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ANNUAL REPORT (APRIL 2016 – MARCH 2017) Editorial Board MIYOKI, Shinji YOSHIKOSHI, Takanori TAKENAGA, Yumiko FUKUDA, Hironobu

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ANNUAL REPORT (APRIL 2016 – MARCH 2017) Editorial Board MIYOKI, Shinji YOSHIKOSHI, Takanori TAKENAGA, Yumiko FUKUDA, Hironobu INSTITUTE FOR COSMIC RAY RESEARCH THE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO ANNUAL REPORT (APRIL 2016 – MARCH 2017) Editorial Board MIYOKI, Shinji YOSHIKOSHI, Takanori TAKENAGA, Yumiko FUKUDA, Hironobu c Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan Telephone: (81) 4-7136-3102 Facsimile: (81) 4-7136-3115 WWW URL: http://www.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Research Divisions ......................................................................................... 1 Neutrino and Astroparticle Division 2 High Energy Cosmic Ray Division 28 Astrophysics and Gravity Division 52 Observatories and a Research Center ......................................................................... 65 Norikura Observatory 66 Akeno Observatory 72 Kamioka Observatory 75 Kagra Observatory 76 Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos 77 Appendix A. ICRR Workshops and Ceremonies ............................................................. 79 Appendix B. ICRR Seminars .............................................................................. 82 Appendix C. List of Publications .......................................................................... 82 (a) Papers Published in Journals (b) Conference Papers (c) ICRR Reports Appendix D. Doctoral Theses ............................................................................. 89 Appendix E. Public Relations ............................................................................. 89 (a) ICRR News (b) Public Lectures (c) Visitors Appendix F. Inter-University Researches ................................................................... 97 Appendix G. List of Committee Members ................................................................. 101 (a) Board of Councillors (b) Advisory Committee (c) Inter-University Research Advisory Committee Appendix H. List of Personnel ........................................................................... 102 PREFACE This report summarizes the scientific activities of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR) of the University of Tokyo in the Japanese FY 2016. ICRR is an inter-university research institute for studies of cosmic rays. The headquarters of ICRR is located in Kashiwa, Chiba prefecture, Japan. In order to promote various cosmic-ray-related studies efficiently, ICRR has three research divisions; Neutrino and Astroparticle division, High Energy Cosmic Ray division, and Astrophysics and Gravity division. Before April 2016, ICRR had three observatories in Japan; Kamioka Observatory (Kamioka underground, Gifu prefecture), Norikura Observatory (2770 meters above sea level, Mt. Norikura, Gifu prefecture), and Akeno Observatory (Yamanashi prefecture), together with 1 research center; Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos (Kashiwa, Chiba prefecture). On April 1, 2016, KAGRA Observatory (Kamioka underground, Gifu prefecture) has been established in order to operate the KAGRA gravitational wave detector and to carry out various studies with it. In addition, there are two major experimental facilities outside of Japan. They are located in Utah in USA, and Yangbajing in Tibet, China. The La Palma island in Spain is also recognized as an important site for the ICRRfs activities. Many researchers from various Japanese institutions as well as those from overseas are involved in the research programs of ICRR. It should be noted that most of the scientific outputs from this institute are the results of the collaborative efforts by many scientists from various institutions. In order to produce outstanding results, it is very important to carry out an experiment by an international collaboration composed of top- level researchers all over the world. Hence, most of the experimental collaborations that ICRR is involved are international ones. For example, the number of collaborators in the Super-Kamiokande experiment is about 160; about a half of them are from abroad (USA, Korea, China, Poland, Spain, Canada, Italy, France and United Kingdom). Many exciting scientific activities of ICRR are described in this report. For example, the Super-Kamiokande and T2K (which uses Super-Kamiokande as the far detector) experiments have been continuously producing impressive results on neutrino oscillation physics. The neutrino oscillation studies by the Super-Kamiokande experiment were recognized by the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics. Some of the other recent highlights are mentioned here: The gravitational wave telescope (KAGRA) had the initial operation in March-April 2016. KAGRA plans to begin operating the interferometer with cryogenic mirrors