ANTI-AMERICANISM Table of Contents Anti-American Statements
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Middle East Watch Overview
MIDDLE EAST WATCH OVERVIEW Human Rights Developments Nineteen ninety-one was a tumultuous year for the Middle East. The six-week Persian Gulf war, pitting Iraq against a twenty-eight-nation alliance led by the United States, traumatized the entire region. Neighboring states became bitter enemies; old alliances were rent asunder; peoples were set against their governments. In its wake, the original adversaries, Iraq and Kuwait, reverted to their old patterns of recriminatory bloodletting. Iraqi President Saddam Hussein suppressed a serious challenge to his rule by armed Kurdish and Shi'a Muslim insurgents with great ruthlessness, while Sheikh Jaber al-Sabah condoned a settling of scores with Kuwait's once-large foreign population. When the war halted on February 27, only one clear-cut accomplishment had been achieved: Iraq had been compelled to reverse its forcible acquisition of Kuwait, and the government of the Sabah royal family had been restored to power. President Bush proclaimed this military victory a triumph of the "New World Order" that he has espoused. The rule of law as a guiding principle for international relations had been upheld, he claimed, and the world community had shown rare unanimity in acting in concert, rebuffing a bully whose ambitions were beginning to alarm even the most ardent supporters of pan-Arabism. In terms of human rights, however, the war and its aftermath were a disaster. The only mitigating aspect was the precedent set by the United Nations Security Council resolution authorizing military intervention by Western forces in northern Iraq, to provide for the basic needs of displaced Kurds and protect the 3.5 million- strong minority from further slaughter at the hands of vengeful government troops. -
CLASSROOM | 9-12 Lessons
CLASSROOM | 9-12 Lessons : JIMMY CARTER AND THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS President Carter announces sanctions against Iran in the White House Press Room. Jimmy Carter Library Jimmy Carter would say later, “No matter who was with me, we watched the big grandfather clock by the door.” Time was running out, for it was Tuesday, January 20, 1981. The scene was the Oval Office. In just hours this president would leave it for good, and a new leader, Ronald Reagan, would move in. As the clock ticked the time away, Carter tried to resolve a crisis that had almost destroyed his presidency. He was close, very close, and as he said, “At stake were the lives of 52 precious human beings who had been imprisoned in Iran for 444 days–and almost 12 billion dollars of Iranian assets.” 1 Prelude The beginnings of this crisis preceded Jimmy Carter’s term by almost thirty years. For that long, the United States had provided political support and, more recently, massive military assistance to the government of the shah of Iran. Iran was important because it provided oil to the industrial West and separated the Soviet Union from the Persian Gulf and the oil states. The United States had an enormous stake in keeping it stable and independent. By 1979, however, when Carter had been in office three years, the shah was in trouble, reaping the harvest of years of brutal and unpopular policies, including the use of secret police that controlled dissent with arbitrary arrests and torture.2 It was clear that the shah had lost the (next page) White House Historical Association | http://www.whha.org | Pg. -
The Intelligence Organization of the IRGC: a Major Iranian Intelligence Apparatus Dr
רמה כ ז מל ו תשר מה ו ד י ע י ן ( למ מ" ) רמה כרמ כ ז ז מל מה ו י תשר עד מל מה ו ד ו י ד ע י י ע ן י ן ו רטל ( למ ו מ" ר ) כרמ ז מה י עד מל ו ד י ע י ן ו רטל ו ר The Intelligence Organization of the IRGC: A Major Iranian Intelligence Apparatus Dr. Raz Zimmt November 5, 2020 Main Argument The Intelligence Organization of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) has become a major intelligence apparatus of the Islamic Republic, having increased its influence and broadened its authorities. Iran’s intelligence apparatus, similar to other control and governance apparatuses in the Islamic Republic, is characterized by power plays, rivalries and redundancy. The Intelligence Organization of the IRGC, which answers to the supreme leader, operates alongside the Ministry of Intelligence, which was established in 1984 and answers to the president. The redundancy and overlap in the authorities of the Ministry of Intelligence and the IRGC’s Intelligence Organization have created disagreements and competition over prestige between the two bodies. In recent years, senior regime officials and officials within the two organizations have attempted to downplay the extent of disagreements between the organizations, and strove to present to domestic and foreign audience a visage of unity. The IRGC’s Intelligence Organization (ILNA, July 16, 2020) The IRGC’s Intelligence Organization, in its current form, was established in 2009. The Organization’s origin is in the Intelligence Unit of the IRGC, established shortly after the Islamic Revolution (1979). -
