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City Characteristics, Migration, and Urban Development Policies in India

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City Characteristics, Migration, and Urban Development Policies in India Papers of the East-West Population Institute No. 92 City characteristics, migration, and urban development policies in India Mahendra K. Premi with Judith Ann L. Tom East-West Center Honolulu, Hawaii PAPERS OF THE EAST-WEST POPULATION INSTITUTE, published about eight times a year, facilitate early dissemination of research findings and state-of-the-art es• says on the demography of Asia, the Pacific, and the United States. Annual sub• scription rate, $12. NOTE TO CONTRIBUTORS: The Population Institute considers unsolicited as well as commissioned manuscripts for the Paper Series. Appropriate topics are popu• lation estimation and analysis, causes and consequences of demographic behavior, urbanization and population distribution, and population policies and programs. All manuscripts are reviewed. In selecting manuscripts for publication, the Insti• tute considers quality of scholarship and usefulness to public officials and other professionals in the field of population; it "also seeks contributions reflecting di• verse cultural and disciplinary perspectives on population. The series can accom• modate articles not necessarily suited for journals because of unusual length or treatment of subject. All copy must be typed double-spaced. For additional in• formation on manuscript preparation, write to the Publications Office of the Center. OTHER SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE EAST-WEST POPULATION INSTITUTE: Working Papers are circulated for comment and to inform interested colleagues about work in progress at the East-West Population Institute. They are intended to complement evidence of completed work as reflected in Papers of the East- West Population Institute and the Reprint Series. $1 per copy. Reprint Series brings selected articles originating from Institute research but pub• lished elsewhere to the attention of population specialists who might not other• wise see them. Single copies available upon request. Asian and Pacific Census Forum is a quarterly periodical reporting on census, vital registration, and population survey activities in Asia and the Pacific. The Forum contains technical articles on a range of topics related to demographic measurement, and reviews of new publications in the field. Issued in August, November, February, and May. Annual subscription rate, $5. Serial publications except Working Papers are available without charge to libraries serving population specialists and to professionals and scholars in the field of population. Requests describing the nature of the research or program and the intended use of the publications should be addressed to the Publications Office of the Center. East-West Population Institute Director Lee-1 ay Cho East-West Center Senior Editor Sandra t. Ward 1 777 East-West Road Editor Robert L. Hearn Honolulu, Hawaii 96848 Production Assistant Lois M. Bender City characteristics, migration, and urban development policies in India Mahendra K. Premi with Judith Ann L. Tom Number 92 . June 1985 PAPERS OF THE EAST-WEST POPULATION INSTITUTE MAHENDRA K. PREMI is Professor, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. JUDITH ANN L. TOM is Computer Specialist, East-West Population Institute. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Premi, Mahendra K. City characteristics, migration, and urban develop• ment policies in India. (Papers of the East-West Population Institute ; no. 92 (June 1985)) Bibliography: p. 1. Migration, Internal—India. 2. Migration, Internal -India-Mathematical models. 3. Urbanization-India. 4. City planning-India. I. Tom, Judith Ann L.. 1944- . II. Title. III. Series: Papers of the East-West Population Institute ; no. 92. HB2099.P74 1985 307.2 85-13102 ISBN 0-86638-061-2 HI CONTENTS Preface vii Abstract 1 Previous studies 4 Migration type and migrant characteristics: a model 8 The data base and its limitations 10 Classification of cities according to selected characteristics 15 Patterns of migration to Indian cities 20 Migrant and nonmigrant characteristics 37 Examination of the model 71 Multiple classification and multiple regression analysis of the volume of cityward migration 80 Summary 92 Indian urban development policies and migration 95 Appendixes 103 1 Formats of three migration tables from the 1971 Indian census of population 104 2 Cities for which selected characteristics of migrants and nonmigrants have been compared, by 1971 population 109 3 List of cities with classification into categories of the five predictor variables 110 4 Dependent and independent variables used in the regression analysis of cityward migration 120 References 123 iv ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1 Model of migration flow according