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Pontifícia Universidade Católica De Minas Gerais PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE MINAS GERAIS Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais Felipe Costa Lima A FEDERAÇÃO CONTRA-ATACA? A guerra civil ucraniana como palco do conflito hegemônico entre Ocidente e Federação Russa Belo Horizonte 2017 Felipe Costa Lima A FEDERAÇÃO CONTRA-ATACA? A guerra civil ucraniana como palco do conflito hegemônico entre Ocidente e Federação Russa Dissertação apresentada ao programa de pós- graduação em Relações Internacionais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Orientador: Javier Alberto Vadell Belo Horizonte 2017 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Elaborada pela Biblioteca da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais Lima, Felipe Costa L732f A federação contra-ataca?: guerra civil ucraniana como palco do conflito hegemônico entre Ocidente e Federação Russa / Felipe Costa Lima. Belo Horizonte, 2017. 276 f. : il. Orientador: Javier Alberto Vadell Dissertação (Mestrado) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais. 1. Sociedade civil - Ucrânia. 2. Rússia (Federação) - Relações exteriores. 3. Política internacional. 4. Teoria crítica. 5. Neoliberalismo. 6. Hegemonia - Ocidente I. Vadell, Javier Alberto. II. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais. III. Título. CDU: 323 Felipe Costa Lima A FEDERAÇÃO CONTRA-ATACA? A guerra civil ucraniana como palco do conflito hegemônico entre Ocidente e Federação Russa Dissertação apresentada ao programa de pós- graduação em Relações Internacionais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Prof. Dr. Javier Alberto Vadell – PUC Minas (Orientador) Prof. Dr. Otávio Soares Dulci – PUC Minas (Banca Examinadora) Prof. Dr. Fabiano Pellin Mielniczuk – ESPM-Sul (Banca Examinadora) Belo Horizonte, 03 de março de 2017 AGRADECIMENTOS Àqueles que contribuíram de alguma maneira para a confecção deste trabalho, expresso a minha mais profunda gratidão. Aos meus pais, pelo constante apoio aos meus estudos e pela liberdade que propiciaram às minhas escolhas pessoais, acadêmicas e profissionais. Aos meus tios e avós, pelos momentos de enormes alegrias que me proporcionam constantemente. É sempre bom sentir o carinho de vocês. Ao meu irmão Clayton, pelos constantes e inumeráveis auxílios para arrumar as formalidades metodológicas desta dissertação. Ao meu irmão de outra mãe, Raphael, o qual comemora minhas conquistas com uma alegria que me contagia e me emociona constantemente. Sem sua amizade, eu não seria tão feliz como sou hoje. Sem dúvida, você é a melhor pessoa que conheço na vida. Aos meus fiéis amigos, Carlos, Adriano e Jefferson, pelos tempos de faculdade e pelo sentimento de amizade que se perpetuou. Nossas formações e objetivos nos separaram em determinado sentido, mas isso nunca foi obstáculo para estarmos juntos em qualquer momento. Aos meus amigos de infância, Daniel, Lucas, Gustavo, Marco Aurélio, Samir, André, Vinícius, Ivan, Thiago e Álvaro, por compartilharem alegrias e derrotas ao meu lado há tanto tempo. Entretanto, gostaria de agradecer mais especificamente a esse guerreiro chamado Marco Aurélio, que sempre me fez acreditar que posso alcançar coisas grandiosas na vida por meio dos estudos. Sinto muita sua falta. Ao meu grande amigo Diego, que foi a pessoa que me levou, diretamente e indiretamente, a buscar “novos ares” e novos desafios. Se não fossem seus conselhos, eu jamais teria iniciado o Mestrado. Muito obrigado. A minha amiga Marina, por amenizar os dias de aula, por meio das constantes discussões acadêmicas e conversas cotidianas. À minha namorada e amiga Silvia, pelo incrível apoio as minhas escolhas de vida. Você é sem dúvida uma das pessoas mais fortes que já conheci na minha vida. Nada te derruba, absolutamente nada. Nosso tempo juntos está eternizado na minha mente e no meu coração, uma vez que devo grande parte do homem que sou a você. Tu eres mi persona favorita. Agradeço também ao professor e orientador Javier Vadell pela dedicação e “buena onda” que lhe é peculiar. Por último, agradeço aos demais professores e funcionários do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais da PUC Minas, principalmente àqueles que me proporcionaram um profundo amor pela nova área de estudos que escolhi. Os filósofos limitaram-se a interpretar o mundo de diversas maneiras; o que importa é modificá-lo. Karl Marx O desafio da modernidade é viver sem ilusões, sem se tornar desiludido. Antônio Gramsci RESUMO A presente dissertação propõe uma análise a respeito do conflito civil existente na Ucrânia, desde 2014, a fim de compreender se esse embate se configura num conflito isolado ou numa luta hegemônica entre a