THE POLITICS OF DREAMING – FROM DIDEROT TO KEATS ming AND SHELLEY

[ Dreaming, seemingly a private activity, can exhibit political and ideological dimensions. RICHARDSON ALAN ABSTRACT The first part of this article looks at the ideological significance, within late Enlighten- ment and Romantic-era culture, of the very activity of dreaming, with particular reference to Diderot’s Le Rêve de d’Alembert. Nocturnal dreaming and the somnambulistic behaviors closely associated with dreaming can and did challenge orthodox notions of the integral

] subject, of volition, of an immaterial soul, and even of the distinction between humans and animals. The second half of the article looks at two literary dreams, from the poetry of Shelley and Keats, considering how represented dreams can have pronounced ideological and political valences. The article as a whole illustrates the claims and methods of cognitive historicist literary critique...... KEYWORDS Poetry, dreams, neurology, John Keats, P. B. Shelley.

‘In Dreams Begin Responsibilities’, Delmore Schwartz’s oblique and compact coming of age narrative, remains one of the most compelling American short stories of the last century. Its coolly seductive hold on the reader begins with its title, which Schwartz borrowed from an epigraph to W. B. Yeats’s poetic volume Responsibilities, ‘in dreams begins responsibility’, attributed by Yeats in turn to an ‘Old Play’ (98). Whatever the title’s ultimate provenance, its juxtaposition of dream and responsibility instantly sets us pondering: how could dreams, invol- untary, cryptic and unpredictable, generate anything like duties and obligations? The juxtaposition of politics and dreaming in this essay’s title seeks to pro- voke a similar unsettling of categories and rethinking of conceptual boundaries. What could dreaming, perhaps our most private activity, have to do with poli- tics, a set of inherently social practices? What might the political implications be of dreams themselves, with their strange transformations, their rambling story lines, their seemingly random jumps from one image or event to the next? In what follows, I will explore the politics of dreaming in two different but relat- ed ways. First, I will consider the ideological significance of the very activity of dreaming, as it was newly understood and represented in late enlightenment and early Romantic culture. I will then consider the political and ideological valence

ALAN RICHARDSON, Professor of English, Boston College Aarhus University Press, Romantik, 01, vol. 01, 2012, pages 9-26 9 6). 1 - to the to topic 1

5 medical thesis on 1 8 1 Neural Sublime Neural Dreaming: A Very Short Introduction Dreaming: A Very and Byron’s fragmentary vampire tale, and as fragmentary and Byron’s vampire 9), the first widely popular vampire story in Eng- popular vampire widely 9), the first 1 8 1 ( Frankenstein The Vampyre and John Keats’ ‘The Eve of St. Agnes’. In both parts of this essay, parts In both of this and John Keats’ essay, Agnes’. ‘The of St. Eve Alastor 53 pages of his highly useful of his highly 53 pages Dreaming, Somnambulism and and Dreaming, Somnambulism the Corporeal Mind 1 Developments in the experimental study of sleep and dreaming, for example, in the example, experimental for Developments of sleep and dreaming, study Simply noting how the mind remained active during sleep could prove ‘con- during the active mind remained sleep could prove how noting Simply first prompted scholars to look with serious interest at Romantic-era under- with look to serious at Romantic-era scholars interest prompted first work’ that ‘anticipate’ ‘dream of dreaming could be seen to standings Freud’s not formation account of dream neuroscientific post-Freudian, but a distinctively well as resonances between the as the differences Moreover, Hobson). and (Lavie in- instructive. For can prove understandings and neuroscientific Romantic-era in little interest relatively shows the of dreaming stance, cognitive neuroscience dur- or talking as sleepwalking such term now thewhat scientists ‘parasomnias’, three of only devotes J. Allan Hobson researcher ing sleep; the dream preeminent the We might start at John William Polidori’s with might a glance We (82-84). For Hobson, as for most of his colleagues today, REM (rapid eye move- eye REM (rapid of his colleagues today, most as for Hobson, (82-84). For attention and serves garnersment) dreaming most as the exam- paradigmatic sleep, as do sleep onset non-REM (NREM) activities belong to ple; parasomniac the sleep (8). To wave’ that in ‘slow dreaming occurs and thedreams thought-like accounts of dreaming Romantic (and late Enlightenment) influential contrary, and view and similar behaviors, in somnambulism interest a pronounced show them continuous with as the connected with vivid, hallucinatory now dreaming theories certainREM sleep. Indeed, this connection helped give Romantic-era ideological valence. their of dreams radical and representations troversial’ during the Romantic era, implicitly challenging as it did both ratio- as it did both challenging during implicitly the Romantic era, troversial’ lish. As Stiles and her co-authors explain, sleepwalking and other parasomnias parasomnias and other and her co-authors explain, sleepwalking lish. As Stiles inde- could function mechanically’, the and brain ‘human body how suggested the soul and (790). If so, might pendent of a guiding soul or of conscious volition that Small wonder fictive? epiphenomenal or altogether prove will themselves associated with became closely unconscious behaviors and related sleepwalking figure. unsettling that soulless and deeply notoriously the vampire, of the specific dreams represented in two important Romantic poems, P. B. Shel- B. poems, P. Romantic important in two of the represented specific dreams ley’s texts has been partly and discourses by of earlier inspired reinterpretation my of dreaming. in the cognitive neuroscience developments of key awareness my of what has been examples be considered may the thatAs such, analyses follow termed ‘cognitive historicism’ (Spolsky; Richardson, the author of ‘Oneirodynia’, his term for somnambulism and other parasomnias, as presented as presented his term parasomnias, somnambulism and other for ‘Oneirodynia’, and John Bulevich. Finger Stanley article Anne Stiles, recent in an important by Romantic to invisible nearly remained in Latin, long Polidori’s thesis, composed friend Byron’s as Lord known: well Polidori although himself was scholarship, story that as a participant contest generated ghost in theand physician, famed Maryboth Shelley’s