Major General Hossein Salami: Commander-In-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps October 2020
Major General Hossein Salami: Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps October 2020 1 Table of Contents Salami’s Early Years and the Iran-Iraq War ................................................................................................... 3 Salami’s Path to Power ................................................................................................................................. 4 Commander of the IRGC’s Air Force and Deputy Commander-in-Chief ....................................................... 5 Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC.................................................................................................................. 9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 11 2 Major General Hossein Salami Major General Hossein Salami has risen through the ranks of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) since its inception after the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran. He served on the battlefield during the Iran-Iraq War, spent part of his career in the IRGC’s academic establishment, commanded its Air Force, served as its second-in-command, and finally was promoted to the top position as commander-in-chief in 2019. Salami, in addition to being an IRGC insider, is known for his speeches, which are full of fire and fury. It’s this bellicosity coupled with his devotion to Iran’s supreme leader that has fueled his rise. Salami’s Early Years and the Iran-Iraq War Hossein -
The Future of Iranian Terror and Its Threat to the U.S. Homeland
THE FUTURE OF IRANIAN TERROR AND ITS THREAT TO THE U.S. HOMELAND HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COUNTERTERRORISM AND INTELLIGENCE OF THE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION FEBRUARY 11, 2016 Serial No. 114–53 Printed for the use of the Committee on Homeland Security Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 21–525 PDF WASHINGTON : 2016 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas, Chairman LAMAR SMITH, Texas BENNIE G. THOMPSON, Mississippi PETER T. KING, New York LORETTA SANCHEZ, California MIKE ROGERS, Alabama SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan, Vice Chair JAMES R. LANGEVIN, Rhode Island JEFF DUNCAN, South Carolina BRIAN HIGGINS, New York TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania CEDRIC L. RICHMOND, Louisiana LOU BARLETTA, Pennsylvania WILLIAM R. KEATING, Massachusetts SCOTT PERRY, Pennsylvania DONALD M. PAYNE, JR., New Jersey CURT CLAWSON, Florida FILEMON VELA, Texas JOHN KATKO, New York BONNIE WATSON COLEMAN, New Jersey WILL HURD, Texas KATHLEEN M. RICE, New York EARL L. ‘‘BUDDY’’ CARTER, Georgia NORMA J. TORRES, California MARK WALKER, North Carolina BARRY LOUDERMILK, Georgia MARTHA MCSALLY, Arizona JOHN RATCLIFFE, Texas DANIEL M. DONOVAN, JR., New York BRENDAN P. SHIELDS, Staff Director JOAN V. O’HARA, General Counsel MICHAEL S. TWINCHEK, Chief Clerk I. LANIER AVANT, Minority Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON COUNTERTERRORISM AND INTELLIGENCE PETER T. -
The Iranian Constitution: an Exercise in Contradictions S
The Fletcher School Online Journal for issues related to Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization Spring 2004, Article 1 The Iranian Constitution: An Exercise in Contradictions S. Waqar Hasib A constitution is not merely a document, nor I. Introduction a set of laws. Rather, in many ways a constitution Since the overthrow of Shah Mohammed is an expression of the values, needs, and desires Reza Pahlevi in 1979, Iran can best be described as of a particular community. Thus it is important to a nation of contradictions. Iranians are often examine not only the actual content of a shown on U.S. television burning American flags constitution, but also the particular historical and chanting “death to America,” while behind context in which it was created. One could not the camera they listen to Madonna, wear Tommy properly study the U.S. constitution with out at Hilfiger jeans and watch the latest Los Angeles least a basic understanding of the history of the Lakers games on satellite dishes.1 Iran ranks at British Empire in North America, the American the top of the U.S. State Department’s list of Revolution, and the Articles of Confederation. nations that sponsor terrorism,2 yet Iranians lit Likewise, one cannot properly study the Iranian candles and held mass impromptu vigils in the constitution without first examining the chain of streets of Tehran for the victims of the September events that led to its creation. 11 attacks.3 Often a nation’s externally visible A. From the Qajars to Reza Khan – 1826 to 1941 characteristics are a result of its internal political The roots of the current Iranian constitution structures. -
