DOCSLIB.ORG

Observation and Evidence in the Supernatural Fiction of Grant Allen, Bram Stoker and Arthur Conan Doyle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Observation and Evidence in the Supernatural Fiction of Grant Allen, Bram Stoker and Arthur Conan Doyle GHOST, VAMPIRE, AND SCIENTIFIC NATURALISM: OBSERVATION AND EVIDENCE IN THE SUPERNATURAL FICTION OF GRANT ALLEN, BRAM STOKER AND ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE Shang-jen Li Still, it must be borne in mind that unless an apparition had been sci- entifically observed as we two independent witnesses observed this one, the grounds for believing in its existence would have been next to none. And even after the clear evidence which we obtained of its immaterial nature, we yet remain entirely in the dark as to its objective reality, and we have not the faintest reason for believing it to have been a genuine unadulterated ghost. At the best we can only say that we saw and heard Something, and that this Something differed very widely from almost any other object we had ever seen and heard before. To leap at the con- clusion that the Something was therefore a ghost, would be, I venture humbly to submit, without offence to the Psychical Research Society, a most unscientific and illogical specimen of that peculiar fallacy known as Begging the Question. —“Our Scientific Observations on a Ghost,” Grant Allen1 Do you not think that there are things which you cannot understand, and yet which are; that some people see things that others cannot? But there are things old and new which must not be contemplated by men’s eyes, because they know—or think they know—some things which other men have told them. Ah, it is the fault of our science that it wants to explain all; and if it explains not, then it says there is nothing to explain. —Dracula (1897), Bram Stoker2 In this paper I investigate the relationship between literary imagination and scientific investigations of the supernatural in the context of the rise of scientific naturalism and popular religious revival in Victorian Britain.3 I analyse supernatural stories by Bram Stoker (1847–1912), 1 Grant Allen, Strange Stories (London: Chatto and Windus, 1885, 2nd Ed.), p. 340. 2 Bram Stoker, Dracula, edited with an Introduction and Notes by Maurice Hindle (London: Penguin Books, 1993), p. 246. 3 On the complicated relations between scientific naturalism and Christian revival in Victorian Britain, see Frank Miller Turner, Between Science and Religion: The Reac- tion to Scientific Naturalism in Late Victorian England (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1974). 184 shang-jen li Grant Allen (1848–1899) and Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) and argue that they can be read as an expression and discussion of the epis- temological difficulties encountered in scientific research on spiritual phenomena. The choice of Allen, Doyle, and Stoker is not arbitrary. All three had scientific backgrounds. Allen was a popular science author with the aspiration of becoming a scientist yet he never fulfilled his dream;4 Stoker studied mathematics at Trinity College, Dublin;5 and Doyle received M.B. and MD degrees from Edinburgh University and had been a practicing ophthalmologist before becoming a full time writer.6 Their attitudes towards scientific naturalism and Spiritualism differed from each other, but Allen, Doyle, and Stoker were all interested in the occult. Doyle was an outspoken supporter of Spiritualism and had com- posed unabashedly apologist writings in defence of spirit photography.7 Allen was a popularizer of Darwin’s theory of evolution. He had recourse to Herbert Spencer’s evolutionary philosophy to provide naturalistic accounts of the origins of religious sentiments and aesthetic feelings.8 But Allen was also interested in the occult and had attended, with the biologist Edwin Ray Lankester, the businessman Andrew Carnegie and the writers Edmund Gosse and Oscar Wilde, the telepathic performance of the famous thought-reader Stewart Cumberland.9 Although Stoker was not directly associated with Spiritualism, supernatural stories occupied a large proportion of his oeuvre. He was interested in folklore 4 Peter Morgan, “The Busiest Man in England”: Grant Allen and the Writing Trade, 1875–1900 (New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). 5 Paul Murray, From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of Bram Stoker (London: Jona- than Cape, 2004), p. 33. 6 See the entry on Arthur Conan Doyle in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (DNB). 