in the spring of 2018. The highest energy cosmic ray experiment TA (Telescope Array) has observed indication that the highest energy cosmic rays arrive from a particular direction of the sky, which may suggest the birth of a new research field, the highest energy cosmic ray astronomy. As an inter-university research institute, ICRR is reviewed by the top-level researchers in the field. Further- more, future projects of ICRR are evaluated by a committee composed of top-level researchers from various nearby fields. The report from the ICRR Future Project Evaluation Committee was released in September 2013. The Committee evaluated various possible future projects of ICRR. Several projects have been recommended highly. Among them, joining the CTA project, which is a global TeV gamma ray astronomy project, has been recommended as the top priority ICRR future project. The review report from the External Review Committee, which was released in May 2013 (please see the 2013 Annual Review), also supported joining CTA. ICRR is going to contribute to construct and operate the CTA observatory and carry out various researches with it as an important international partner of this project. Because the CTA project has been approved partially by the Japanese government and there are new developments in the planning of future projects, a new ICRR Future Project Evaluation Committee has been formed in 2016. We hope that this report is useful for the understanding of the current research activities of ICRR. Finally, we appreciate the strong support of our colleagues in this research field, the University of Tokyo and the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. They are indispensable for the continuing, and exciting scientific outcome of ICRR. Takaaki Kajita, Director, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo The ICRR building at Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan. The Super-Kamiokande detector (the photo was taken during pure water fill in 2006). The XMASS detector (the photo was taken during the refurbishment work in 2013). Artist view of the CTA observa- tory. CTA consists of three types of telescopes, Large Size Tele- scopes (23m diameter), Mid Size Telescopes (12m) and Small Size Telescopes (4m), and covers the broad energy band from 20GeV to 100TeV. Tibet-III air shower array (37000 m2) at Yangbajing, Tibet (4300 m in altitude). Air fluorescence telescopes (left) and a scintillator surface detector (right) of the Telescope Array ex- periment in Utah, USA to explore the origin of extremely high energy cosmic rays. KAGRA X-arm tunnel. A public lecture co-organized by the Public Relation Office and Research Center for Neutrino (RCCN). Organization Number of Staff Members (As of May 1, 2016) Scientific Technical Research Administrators Total Staff Staff Fellows and Secretaries Neutrino and Astroparticle Div. 24 4 3 17 48 High Energy Cosmic Ray Div. 16 9 4 2 31 Astrophysics and Gravity Div. 14 3 4 10 31 Administration 0 0 0 16 16 Total 54 16 11 45 126 FY 2010-2016 Budget 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Personnel expenses 576 000 653 000 658 000 687 000 706 000 684 000 683 000 Non- personnel 1 048 000 1 400 000 1 172 000 1 095 000 1 282 000 1 595 000 1 288 000 expenses Total 1 624 000 2 053 000 1 830 000 1 782 000 1 988 000 2 279 000 1 971 000 (in 1 000 yen) 1 RESEARCH DIVISIONS Neutrino and Astroparticle Division Overview Super-Kamiokande T2K Experiment XMASS Experiment Hyper-Kamiokande High Energy Cosmic Ray Division Overview Cherenkov Cosmic Gamma-Ray Group TA: Telescope Array Experiment Tibet ASg Project High Energy Astrophysics Group Other Activities Astrophysics and Gravity Division Overview Gravitational Wave Group KAGRA Project Observational Cosmology Group Theory Group Particle Phenomenology Particle Cosmology 2 NEUTRINO AND ASTROPARTICLE DIVISION Overview is planned to add 0.1% of gadolinium into the Super-K tank This division aims to study particle physics with prime in- (called SK-Gd project) in order to tag neutrons for n¯e detec- terests in physics of neutrinos and proton decay, and astropar- tion. A feasibility study for the SK-Gd project is being per- ticle physics with the use of underground experimental facili- formed using a 200 ton tank which mimics the Super-K detec- ties. tor. The Super-Kamiokande (SK) detector is a 50 kton water Another activity of the Neutrino and Astroparticle divi- Cherenkov detector using 11,129 50 cm-diameter photomulti- sion is a multi-purpose experiment using liquid xenon aiming pliers (PMTs) for its inner detector and 1,885 20 cm-diameter at the detection of cold dark matter, neutrino absolute mass PMTs for its outer detector. The data taking of SK started using neutrinoless double beta decay, and low energy solar in April 1996 and 20th anniversary was celebrated in 2016. neutrinos. A 800 kg liquid xenon detector was constructed in The neutrino oscillations in atmospheric neutrinos were dis- an experimental hall near
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