ROMANTIK · 0 01 1 JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF ROMANTICISMS 11 project taken by by taken project 3) [‘tout l’air du délire’3) [‘tout 3) [‘galimatias de cordes de cordes 3) [‘galimatias 11 11 Encyclopédie ], should feature a comparably broad broad a comparably ], should feature ’, that is, Diderot himself, who features in a waking dia- in a waking himself, who features that is, Diderot ’, also proffers a generous definition of somnambulism, definition of generous a also proffers D’Alembert’s Dream D’Alembert’s , which included an article included entitled, which ‘SOMNAMBULE, & [ Philosophe 5: 340). in the the leading role Given 1 Encyclopédie Encyclopédie Bordeu, however, who shares some of d’Alembert’s crazier ideas, can turn some of d’Alembert’s crazier who shares however, Bordeu, 1 Polidori borrowed the anecdote of a priest of a the correcting anecdote sermonsPolidori borrowed in his sleep Not that and the connected thought coherent, sort normally of non-sense we Not vibrantes et de fibres sensibles’ (359)] into a penetrating and corrosive discourse discourse and corrosive sensibles’ de fibres a penetrating (359)] into et vibrantes on the mind’s in the the instantiation body and its nervous system, necessary Later in the of sensibility and more. dia- workings illusion of the self, the secret awake in his sleep and sometimes talking, sometimes resumes logue, d’Alembert unconscious cognition sleeping and waking, conscious and – the line between In addition, during period his earlier of somniloquy clear. entirely never thought, at times d’Alembert down), taken has providentially Mlle. de L’Espinasse (which friend his present hallucinated in- addresses at times an absent and purely and the ‘ terlocutor, SOMNAMBULISME’ by the French physician Jean-Joseph Ménuret de Cham- Jean-Joseph Ménuret physician SOMNAMBULISME’ the by French baud. The mod- Polidori, who apparently by of activities covered the same range embracing The latter places special de Chambaud. eled his definition on that of Ménuret that these on the and rationality unconscious be- seeming directedness emphasis & d’exactitude’ plus d’intelligence même avec ‘quelquefois can manifest, haviors than or- translation] my and precision’, intelligence more [‘at times with even dinarily (vol. nalist and religious notions of a unitary of notions voli- conscious and religious guided by subjectivity nalist only Not further. much went in ‘oneirodynia’ tion (790). But Polidori’s interest in the absence of con- active that stayed a mind (or brain) suggest did dreaming in a number also engage mind could sciousness, but this active unconsciously guide them. to Poli- subject awake actions with guided no rational of seemingly someone who walks only dori’s ‘not definition of somnambulism includes broad asleep, and still up while wake to but also someone who appears while in a dream, (Polidori 776). describeswho performs awake’ He actions or speaks as if he were them- who dress friends’ to ably’, who ‘respond and discourse sleepers questions poems with and ‘guzzle’ ‘vivid imagination’) compose selves wine, who (endowed Khan’ and ‘Kubla from here edit them (776-777). far or even not are or essays We after publish the Poli- year first Coleridge would T. S. which headnote, its famous ‘Coleridge’). his medical thesis (Richardson, dori completed the from Denis Diderot and Jean-Baptiste le Rond d’Alembert, it comes as no surprise le Rond d’Alembert, that Jean-Baptiste and Denis Diderot attributedDiderot’s dream great d’Alembert, to fictional account of an elaborate de d’Alembert Le Rêve associate with dreaming can be differentiated too readily or too definitively in too definitively or readily too associate with can be differentiated dreaming d’Alembert’s housemate this series Mlle. de L’Espinasse, of dialogues. Initially because d’Alembert precisely Bordeu his bedmate, has called in Dr. not though about, sleep: he thrashes troubled in his uncharacteristically be raving seems to ( person’ a ‘crazy and talks like off the covers, throws range of parasomniac activities, some of which exhibit an unexpectedly high de- high exhibit an unexpectedly of which activities, some of parasomniac range sense. gree of rational his ‘nonsense of vibrating strings and sensitive fibers’ strings ( and sensitive his ‘nonsense of vibrating (359)].