7 Arthur Conan Doyle, A History of Spiritualism (New York: Arno Press, 1975) [originally published in 1926]; idem, Case for Spirit Photography (New York, NY: George H. Doran Co., 1923). On Victorian spirit photography, see Jennifer Tucker, “Photography as Witness, Detective, and Imposter: Visual Representation in Victorian Science,” in Bernard Lightman ed., Victorian Science in Context (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1997), pp. 378–408, on pp. 395–402. 8 Grant Allen, Charles Darwin (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1885); Grant Allen, The Evolution of the Idea of God: An Inquiry into the Origins of Religions(Lon- don: Grant Richards, 1897); Grant Allen, Physiological Aesthetics (London: Henry S. King & Co., 1877). 9 “Muscle-Reading by Mr. Stuart Cumberland: A Reception at the ‘Pall Mall Gazette’ Office,” Pall Mall Gazette (24 May 1884), p. 2, cited by Roger Luckhurst in idem, The Invention of Telepathy, 1870–1901 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 64–65..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Issn 0017-0615 the Gissing Newsletter
    ISSN 0017-0615 THE GISSING NEWSLETTER “More than most men am I dependent on sympathy to bring out the best that is in me.” – George Gissing’s Commonplace Book ********************************** Volume XIX, Number 4 October, 1983 ********************************** -- 1 -- Gissing, Grant Allen and “Free Union” Alison Cotes University of Queensland At the end of Gissing’s novel of 1893, The Odd Women, Rhoda Nunn finally shows herself unwilling, in spite of her devotion to the feminist cause, to defy convention totally and enter into a free union with Everard Barfoot. On these grounds, Everard decides against forming a permanent relationship with her, and sums her up in these words: He had magnified Rhoda’s image. She was not the glorious rebel he had pictured. Like any other woman, she mistrusted her love without the sanction of society … He had not found his ************************************************* Editorial Board Pierre Coustillas, Editor, University of Lille Shigeru Koike, Tokyo Metropolitan University Jacob Korg, University of Washington, Seattle Editorial correspondence should be sent to the Editor: 10, rue Gay-Lussac, 59110-La Madeleine, France, and all other correspondence to C. C. KOHLER, 12, Horsham Road, Dorking, Surrey, RH4 2JL, England. Subscriptions: Private Subscribers: £3.00 per annum Libraries: £5.00 per annum ************************************************* -- 2 -- ideal – though in these days it assuredly existed.1 Everard’s ideal woman, brave enough to live out her rebellion against the convention of marriage while retaining her moral integrity, had hardly been the subject of serious English fiction before this date. Sally Mitchell2 mentions a number of novels of the mid-Victorian period where heroines of this kind occur, notably Matilda Charlotte Houstoun’s Recommended to Mercy, but they are for the most part novels of minor literary substance and even less influence.
    [Show full text]
  • Abbreviations in the Notes
    Abbreviations in the Notes ALS Autograph letter signed. Blathwayt Raymond Blathwayt, “Mr Grant Allen at Home,” Interviews. With Portraits, and a Preface by Grant Allen. A.W. Hall, 1893, 68–75. Bodleian Papers held in the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. Clodd Edward Clodd, Grant Allen: A Memoir ...With a Bibliography. Grant Richards, 1900. CW Letterbooks, 1883– (Outgoing Correspondence). Chatto & Windus Archives, University of Reading Library, UK. GA Grant Allen. GRA Grant Richards Archives, 1897–1948. Archives of British Publishers on Microfilm. Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey, 1979. (71 reels.) Leeds Papers held in the Brotherton Collection, Brotherton Library, University of Leeds, United Kingdom. NGS George Gissing, New Grub Street, ed. Bernard Bergonzi. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968. PAP Grant Allen, “Physiological Aesthetics and Philistia,” My First Book. With an Introduction by Jerome K. Jerome. Chatto & Windus, 1894. PSU Grant Allen Literary Manuscripts and Correspondence 1872–1937. Rare Books and Manuscripts, the Pennsylvania State University Special Collections Library. TLS Typescript letter signed. WAC Letters from GA to John Lane. The William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, UCLA. Watt Letterbooks, 1884–1891 of A.P. Watt & Co Ltd. The Berg Collection, New York Public Library. Notes Introduction 1. Richard D. Altick, “The Sociology of Authorship: The Social Origins, Education, and Occupations of 1,100 British Writers, 1800–1935,” Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 66 (June 1962), 403. 2. NGS, 38–39. 3. Frederic Harrison, Grant Allen, 1848–1899; An Address Delivered at Woking on October 27, 1899, privately printed [the Chiswick Press], 1899, 8. 4. A selection by GA is in Alberto Manguel, ed., By the Light of the Glow-worm Lamp.