United States Policy and Military Strategy in the Middle East
S. HRG. 114–350 UNITED STATES POLICY AND MILITARY STRATEGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MARCH 24; SEPTEMBER 22; OCTOBER 27, 2015 ( Printed for the use of the Committee on Armed Services VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:53 Sep 08, 2016 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6011 Sfmt 6011 C:\USERS\WR47328\DESKTOP\21401.TXT WILDA UNITED STATES POLICY AND MILITARY STRATEGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:53 Sep 08, 2016 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6019 Sfmt 6019 C:\USERS\WR47328\DESKTOP\21401.TXT WILDA S. HRG. 114–350 UNITED STATES POLICY AND MILITARY STRATEGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MARCH 24; SEPTEMBER 22; OCTOBER 27, 2015 Printed for the use of the Committee on Armed Services ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.fdsys.gov/ U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 21–401 PDF WASHINGTON : 2016 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:53 Sep 08, 2016 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 C:\USERS\WR47328\DESKTOP\21401.TXT WILDA COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES JOHN MCCAIN, Arizona, Chairman JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma JACK REED, Rhode Island JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama BILL NELSON, Florida ROGER F. -
Mohammad Reza NAQDI
Sanction catalogue 170.106.40.219 28.09.2021 10:32:18 Mohammad Reza NAQDI List Type Individual Gender Male List name SDN (OFAC) Programs (6) IRAN-EO13876 SDGT IFSR IRGC NPWMD IRAN-HR Remark Head of the Basij Names (8) Last name/Name NAQDI First name/Name Mohammad Reza Full name/Name Mohammad Reza NAQDI Type Name Last name/Name NAQDI First name/Name Muhammad Full name/Name Muhammad NAQDI Type Alias Quality Strong Last name/Name NAQDI First name/Name Mohammad-Reza Full name/Name Mohammad-Reza NAQDI Type Alias Quality Strong Last name/Name NAGHDI First name/Name Mohammedreza Full name/Name Mohammedreza NAGHDI Type Alias Quality Strong Last name/Name NAQDI First name/Name Gholamreza Full name/Name Gholamreza NAQDI Type Alias Quality Strong Last name/Name NAQDI First name/Name Gholam-reza Full name/Name Gholam-reza NAQDI Type Alias Quality Strong Last name/Name NAGHDI First name/Name Mohammad Reza Full name/Name Mohammad Reza NAGHDI Type Alias Quality Strong Last name/Name SHAMS First name/Name Mohammad Reza Full name/Name Mohammad Reza SHAMS Type Alias Quality Strong Citizenships (1) Country Iran Addresses (1) Country Iran Full address Iran Birth data (6) Birthdate Apr 1961 Birthdate 1951 to 1953 Birthdate 1960 to 1962 Place Tehran, Iran Country Iran Birthdate 1953 Place Najaf, Iraq Country Iraq Identification documents (1) Type Additional Sanctions Information -: Subject to Secondary Sanctions Updated: 28.09.2021. 05:15 The Sanction catalog includes Latvian, United Nations, European Union, United Kingdom and Office of Foreign Assets Control subjects included in sanction list. -
Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy
Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs August 14, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL32048 Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy Summary Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, a priority of U.S. policy has been to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests, including the security of the Persian Gulf region. In 2014, a common adversary emerged in the form of the Islamic State organization, reducing gaps in U.S. and Iranian regional interests, although the two countries have often differing approaches over how to try to defeat the group. The finalization on July 14, 2015, of a “Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action” (JCPOA) between Iran and six negotiating powers could enhance Iran’s ability to counter the United States and its allies in the region, but could also pave the way for cooperation to resolve some of the region’s several conflicts. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran’s support for militant Middle East groups as a significant threat to U.S. interests and allies. A perceived potential threat from Iran’s nuclear program emerged in 2002, and the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to try to ensure that the program is verifiably confined to purely peaceful purposes. The international pressure contributed to the June 2013 election as president of Iran of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani, who campaigned as an advocate of ending Iran’s international isolation. -