Le Rêve de Le Rêve , the content of 830. Rather, key 830. Rather, key 1 British Romanticism and Polidori’s medical the- Le Rêve de d’Alembert Le Rêve 20). Although d’Alembert never walks in his in his walks never 20). Although d’Alembert 1 Le Rêve de d’Alembert Le Rêve , 85-90) – the same Dr. Bordeu that Diderot fiction- that Diderot Bordeu , 85-90) – the same Dr. 1 . proper ( proper generally and from theMedicine of Montpellier School and from generally Rêve philosophes 769, Diderot’s text remained unpublished until 769, Diderot’s unpublished text remained 1 ushers in a number of the most important and most radical postulates postulates radical in a number of the and most important ushers most Le Rêve de d’Alembert de Le Rêve we do without the we conscious awareness? benefit of The striking overlaps between between The strikingoverlaps In and of itself, dreaming challenged orthodox conceptions of a unitary orthodox conceptions challenged self, In and of itself, dreaming Simply the fact of dreaming holds, as we have seen, potentially subversive subversive potentially seen, have holds, as we of dreaming the fact Simply -38). In France, the main expositor of a corporeal approach to mind and mental to the of a corporeal main expositor approach -38). In France, sleep, he does exhibit several of the parasomnias, including one only delineated one only including of the parasomnias, several sleep, he does exhibit ‘sexsomnia’ or ‘sleep Diderot: to known well apparently though recently quite orgasm, in his sleep, achieving masturbates al.). D’Alembert et sex’ (Andersen can If we nearly. more approach to companion after asking his lovely hopefully in our sleep, what seduce our beloved to while attempting ourselves fondle even can’t sis (not to mention Coleridge’s dream-generated, sexually charged ‘Kubla Khan’) ‘Kubla charged sexually mention Coleridge’s to sis (not dream-generated, because, though especially be attributed called ‘influence’, cannot something to in composed 1 Pierre-Jean- and physician Revolutionary physiologist the was French behaviors mind to his corporeal for approach inspiration drew Cabanis. Cabanis Georges the from both and theorist the least medical practitioner Théophile Bordeu not in particular, 32-4 52-60; Williams (Moravia logue thatthe precedes since dreams (and the parasomniac activities closely associated with them) activities closely im- (and thesince dreams parasomniac But subjectivity. conscious to foreign independent of and even plied an agency incorporating an explicit critique further, of thed’Alembert’s goes inte- dream the some extent by content of the to (shaped dream subject in thegral manifest it in that precedes immediately and Diderot d’Alembert dialogue between waking implications for any philosophical or religious orthodoxy presupposing an in- orthodoxy presupposing philosophical or religious any for implications than self-determinedtegral, subject. More this, the in form that takes dreaming reigning orthodoxies, toward skepticism texts further‘somnambulistic’ provokes com- quite direct can brain-mind active an unconscious yet in underscoring how out of the and walking house everything dressing including from plex behaviors, supervi- waking without any composition, poetic to conversation coherent to Furthermore,sion or conscious volition. in d’Alembert’s monologues, along with dream the dialogues that surround them, intellectual’s explicit. The dreaming of dreaming implications the radical make a materialist theory‘nonsense’ broaches and fibers about vibrations of mind that the as an unity of the the self, exposes conscious volition dissolves soul, jettisons and nervous system, in the cognition brain illusion, instantiates and character animals. In short, humans and other firm line between any and erodes d’Alembert come. soon to corporealof the psychologies Romantic-era alizes in concerns these writings dream impelling – with activity during the brain’s sleep, with a unified of thewith fragility behaviors, mental and bodily unconscious in the connected discourse vo- absence of conscious for self and the potential termed of what I have appeal contemporary the to powerful lition – all attest the (Richardson, ‘corporeal of the psychologies’ Romantic era