    [Show full text]
  • Science and Stories in the Work of Grant Allen Beth Mills
    “Weird and fantastic realism”: Science and Stories in the Work of Grant Allen Beth Mills Abstract Grant Allen (1848-1899) was a well-known populariser of natural history who was widely recognised for his extensive knowledge of science and his ability to refashion complex ideas for general audiences. But his status as a popular writer, coupled with a lack of formal training, placed him at the margins of professional science and impeded his serious scientific ambitions. Although Allen tended to portray fiction-writing as an economic necessity, both contemporary and recent critics have noted stylistic innovations that place him within germinal popular genres of the fin de siècle. This paper aims to show that Allen’s contributions to late-Victorian popular literature derive in part from his negotiation of fiction and non-fiction genres. Focusing particularly on his experiments with the short story, it considers how and to what extent he distinguished scientific from literary writing, while revealing his views on plausibility in fiction to be more complex than is typically recognised. Little-studied reviews of Allen’s popular fiction suggest the wider contemporary impact of his experimentations. That critics recognised his style as unconventional endorses a reappraisal of his place within developments in late-Victorian popular literature. Keywords Science fiction; scientific romance; Grant Allen; short story; fin de siècle; H. G. Wells; Andrew Lang; Richard Jefferies; supernatural; science and imagination; John Tyndall; generic hybridity Date of Acceptance: 5 July 2021 Date of Publication: 8 July 2021 Double Blind Peer Reviewed Recommended Citation Mills, Beth. 2021. “ ‘Weird and fantastic realism’: Science and Stories in the Work of Grant Allen.” Victorian Popular Fictions, 3.1 (Spring): 140-54.
    [Show full text]
  • Primitive Doctor and Eugenic Priest: Grant Allen, M.P. Shiel, and the Future of the Victorian Medical Man
    Journal of Literature and Science Volume 11, No. 2 (2018) ISSN 1754-646XJournal of Literature and Science 11 (2018) Small, “Victorian Medical Futures”: 40-61 Douglas RJ Small, “The Future of the Victorian Medical Man”: 40-61 Primitive Doctor and Eugenic Priest: Grant Allen, M.P. Shiel, and the Future of the Victorian Medical Man Douglas RJ Small M.P. Shiel’s short story, “The S.S.” (1895) concludes with an extended monologue in which the protagonist – the exiled Russian aristocrat, aesthete, and amateur detective, Prince Zaleski – contemplates the future of the fin-de-siècle medical profession. Throughout the story, the Prince has pursued a murderous, fanatically eugenicist, secret society – the “S.S.” of the title – whose members aim to purify the hereditary health of Europe’s population by ruthlessly assassinating the constitutionally sick and infirm. Though he succeeds in breaking up the society, Zaleski is left perturbed and pondering whether, to prevent the wholesale sickening of the human race, the society’s violent methods will inevitably have to be adopted by the world at large. Zaleski conceives of a “wild, dark” future, where bodily health is venerated as the commandment of a new religion. In this future world, the medical practitioner has been remade into the holy servant and high priest of a new faith, while medical therapy has been transformed into sanctified ritual murder. Zaleski dramatically asks himself: Can it be fated that the most advanced civilisation of the future shall needs have in it, as the first and chief element of its glory, the most barbarous of all the rituals of barbarism – the immolation of hecatombs which wail a muling human wail? .
