İstiyorum, Yervant Tomasyan (Çev.), 2. Baskı, Ġstanbul: Çocuk Bahçesi - Oda Yayınları, 1991, s.5. 367 Prizren Uksin Hoti University Young Scholars Union Böylelikle, iki toplum arasında kırgınlık, anlaĢmazlık, uyuĢmazlık ve çatıĢmanın ötesinde ortak kültür, tarih ve edebi bir geçmiĢin de var olduğuna dikkat çekilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Nitekim okuyucuların bu çalıĢmayı okuduktan sonra kültürel bağlamda ve masal, Ģiir, hikâye, fabl vb. edebi türler çerçevesinde iki toplumun algılarının, dünyaya bakıĢlarının ve hayat tarzlarının birbirine ne kadar benzediğinin farkına varması, bu çalıĢmanın amacına ulaĢtığı anlamına gelecektir. 1. Tumanyan‘ın Hayatı: Hovhannes Tumanyan‘ın ailesinin kökenleri onuncu ve on birinci yüzyıllarda Lori bölgesinde yaĢamıĢ Ermeni soylu ailelerinden biri olan Mamikonyanlara dayanmaktadır.2 Bu nedenle Tumanyan‘ın yazıĢmalarını veya eserlerini imzalarken Tumanyan-Mamikonyan soyadını kullandığı bilinmektedir.3 Tumanyan‘ın anne ve babasına gelince, babası, Tumanyan‘ın doğduğu Dsegh (Դս ե ղ ) köyünde papaz olarak görev yapan ve Ter-Tadevos adıyla da bilinen Aslan (1842-1936) ve annesi aynı köyün köklü ailelerinden biri olan Koçaryanlara mensup olan Sona‘dır (1842-1936). Tumanyan Aslan ve Sona çiftinin yedi çocuğunun en büyüğü olarak 1869 yılında dünyaya gelmiĢtir. Tumanyan, kardeĢlerinin en büyüğü olup, hem kardeĢlerini etkilemiĢ, hem de onlardan etkilenmiĢtir. Tumanyan‘ın kardeĢleri sırasıyla Rostom (1871–1915), Osan (1874–1926), Iskuhi (1878–1943), Vahan (1881–1937), Astghik (1885–1953), ArĢavir (1888–1921) ve ArtaĢes (1892–1916)‘dir.4 Tumanyan‘ın hayatı ve edebi eserleri üzerine kaleme alınan eserlerde, Tumanyan‘ın edebi niteliklerinin geliĢmesinde çok küçük yaĢlardan itibaren, papaz olan babasından dinlediği vaazların ve annesinin çocuklarını oyalamak üzere anlattığı masal, efsane ve hikâyeleri dinlemesinin büyük payı olduğu vurgulanır.5 Tumanyan‘ın kendisi de ailesinin kendi edebi nitelikleri üzerindeki etkisinin üzerinde durmaktadır. Babasını hayatında tanıdığı en kıymetli ve en iyi insan olarak tanımlayan Tumanyan, onun son derece fedakâr, cömert, esprili, neĢeli ve hoĢ sohbet olduğunu ve aynı zamanda daima derin bir ciddiyet taĢıdığını ifade ederek ona duyduğu hayranlığı dile getirmiĢtir.6 Uzun boylu, güzel ve çalıĢkan bir kadın olarak tarif edilen Tumanyan‘ın annesi Sona‘nın ise hikâye ve masal anlatmaktaki becerisi ile oğlunun hayal dünyasının geliĢmesi ve Ģekillenmesinde önemli bir rol oynadığı söylenebilir.7 Kalabalık bir ailede dünyaya gelmesine rağmen, okuryazar bir babaya ve köy öğretmeni bir amcaya sahip olmanın da etkisiyle Tumanyan çok erken yaĢlarda okuma-yazmayı öğrenmiĢtir; hatta bazı araĢtırmacılar Tumanyan‘ın ―Köpek ve Kedi‖ [Շ ո ւ ն ն ու կ ատո ւ ն ] baĢlıklı ilk Ģiirini Jalaloğlu Okulu‘na devam ettiği dönemde daha on iki yaĢındayken kaleme aldığını iddia ederler.8 Ailesinin Tumanyan‘ın edebi karakterinin geliĢmesine etkisini Pakrat Estukyan ve Sarkis Seropyan Ģu sözlerle vurgular: Lori bölgesinin Tseğ adlı mütevazı bir dağ köyünde doğan Tumanyan‘ın belki de en büyük Ģansı