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Ultimate Strength 16 th INTERNATIONAL SHIP AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES CONGRESS 20-25 AUGUST 2006 SOUTHAMPTON, UK VOLUME 1 COMMITTEE III.1 ULTIMATE STRENGTH COMMITTEE MANDATE Concern for ductile behaviour of ships and offshore structures and their structural components under ultimate conditions. Attention shall be given to the influence of fabrication imperfections and in-service damage and degradation on reserve strength. Uncertainties in strength models for design shall be highlightened COMMITTEE MEMBERS Chairman: T Yao E Brunner S R Cho Y S Choo J Czujko S F Estefen J M Gordo P E Hess H Naar Y Pu P Rigo Z Q Wan KEYWORDS Ultimate strength, buckling strength, yielding strength, nonlinear analysis, steel structures, aluminium structures, composite structures, ship structures, offshore structures, initial imperfections, in-service degradation, uncertainties, reliability, static/quasi-static loads 369 ISSC Committee III.1: Ultimate Strength 371 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................373 2. FUNDAMENTALS..................................................................................................375 3. EMPIRICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS....................................................378 3.1 Unstiffened and Stiffened Plates..................................................................378 3.2 Tubular Members and Joints........................................................................381 3.3 Shells ............................................................................................................382 4. NUMERICAL METHODS .....................................................................................382 4.1 Finite Element Method.................................................................................383 4.2 Mesh-Free Method.......................................................................................383 4.3 Idealised Structural Unit Method (ISUM)...................................................383 5. EXPERIMANTAL METHODS...............................................................................384 6. RELIABILITY..........................................................................................................385 6.1 Ultimate Strength Modelling Bias and Uncertainties..................................385 6.2 Ultimate Strength Reliability Analysis.........................................................386 6.3 Ultimate Strength Reliability-Based Design and Optimisation...................387 7. TUBULAR MEMBERS AND JOINTS...................................................................387 7.1 Background ..................................................................................................387 7.2 Thick-Walled Joints.....................................................................................387 7.3 Effect of Chord Stresses...............................................................................390 7.4 Joints with Initial Cracks..............................................................................393 7.5 Reinforced Joints..........................................................................................394 8. PLATES AND STIFFENED PLATES....................................................................396 8.1 Unstiffened Plates ........................................................................................396 8.2 Stiffened Plates.............................................................................................397 8.3 Ultimate Strength of Stiffened Plates in Common Structural Rules............400 9. SHELLS ....................................................................................................................403 9.1 Cylinders and Conical Shells .......................................................................403 9.2 Unstiffened and Stiffened Curved Plates.....................................................404 9.3 Effects of Imperfections...............................................................................405 9.4 Novel Shell Structures..................................................................................407 10. SHIP STRUCTURES ...............................................................................................407 10.1 Strength Analysis of Ship Structures ...........................................................407 10.2 Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers and Tankers...........................408 10.3 Ultimate Hull Girder Strength......................................................................409 372 ISSC Committee III.1: Ultimate Strength 11. OFFSHORE STRUCTURES ...................................................................................413 11.1 Jack-up Platforms.........................................................................................413 11.2 Nonlinear Frame Analysis............................................................................415 12. COMPOSITE STRUCTURES.................................................................................418 13. ALUMINIUM STRUCTURES................................................................................421 13.1 Research Subjects ........................................................................................421 13.2 Welding Effects............................................................................................421 13.3 Structural Design of Aluminium Ship..........................................................422 13.4 Ultimate Strength Design Methods..............................................................423 13.5 Stiffeners ......................................................................................................424 14. BENCHIMARK........................................................................................................424 14.1 Outline of Benchmark..................................................................................425 14.2 Typical Post-Panamax Passenger Ship in Bending .....................................426 14.3 Problem Definition.......................................................................................428 14.4 Methods of Analysis.....................................................................................432 14.5 FEM-Analysis ..............................................................................................434 14.6 Comparison of Calculated Results...............................................................436 15. CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................443 REFERENCES...................................................................................................................447 ISSC Committee III.1: Ultimate Strength 373 1. INTRODUCTION Ultimate strength of structural members and systems is a real measure in strength assessment in a sense that the ultimate strength is the maximum capacity that they can have. No additional load can be carried beyond the ultimate strength. Under general combined loads, buckling and yielding dominate the ultimate strength when compressive stress is dominant, whereas only yielding dominates the ultimate strength when tensile stress is dominant. It is now common to design structural members and systems so that they do not collapse by buckling or yielding. However, until the middle of 19th century, the design criterion was the breaking strength of the material. This was partly because wrought iron used for ship structures at that time was a brittle material and was week against tensile load just like concrete. Another reason was that buckling phenomenon and its consequence were not well understood, although it had been known that structure may collapse by buckling in the compression side of bending through Fairbairn’s famous collapse test on box girder bridge models in 1845 (Timoshenko, 1953). It was after Bryan (1891) that the panel buckling was theoretically understood and calculated, and that the buckling strength was used as a condition to determine the panel thickness. From the beginning of the 20th century, it had become common to consider the buckling as a design criterion, and in 21st century it shall be replaced by the ultimate strength. Now is the transition period. The first attempt to evaluate the ultimate strength of ship structure was made by Caldwell (1965). He applied Rigid Plastic Mechanism Analysis to evaluate the ultimate hull girder strength. The influence of buckling was considered by reducing the yielding stress of the material at the buckled part. In 1956, there was a debut paper of the Finite Element Method (FEM; Turner et al ., 1956). At the beginning, the FEM was only for the analysis of elastic behaviour of structural members and systems. To evaluate the ultimate strength of structural members and systems theoretically, it is necessary to perform structural analysis considering the influences of both buckling and yielding. Such analysis is called elastoplastic large deflection analysis. It was from the early 1970’s that such analysis had become possible to perform applying the FEM. However, it took a decade or two that commercial codes which enable to perform such collapse analysis became commonly used. It was from the 10th ISSC that benchmark calculation using different nonlinear codes started in this committee (De Oliveira et al ., 1988). Since then, benchmark calculation has been performed every time. Also this time, benchmark calculation is performed on ultimate longitudinal
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