    [Show full text]
  • Lady Detectives and Marriage: Grant Allen's
    LADY DETECTIVES AND MARRIAGE: GRANT ALLEN’S MODEL FOR LIBERATION A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English By Luisa T. Cole, B.A. Washington, DC April 20, 2010 Copyright 2009 by Luisa T. Cole All Rights Reserved ii LADY DETECTIVES AND MARRIAGE: GRANT ALLEN’S MODEL FOR LIBERATION Luisa T. Cole, B.A. Thesis Advisor: Leona Fisher, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This thesis addresses the issue of whether late nineteenth-century female detectives are subversive figures, or if they are—as many critics claim—examples of potentially transgressive women who conform to gender norms. While reading female detectives as a maligned is a relatively popular critical undertaking, taken on in Michele Slung’s Crime on Her Mind and Kathleen Gregory Klein’s The Woman Detective , the ways in which these novels did contribute to a feminist activity is often ignored. By looking at the Victorian lady detective novel through a historical lens, rather than a more modern feminist perspective, it is possible to understand the ways in which the genre’s writers did revolutionary work in their creation of empowered, professional women. In texts like Grant Allen’s Miss Cayley’s Adventures (1899) and Hilda Wade: A Woman with Tenacity of Purpose (1900), the lady detective becomes integral to the feminist movement because she, alone, finds a way to use her observation and intelligence—both abilities associated with female detection—in a manner that helps her navigate the complicated waters of nineteenth-century marriage.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Life Sciences: “Everybody Nowadays Talks About Evolution”
    Angelique Richardson 1 The Life Sciences: “Everybody nowadays talks about evolution” Angelique Richardson In the first year of the third millennium, Charles Darwin replaced Charles Dickens on the British ten-pound note. He is celebrated again by the state, just as, over a century earlier, though his ideas had shocked and dismayed his contemporaries, no less than they had fascinated them, he was buried with Christian ceremony in Westminster Abbey. In 1889 the biologist and popular, prolific writer Grant Allen remarked: “everybody nowadays talks about evolution. Like electricity, the cholera germ, woman’s rights, the great mining boom, and the Eastern Question, it is ‘in the air’” (1889: 31). Stringing together apparently unrelated concerns of the late nineteenth century, Allen could not have chosen a more consanguineous group. So- cial and scientific progress, and questions of race, race failure, gender, and disease were converging under the umbrella of “evolution” (see also Chap- ter 2). The politics of evolution had shifted radically over the course of the nineteenth century. In the early decades, on the edge of the hungry for- ties, atheistic revolutionaries were evangelizing bottom-up evolution, and the ideas of the French zoologist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744–1829) were appearing in the pauper press; the idea that an animal could trans- form itself into a higher being and pass on all its gains (without godly intervention) appealed to militant members of the working class. Lamarck put forward the idea of the “inheritance of acquired characteristics” or “use-inheritance” in his evolutionary treatise, Philosophie zoologique (1809). 6 The Life Sciences This theory attempted to account for the transmutation of species, and posited that in responding to environmental changes, organisms were constantly susceptible to structural and functional changes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Everlasting Man by G.K. Chesterton
    The Everlasting Man by G.K. Chesterton Originally Published 1925 This book is in the Public Domain The Everlasting Man by G.K. Chesterton Prefatory Note........................................................................................................... 3 Introduction The Plan Of This Book .......................................................................... 3 Part I On the Creature Called Man.......................................................................... 10 I. The Man in the Cave .......................................................................................... 10 II. Professors and Prehistoric Men .......................................................................... 22 III. The Antiquity of Civilisation............................................................................. 32 IV. God and Comparative Religion...................................................................... 