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The Tumaco Seedeater (Sporophila Insulata, Emberizidae): a Species That Never Was ?

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The Tumaco Seedeater (Sporophila Insulata, Emberizidae): a Species That Never Was ? ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 15: 17–30, 2004 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society THE TUMACO SEEDEATER (SPOROPHILA INSULATA, EMBERIZIDAE): A SPECIES THAT NEVER WAS ? F. Gary Stiles Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7495, Bogotá, Colombia & Department of Ornithology, Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA E-mail: [email protected] Resumen. – El Espiguero de Tumaco (Sporophila insulata, Emberizidae): ¿Una especie que nunca la era? – El Espiguero de Tumaco, Sporophila insulata, generalmente se considera una especie endémica de Colombia y en peligro crítico de extinción. Con base en un reconocimiento breve de los plumajes de los machos en una población silvestre y la colección de tres ejemplares (los primeros desde la colección de la serie típica hace 80 años), examinación de esta serie típica y de series largas de ejemplares de los Espigue- ros Golicastaño (S. telasco) y Menudo (S. minuta), dos posibles parientes, concluyo que S. insulata debe con- siderarse como una subespecie o morfo del primero y que no está emparentado con el segundo. En S. telasco la extensión del castaño del plumaje ventral parece no cambiar con la edad, y lo mismo probable- mente ocurre en insulata; el plumaje dorsal parece un mejor indicativo de la edad. Hembras de las dos son indistinguibles, y no hay indicios confiables de aislamiento reproductivo. Por lo tanto, fenotipos interme- dios (los cuales se constituyen en la mayoría de los machos en las poblaciones cerca de Tumaco) deben representar el resultado de entrecruzamiento libre, lo cual posiblemente se ve facilitado por los hábitos nómadas de estas poblaciones. Abstract. – The Tumaco Seedeater (Sporophila insulata) is generally considered to be a critically endangered, endemic species of Colombia. On the basis of a brief survey of plumage types in a wild population and collection of three specimens (the first since the type series was taken 80 years ago), examination of the type series and extensive series of possible relatives (Chestnut-throated Seedeater, S. telasco and Ruddy- breasted Seedeater, S. minuta), I conclude that S. insulata is best considered a race or color morph of the former, and is not closely related to the latter. The amount of chestnut color below in males of telasco apparently does not increase with age, and evidence that the same is true in insulata is presented; dorsal col- oration is a better indicator of age. Females of the two are indistinguishable, and no solid evidence of reproductive isolation exists. Thus, phenotypes intermediate between the two (which constitute the bulk of males in populations of “insulata” near Tumaco) most likely reflect free interbreeding that may in turn be facilitated by nomadic population movements. Accepted 15 May 2003. Key words: Colombia, conservation, taxonomy, seedeaters, Tumaco Seedeater, Sporophila insulata, Sporophila telasco. INTRODUCTION son on Isla Tumaco and the next time the bird was seen by an ornithologist. During this The Tumaco Seedeater (Sporophila insulata) has interval Isla Tumaco was engulfed by the city long been one of Colombia’s most enigmatic of Tumaco and recent searches there for the birds. Eighty-two years elapsed between the seedeater were unsuccessful. The meager data collection of the type series by W. B. Richard- were summarized by Collar et al. (1992) who 17 STILES feared that it might be extinct. Recent treat- (width 10–50 m) of low vegetation dominated ments have considered it to be critically by the bunchgrass Uniola pittieri (shown in the endangered (e.g., Renjifo 1998). However, foreground of Salaman’s (1995) photo, with stunted vegetation flanked by mangroves like scattered low shrubs and stunted mangroves. that described by Richardson (in Chapman I found seedeaters only in this habitat, as did 1917) on Isla Tumaco occurs widely on Salaman and Giles. However, I would esti- islands and mainland along the coast of mate the total extent of bunchgrass-scrub on Nariño, such that the rediscovery of S. insulata the island to be 3–5 ha, rather than á1 ha as at Isla Bocagrande, c. 15 km west of Tumaco, stated by Salaman (1995). The western half of in September 1994 by Salaman and Giles the island is broader and includes a small set- (Salaman 1995), while exciting news indeed, tlement with various rustic resort hotels, was not wholly unexpected. In March 1995, I mostly unoccupied at the time of my visit, as made a brief visit to Isla Bocagrande, where I well as areas of taller scrub and second observed a flock, captured several birds in a growth on the landward side. The entire sea- mist net and collected three specimens, the ward side of the island consists of a broad, first since the type series. The taxonomic sta- very gently sloping sandy beach. tus of the Tumaco Seedeater has also been somewhat uncertain. When he