babasının papaz, amcasının da köy çocuklarına eğitim veren bir köy öğretmeni oluĢuyla açıklanabilir. Bu vesileyle küçük yaĢta okumayı söken Hovhannes Tumanyan çok kısa sürede de okula gitme imkânı buldu. Ancak Tumanyan esas olarak halkının binlerce yıldır masallarla, efsanelerle, âĢıkların güzellemeleriyle biriktirdiği bir kültürün içinde doğmuĢtu. Dolayısıyla öncelikle bu sözlü kaynaktan beslendi ve ilerde bütün edebi katkısını da esas olarak bu sözlü edebiyata dönük olarak gerçekleĢtirdi.9 2 Մե ր ի Հարությ ունյ ան [Meri Harutyunyan], ―Hovhannes Tumanyan's Biography‖, http://meriharutyunyan.blogspot.com.tr/2016/02/hovhannes-tumanyans-biography.html (Son eriĢim: 14.02.2017). 3Թո ւ մ ան յ ան ի Տ ո հ մ ը [Tumanyan‘ın Ailesi], http://toumanian.am/tangaran/biography.php?clear=1&cont=2&lang=AM (Son eriĢim: 12.02.2017). 4 Մե ր ի Հարությ ունյ ան [Meri Harutyunyan], ―Hovhannes Tumanyan's Biography‖, a.g.e. 5 ―Hovhannes Tumanyan Introduction with his Poems in English‖, https://armeniagogo.com/hovhannes-tumanyan/ (Son eriĢim: 14 Eylül 2016). 6 Ay. y. 7 Թո ւ մ ան յ ան ի Տ ո հ մ ը [Tumanyan‘ın Ailesi], a.g.e. 8 Hovhannes Tumanyan Poet, http://www.famousbirthdays.com/people/hovhannes-tumanyan.html (Son eriĢim:12.02.2017), Detaylı bilgi için bakınız: Ա. Մ. Ի ն ճ ի կ յ ան [A.M. Ġncikyan], "Թո ւ մ ան յ ան ի մանկությ ունը [Tumanyan‘ın Çocukluğu]‖, Լ ր աբ ե ր Հ աս ար ակ ակ ան Գիտու թյ ու նների [Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi], No. 1, 1969, ss. 40-58. 9 Pakrat Estukyan ve Sarkis Seropyan, ―145. yıldönümünde halk ozanı Hovhannes Tumanyan‖, Agos, 03.03.2014. 368 Prizren Uksin Hoti University Young Scholars Union Tumanyan erken denebilecek bir yaĢta, 1889 yılında, henüz on dokuz yaĢındayken, on yedi yaĢındaki Olga Matchkalyan ile evlenmiĢ ve Tumanyan‘ın bu evlilikten, belki kendisinin de kalabalık bir aileden gelmiĢ olmasının da etkisiyle, on çocuğu olmuĢtur.10 Tumanyan ilk eğitimini papaz babasından almıĢtır. 1877-79 yılları arasında Tsegh‘deki bölge kilisesine bağlı okula devam etmiĢtir. 1879-83 yılları arasında ise eğitimine Lori bölgesine bağlı bir kasaba olan Jalaloghlu‘da11 devam etmiĢtir. Ermeni okullarının Çarlık idaresinin emriyle kapatılmasının ardından Tumanyan doğduğu köye geri dönmüĢtür. Ardından, babasının Tumanyan‘ı o dönemlerde Ermeni kültürü açısından adeta bir merkez olarak kabul edilen Tiflis‘e götürdüğü bilinmektedir. Aslında babası öncelikle Tumanyan‘ı dedesi gibi asker olması için Harp Okulu‘na yazdırmıĢ, ancak Tumanyan oradaki zor yaĢam koĢullarına dayanamayıp okulu bırakmıĢtır. Daha sonra Tiflis‘teki Nersisyan Okulu‘na (1883-87) devam eden Tumanyan, burada özellikle beĢeri bilimler alanında yoğun bir eğitim almıĢtır.12 Bu okulda Tumanyan‘ın eğitim aldığı öğretmenler içinde dünyaca ünlü Ermeni aydınlarının olduğu söylenebilir. Bunların arasında romancı Tserents, H. Shishmanyan, C. Barkhudaryan gibi isimler ile filoloji alanında K. Kostanyan, çeviri alanında ise P. Vardanyan sayılabilir. Genç Ģairin edebi dünyasının ve vizyonunun oluĢumunda ayrıca Ermeni edebiyatının
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