50 V. Man and Mythologies........................................................................................ 62 VI. The Demons and the Philosophers............................................................... 72 VII. The War of the Gods and Demons .............................................................. 86 VIII. The End of the World .................................................................................... 96 Part II On the Man Called Christ............................................................................ 106 I. The God in the Cave .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sherlock Holmes Collections There Were Other Memorable Moments Arranging New Photocopy Services, and Suite 111, Elmer L
    March 2000 D S O F N Volume 4 Number 1 E T For any inquiries contact: I H Cont. R An Update from the Collections E Timothy J. Johnson, Curator F that others present had that same feel- time will be spent mapping out the 612-624-3552 or ing and that through all of our work at exact locations of collections in the [email protected] Minnesota we will continue the spirit underground caverns, refining new reg- and service of Shaw and his collection. istration and request procedures, orient- ing ourselves to the new location, Sherlock Holmes Collections There were other memorable moments arranging new photocopy services, and Suite 111, Elmer L. Andersen Library Sherlock Holmes during that January weekend, reported generally getting services and ourselves University of Minnesota on these pages and elsewhere, and now settled. At the same time we're busy 222 21st Ave. S. COLLECTIONS Minneapolis, MN 55455 we find ourselves back in Minnesota on getting the Hubbs Family cataloging “Your merits should be publicly recognized” (STUD) the eve of the opening of the new Elmer project underway. Soon new catalog Telephone: 612-624-7526 L. Andersen Library. There have been a entries will appear in the online catalog FAX: 612-626-9353 few delays in the moves of the many for the Holmes Collections, a catalog units into the new building, but all that that will grow over the next three years. Timothy J. Johnson, Curator The Adventure of the Acephalous Agronomist work is quickly coming to an end and Contents BY PETER BLAU, B.S.I.
    [Show full text]
  • ELT Index III 1983-2020 Volumes 26-63
    ELT Index III 1983-2020 Volumes 26-63 Items are organized by the 1880-1920 author's name. Under each name are two headings (Articles and Book Reviews). Entries are compiled in alphabetical order. Names of authors of articles are listed alphabetically and cross-referenced with the appropriate 1880-1920 author. Names of book reviewers are set in brackets following the book review listing. Search by alphabetized sections: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q/R S T U V W X Y Z Or use the "Search" function in your browser. Articles and book reviews with a broad subject are listed in ELT Index III Select Categories. Since 1983 ELT has published over 1,500 book reviews. A ABBOTT, EDWIN A. (1838-1926) Article Gilbert, Elliot L. "`Upward, Not Northward': Flatland and the Quest for the New," 34.4 (1991), 391-404. Ackland, Michael. See HENRY HANDEL RICHARDSON Adams, Elsie B. See SHAW ADAMS, HENRY (1838-1918) Book Review Monteiro, George. The Correspondence of Henry James and Henry Adams, 1877-1914 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992), 37.1 (1994), 65-68. [Joyce A. Rowe] Adams, James T. See FORD Ahmadgoli, Kamran. See WILDE ALDINGTON, RICHARD (1892-1962) Articles 1 Bristow, Gemma. "Brief Encounter: Richard Aldington and the Englishwoman," 49.1 (2006), 3-13. Crawford, Fred D. "Misleading Accounts of Aldington and H.D.," 30.1 (1987), 49-67. Book Reviews Crawford, Fred D. Richard Aldington and Lawrence of Arabia: A Cautionary Tale (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998), 42.2 (1999), 195-99.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Undershaw - the Undershaw Preservation Tr