Iran's Ideological Expansion
Iran’s Ideological Expansion “We shall export our revolution to the whole world. Until the cry ‘there is no god but God’ resounds over the whole world, there will be struggle.” – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini June 2018 Table of Contents About the Author ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Profiles of Institutions Spreading Iran’s Revolution Abroad ...................................................................... 6 Universities .............................................................................................................................................. 6 Al-Mustafa International University ..................................................................................................... 6 Islamic Azad University ......................................................................................................................... 8 Charitable Organizations ..................................................................................................................... 10 Imam Khomeini Relief Committee ...................................................................................................... 11 Ahlul Bayt World Assembly ................................................................................................................. 13 Iran’s -
Extensions of Remarks
October 3, 1985 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 26111 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS HOW TO SUPPORT THE ments that challenge totalitarian and au certainly prefer democratic regimes to anti DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION thoritarian regimes. Not only should this be democratic ones, we should by now also our objective, in a sense it must be our ob have learned that many of the world's worst jective, for without this organizing principle tyrants <Stalin, for one) wrap themselves in HON. NEWT GINGRICH and central theme, even the most brilliantly the mantle of democracy, while some of OF GEORGIA conceived Realpolitik will fail. those we have viewed as hopelessly repres IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Such is the power of our own traditions sive have actually paved their countries' Thursday, October 3, 1985 and of our commitment to the universal way from dictatorship toward democracy value of democracy that Americans will not, <Generalissimo Franco providing perhaps Mr. GINGRICH. Mr. Speaker, as this for example, support a long-term friendship the most interesting example>. All too often body considers the policies toward such na with a repressive dictatorship; our basic alli in the recent past, moreover, we have seen tions as Chile and South Mrica, this recent ances must be with democratic countries, or dictators friendly to the United States re advice by Michael Ledeen supplies some with countries that are seen to be moving placed by hostile totalitarians, to the bene very good advice for us. It should be read toward greater democracy. There is an im fit of our enemies and the detriment of our carefully by every Member: portant corollary to this axiom: except in own interests and those of our allies. -
Study Guide Template Atsmun2018
Arsakeia-Tositseia Schools Model United Nations 2018 Dear delegates, My name is Daphne Farmaki and I am a student in the Law school of the University of Athens. I will have the honour of serving as the President of the Legal Committee during this year's 8th session of Arsakeia-Tositseia Schools Model United Nations. I would initially like to express my joy for you deciding upon the Legal Committee as it is one of the most interesting and demanding committees of the United Nations and will provide you with the great opportunity of understanding international law as well as of putting the effort to practice it. My duty as your Chair is to assist you in your efforts to comprehend the issue prior to the Conference, organise your research, draft resolutions during the lobbing procedure and finally, discuss them in the Committee. The aim of this Study Guide is to provide you with basic information concerning the topic of the legal aspects of negotiations between terrorists and states, a very demanding issue. It should be used as a starting point, which alongside with your country's policy, history and your general research on the topic will lead to your successful drafting of quality resolutions as well as to your fruitful contribution to the debate in general. Please keep in mind that in no case should you solely rely on this Study Guide. Nevertheless, it is crucial that you go over the ATS Rules of Procedure as well since lack of it can impair you from participating during debate time.