described insu- Field work. I arrived on Isla Grande at 14:00 lata, Chapman (1921) compared it only with on 14 March 1995. Late that afternoon, fol- the Ruddy-breasted Seedeater (S. minuta) lowing a period of light rain, I located a loose because of the extensively chestnut under- flock of seedeaters c. 200 m east of the settle- parts of the males. However, Ridgely & Tudor ment, evidently going to roost in some small (1989) reexamined the type series and sug- bushes scattered among the bunchgrass. Poor gested that the closest relative of insulata is the light prevented detailed observations, but I Chestnut-throated Seedeater (S. telasco) which spent over 3 h the next morning observing occurs along the Pacific coastal lowlands this flock, and capturing five birds in a mist from extreme southwestern Colombia to net. I spent the rest of the morning making a northern Chile (Meyer de Schauensee 1966). census of all seedeaters on the eastern two- They suggested that insulata might represent thirds of the island and attempting to classify simply a race of the latter species, or even all males seen according to the following hybrids of telasco and minuta. I therefore exam- scheme: Type A = “good” insulata with dark ined all specimens of S. insulata and series of chestnut underparts and only a small area of S. telasco and minuta to try to determine the buffy white on the abdomen; type B = “pale” taxonomic status of this striking bird. insulata with underparts mostly paler chestnut with more extensive buffy to white on the METHODS AND MATERIALS belly; type C = underparts chestnut back to the midbreast, buffy to white posteriorly; type Study area. Isla Bocagrande is basically a sand- D = entire throat chestnut but little to none spit c. 3 km long, separated from the man- on breast, belly or flanks; rest of underparts grove swamps of the adjacent mainland by an buffy-white to white; and type E = “good” estuary some 100 m wide, along which exten- telasco with only upper throat dark chestnut, sive mudflats are exposed at low tide. The rest of underparts white. These classes are not eastern half or more of the island is narrow discrete but intergrade to some extent. How- and uninhabited; the landward side consists ever, I found that they could be applied rap- of low dunes, covered by a narrow strip idly in the field. Strong winds after about 18 TABLE 1. Plumage features of Sporophila minuta, telasco and insulata Feature Sporophila minuta Sporophila insulata Sporophila telasco Adult males Pattern of underparts Entirely uniform rufous, includ- Throat and varying amounts of Throat chestnut; remaining ing belly and crissum breast, sides and flanks chestnut, underparts white, sometimes rest (sometimes only center of tinged buff or (flanks) grayish abdomen and crissum) white to buffy Color of underparts 240 (Kingfisher rufous) to 340 32 (Chestnut) to 35 (Hazel); 32 (Chestnut); white to paler than (Robin rufous) white to near 118 (Warm buff) 118 (Warm buff) Throat pattern Immaculate rufous Sides of throat gray, this extend- Sides of throat gray, this extend- ing medially across lower throat ing medially across lower throat as a narrow band, usually incom- as a narrow band, usually widely plete medially incomplete medially Pattern of upperparts Back and head immaculate gray- Mostly gray; midback and crown Mostly gray; midback and crown brown; rump and upper tail- vaguely to distinctly streaked vaguely to distinctly streaked coverts rufous blackish; pale band across lower blackish; pale band across lower rump (rarely entire rump pale) rump Ground color of upperparts Near 91 (Grayish horn) Near 85 (Light neutral gray), Near 85 (Light neutral gray), often washed brownish often washed brownish S T Color of rump (or rump-band) Concolor with underparts Whitish, more or less mixed with White A T to entirely rusty (near 36, U S Amber); paler than underparts O F Tail pattern No white in tail Bases of 3–5 central pairs of rec- Bases of 3–5 central pairs of rec- T H trices white trices white E T Adult females U M A C O Pattern and color of underparts Uniform, immaculate dull tawny Breast and sides buffy (118, Breast and sides buffy (paler than S E buff (near 39, Cinnamon, to Warm buff to 123C, Yellow 118, Warm buff or 123C, Yellow E D 223D, Tawny) ochre but paler); throat, belly and ochre); throat, belly and crissum E A T 1 crissum whitish whitish E 9 R STILES 20 TABLE 1. Continuation. Feature Sporophila minuta Sporophila insulata Sporophila telasco Pattern of upperparts Unpatterned dull buffy-brown Buffy-brown, streaked faintly to Buffy-brown, streaked faintly to broadly with blackish, especially broadly with blackish, especially on midback on midback Ground color of upperparts Near 26 (Clay color) Near 223C, Sayal brown Near 223C, Sayal brown Tail pattern No white in tail Bases of 3–4 central pairs of rec- Bases of 3–4 central pairs of rec- trices white (less than male) trices white (less than male) Juveniles Pattern of underparts Unstreaked Some dusky streaking on breast Variably streaked dusky on breast and sides and sides STATUS OF THE TUMACO SEEDEATER TABLE 2.
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