    A Brief History of Undershaw - The Undershaw Preservation Tr... http://www.saveundershaw.com/a-brief-history-of-undershaw.html (/) (https://www.facebook.com/saveundershaw?fref=ts(http://@spiritangel04(mailto:[email protected]) Home (/) "I am glad of all details."--The Copper Beeches Undershaw Shenanigans (/undershaw- shenanigans.html) A Brief History of Undershaw Who We Are (/who- Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s wife, we-are.html) Louise, whom he called “Touie,” Mark Gatiss, Patron of suffered from tuberculosis. Conan UPT (/mark-gatiss- Doyle had taken to moving the patron-of-upt.html) family about from Egypt to Switzerland in search of a healthier Friends of Undershaw climate. (/friends- of-undershaw.html) Expatriate Canadian crime writer Save Undershaw! (/save- Grant Allen, a friend of Conan undershaw.html) Doyle, praised the healthy air of Hindhead, in Surrey, England, of Shop to Save Undershaw! having cured him of tuberculosis. (/shop-to-save- undershaw.html) Conan Doyle visited Hindhead, about 40 miles south of London, and decided it was his “English Switzerland.” Undershaw Immortalized (/undershaw- Conan Doyle wrote to his mother in May 1895: immortalized.html) It is not merely Grant Allen’s case which gives us hopes that the place will suit Touie, but it is because its height, its dryness, its sandy soil, its fir trees, and its shelter from all bitter winds Undershaw Today present the conditions which all agree to be best in the treatment of phthisis[tuberculosis]. If we (/undershaw-today.html) could have ordered Nature to construct a spot for us we could not have hit upon anything more Contact Us (/contact- perfect.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Matter of Beauty: Materialism and the Self in Victorian Aesthetic Theory Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2m68s34v Author Morgan, Benjamin Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Matter of Beauty: Materialism and the Self in Victorian Aesthetic Theory by Benjamin Joseph Morgan A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Rhetoric in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Anthony J. Cascardi, Co-Chair Professor Barbara Spackman, Co-Chair Professor C. Daniel Blanton Professor Ramona Naddaff Spring 2010 The Matter of Beauty: Materialism and the Self in Victorian Aesthetic Theory © 2010 Benjamin Joseph Morgan 1 Abstract The Matter of Beauty: Materialism and the Self in Victorian Aesthetic Theory by Benjamin Joseph Morgan Doctor of Philosophy in Rhetoric University of California, Berkeley Professor Anthony J. Cascardi, Co-Chair Professor Barbara Spackman, Co-Chair The Matter of Beauty proposes that Victorian aesthetic theory is not a branch of philosophy focusing on art; rather, it is best understood as an interdisciplinary investigation of how humans relate affectively to physical things. The central claim of the dissertation is that aesthetic theory in the late-Victorian period enabled a significant reconsideration of what a “human” was, and of how distinctions could be drawn between self and other. I pursue this claim across four authors—Walter Pater, William Morris, Grant Allen, and Vernon Lee—who represent different modes in which a materialist strain of aesthetics led to a recognition that individuals constitutively lack autonomy from one another and from their surroundings.
    [Show full text]
  • Grant Allen Charles Grant Blairfindie Allen • B
    Grant Allen Charles Grant Blairfindie Allen • b. Feb. 1848, Alwington, near Kingston, Ontario • d. October 1899, • Father, Irish church minister • Mother, Charlotte Catherine Grant, from Longueuil family – in Canada since 1746 • Allen was tutored by father; left free to explore the vicinity of the St. Lawrence • Sickly child • Moved to New Haven, Connecticut in 1861 • Instructed by Yale tutor • 1862 – sent to England – King Edward’s School • 1867 – Oxford; Merton College Scholar – student of Classics • Awarded B.A. in 1871 • First publication: “Two Portraits” 1869 • Tutored at Oxford and taught at Brighton College, Cheltenham College and Reading Grammar School • First wife was an invalid, who soon died 1 • 1873 – married Ellen Jerrard • Taught in Jamaica 1873-76 as chair of Mental and Moral Philosophy at an experimental school for black students • College failed and Allen returned to England • Had a son 1878 • Attempted to make a living from writing • Typically spent winters abroad due to respiratory problems • Supported Irish Home Rule, the Fabians, women’s rights and was an atheist • Died of complications of malaria, contracted in Venice in 1899 • Prolific writer • Affected by social currents of biology, socialism, emancipation, • Published 30+ novels, short stories, a volume of poetry, longer fiction, daily articles for the Daily News of London, and over 30 non-fiction books. Topics included Darwin, Spencer, anthropology, botany, socialism, the Woman Question, travel writing, and numerous scientific essays • Considered fiction a ‘default’- first love was philosophy and science • Wrote fiction under a pseudonym: J. Arbuthnot Wilson • Found his science fiction and ‘ghost’ stories paid bills so he could devote himself more fully to his non-fiction interests 2 The Woman Who Did • Pub.
    [Show full text]