Federação Russa e o Ocidente. O estudo é realizado com base em conceitos vinculados à teoria crítica em Relações Internacionais e à Economia Política Internacional. Primeiramente é realizada uma análise das mudanças ocorridas na Federação Russa e na Ucrânia, após a desintegração da ex - URSS, no início dos anos 1990, primordialmente as novas relações sociais e os novos tipos de Estados que emergiram. Em seguida, proceder-se-á uma comparação entre as capacidades materiais, as ideias e hábitos e a institucionalização ocidental e russa, e suas consequências para o Estado ucraniano e para a Ordem Mundial. Por fim, análises a respeito das relações da elite ucraniana com as classes capitalistas transnacionais russas e ocidentais serão realizadas, para explicitar os interesses dessas frações da burguesia na guerra civil da Ucrânia. As seguintes conclusões são propostas: 1 – a queda da ex-URSS provocou uma enorme crise nas relações sociais da Federação Russa e da Ucrânia, primordialmente por meio de uma Revolução Passiva Neoliberal, o que possibilitou a formação de Estados controlados por elites oligárquicas. Além disso, a perda nas capacidades materiais, ideias e hábitos e institucionalização da Federação Russa propiciou a expansão do Ocidente para as antigas áreas de influência russa, inclusive a Ucrânia. 2 – A ascensão de Vladimir Putin ao poder proporcionou uma melhora nos indicadores socioeconômicos e na estabilidade política da Rússia, assim, esse país passa a resistir com maior veemência ao avanço do Ocidente, tendo essa resistência bases históricas e geopolíticas. 3 – O contraste das estruturas históricas do Ocidente e da Federação Russa demonstrará que ambos os atores influenciam diretamente na guerra civil ucraniana, na medida em que cada um tem proeminência numa determinada parte do território da Ucrânia (Oeste e leste, respectivamente). 4 – As classes transnacionais capitalistas do Ocidente e da Rússia têm inúmeros interesses na Ucrânia, portanto sua atuação é fundamental para o entendimento do embate existente na Ucrânia. 5 – A guerra civil ucraniana tem como base um conflito hegemônico entre o Ocidente e a Federação Russa. Palavras-chave: Ucrânia. Federação Russa. Ocidente. Teoria Crítica. Neoliberalismo. Oligarquias. Acumulação por Despossessão. Classes Capitalistas Transnacionais. Hegemonia. ABSTRACT This study proposes an analysis regarding the Ukrainian Civil War, which started in 2014, to comprehend if it is an isolated conflict or a hegemonic clash between the Russian Federation and the West. This study is based on International Relations’ Critical Theory and International Political Economy concepts. First of all, an analysis concerning the changes that occurred in Russia and Ukraine will be made, since the disintegration of the former USSR, in the early 1990s, established new social relations and new forms of States. Subsequently, we will carry out a comparison between Russian and Western material capabilities, ideas and institutionalisation, and their consequences for the Ukrainian State and International Order. Finally, analyses regarding the relations among Ukrainian elites and Russian and Western transnational capitalist classes will be carried out, so as demonstrate the interests these bourgeois fractions in the civil war of Ukraine. The following conclusions are proposed: 1 – The fall of the former USSR provoked an infamous crisis in Russian and Ukrainian social relations, mainly owing to a Neoliberal Passive Revolution, perpetrating the formation of States controlled by oligarchic elites. Furthermore, the decreasing of Russian material capabilities, ideas, and institutionalisation has allowed the expansion of the West to the former Russia’s areas of influence, including Ukraine. 2 – Vladimir Putin’s rise to power made possible improvements in social economic indicators and political stability in Russia; therefore, this country starts to resist more vehemently to the advance of the West, given that this resistance has historical and geopolitical bases. 3 – The contrast between Western and Russian’s historical structures will demonstrate that these actors have direct influence in the Ukrainian Civil War, since each one has prominence in a particular area (West and East Ukraine, respectively). 4 - Western and Russian’s Capitalist Transnational Classes have various interests in Ukraine; hence, their actions are fundamental in order to comprehend the currently clash in Ukraine. 5 – The Ukrainian Civil War is based on a hegemonic conflict between the Russian Federation and the West. Keywords: Ukraine, Russian Federation, West, Critical Theory, Neoliberalism, Oligarchies, Accumulation by Dispossession, Capitalist Transnational
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