to the origin and characteristics of migrants 9 2 Percentages of inmigrants by city characteristics: India, 1971 22 3 Distribution of inmigrants in different migration streams by city size, growth rate, and functional specialization: India, 1971 27 4 Distribution of inmigrants in different migration streams by city's existence as a class I city and regional type: India, 1971 28 5 Percentages of current migrants among all migrants by last residence and by city size, growth rate, and functional specialization: India, 1971 35 6 Percentages of current migrants among all migrants by last residence and by city's existence as a class I city and regional type: India, 1971 36 7 Sex ratios by age among the total population, nonmigrants, and migrants to cities: India, 1971 41 8 Age pyramids of the total population and specified subpopulations: India, 1971 42 9 Distribution of migrants by educational attainment in different migration streams: India, 1971 52 Map 1 Locations of cities with populations of 100,000 or more: India, 1971 17 r TABLES 1 Cross-classification of 145 cities by growth rate, city size, and functional specialization: India, 1971 21 2 Percentages of total, male, and female lifetime migrants in city populations by city characteristic: India, 1971 23 3 Percentage distributions of migrants to cities in different migration streams by city characteristic: India, 1971 24 4 Inmigration rates to cities by city characteristic: India, 1971 30 5 Percentages of current migrants among all migrants by place of last residence and city characteristic: India, 1971 32 6 Sex ratios among the total population, lifetime migrants, current migrants, and nonmigrants by city characteristic: India, 1971 38 7 Sex ratios by age among the total population and among nonmigrants, lifetime migrants, and current migrants to cities by place of last residence: India, 1971 40 8 Age percentage distributions of the total population, nonmigrants, and lifetime and current migrants to cities by place of last residence: India, 1971 44 9 Marital status percentage distributions of lifetime and current migrants to cities by sex and by rural and urban character of place of last residence: India, 1971 46 10 Marital status percentage distributions of lifetime and current migrants to the cities by age group, sex, and duration of residence: India, 1971 47 11 Literacy rates of nonmigrants, migrants (classified by migration stream), and migrant workers by city characteristic: India. 1971 48 12 Percentage distributions of migrants in different migration streams and of migrant workers of each sex by education: India, 1971 53 13 Percentage distributions of male and female migrants by education of each sex by city characteristic: India, 1971 54 14 Percentage distributions of male and female migrant and nonmigrant workers by education: 20 selected cities of India, 1971 57 15 Work participation rates of male and female migrants and nonmigrants by city characteristic and age group: India, 1971 59 17 16 Ratios of migrant to nonmigrant workers by city characteristic, sex, and age group: India, 1971 62 17 Percentage distributions of male and female workers by migrant status, migration stream, and industry: India, 1971 64 18 Percentage distributions of male and female migrant workers by city characteristic and occupational division: India. 1971 66 19 Percentage distributions of male and female migrant and nonmigrant workers by occupational division: 20 selected cities of India. 1971 70 20 Cities with high intradistrict migration and selected characteristics of migrants to those cities: India, 1971 72 21 Cities with high intefdistrict migration and selected characteristics of migrant to those cities: India, 1971 74 22 Cities with high interstate migration and selected characteristics of migrants to those cities: India, 1971 78 23 F-ratios of explanatory variables used in the analysis of variance and the amounts of variance explained by the explanatory variables when adjusted for degrees of freedom 82 24 Explanatory variables having significant correlations with dependent variables 84 25 Regression equations between dependent and explanatory variables with the value of adjusted R2 89 vii PREFACE The first draft of this paper was prepared during 1980-81 while the first author was a research fellow at the East-West Population Institute. It was substantially revised during the summer of 1983. The paper was presented in two seminars- one at the National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi, and the other at the Department of Demography, Australian Na• tional University, Canberra. It was further revised during June and July 1984 in the light of comments by the referees, other readers, and participants in two seminars. We wish to thank both the East-West Population Institute and the Australian National University for providing necessary facilities for carrying out this research.
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