ROMANTIK · 2 01 1 JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF ROMANTICISMS 3 1 5) as 11 moi 7) [‘Ne sont 7) [‘Ne 06) [‘qu’entre 06) [‘qu’entre 11 (Williams 37). 1 ) [‘S’il n’y conscience dans a qu’une 1 , Diderot exposes the exposes or self , Diderot 5 1 Rêve 9) [‘polypes’ (363)], then what becomes of 11 Recherches sur le tissue muqueax Recherches 767 treatise 1 )], to the historical Bordeu himself, who had advanced the the himself, who had advanced )], to historical Bordeu 1 66-7/397). Even when awake, that is, we often act somnambulistically. often that act somnambulistically. is, we 66-7/397). when awake, Even 1 If the seeming individual can better be seen as a hive of bees or, in another in another of bees or, be seen as a hive If the individual can better seeming Notice that in some of these exchanges Diderot moves between the ‘animal’ between moves Diderot that in some of these exchanges Notice a ‘spurious abstraction temporarily attached to dynamic processes that extend processes dynamic to attached temporarily a ‘spurious abstraction the striking most (and owes (59). Diderot lifetime’ the confines of a given beyond these of analogies, the famous) as a ‘swarm human organism most of bees’ ( Huddled together on a branch, a colony of bees seems to act as a single, unified act as a single, of bees seems to a colony on a branch, together Huddled the ‘cluster’ and yet [‘grappe’] together, and reacting together moving organism, tells d’Alembert the Fuse bees together, of multiple agents. composed is in fact of a given becomes, in the and the eyes in his dream, cluster Mlle. de L’Espinasse human in- the Each multiplicity remains. individual, and yet a single perceiver, but of ‘organs’ of bees not a cluster, such as just dividual can be understood the by law animals held together distinct ‘only are [‘organes’], at bottom which or identity’ ( unity, bond of sympathy, of continuity in a general same metaphor in his same metaphor the text). D’Alembert, seconded by Bordeu and Mlle. de L’Espinasse, advances a advances L’Espinasse, and Mlle. de Bordeu by seconded the text). D’Alembert, series that an aggregate,analogies that of the held together suggest self is in fact time and continuous with pro- biological over change subject to provisionally, cesses that Curran puts it in an antedate the subject. As Andrew singular human and the Self’ on ‘Monsters essay in the l’animal et vous, il n’y a de différence que dans l’organisation’ (353)] – in degree que dans l’organisation’ il n’y vous, a de différence l’animal et human soul; what that there is no uniquely in kind. It follows not and, therefore, ‘sensibility’ [‘sensibilité’], organized highly in a more us human consists makes matter (95-6/345). in inorganic even forms and potential withshared life other striking analogy, a colony of ‘polyps’ of ( a colony striking analogy, que des animaux distincts que la loi de continuité tient dans une sympathie, une sympathie, la loi de continuité tient dans une que des animaux distincts que (362)]. unité, une identité générale’ personal volition? Predictably, it vanishes, yielding instead to a vision of multiple to yielding instead it vanishes, Predictably, volition? personal needs and conflicting wills. ‘While one center of with there is only agents diverse impulses. different ‘many explains, there are Bordeu consciousness in an animal’, itself’ peculiar to has impulses organ Each ( and the human seamlessly. This reflects yet another radical and, at the time, radical another yet This reflects and the human seamlessly. boundary definitive between denial of any the implicit unorthodox move: highly Dider- dialogue between (waking) animals. The opening human beings and other has made this denial explicit: in fact, ‘there is no difference and d’Alembert, ot in degree ( of organization’ and the animals except you between [‘essaim d’abeilles’ (36 l’animal, il y a une infinité de volontés; chaque organe a la sienne’ organe (387)]. chaque So the l’animal, il y a une infinité de volontés; experi- What we while the palate does not. food desire may example, for stomach, among con- the of a contest reflects outcome in fact ence as conscious volition goes of consciousness. Bordeu fly under the that radar largely tending impulses act reflecting volitional will’ [‘volunté’] expose ‘free as an illusion, a given on to [‘la dernière impulsion and aversion’ of desire impulse the recent ‘most merely in conscious register one to the recent or at least most de l’aversion’], du désir et perform since we [‘sans vouloir’] countless acts in an ‘involuntary’ awareness, manner ( , organ 64) [‘tout le ré- 64) [‘tout 1 the self-activated the self-activated is 65) [‘le brin voluptueaux’ (396)], 65) [‘le brin voluptueaux’ 1 /400). An example within/400). An example the text concerns 1 64) [‘Le maître est abandonné à la discrétion de abandonné à la discrétion est 64) [‘Le maître 1 70- 1 53) [‘Dérangez l’origine du faisceau, vou changez l’animal’ changez vou l’origine du faisceau, 53) [‘Dérangez 1 In human beings, as in other animals, organization (as its root word, word, (as its root organization animals, beings, as in other In human The simultaneous loosening and incitement of association networks becomes The simultaneous loosening and incitement of association networks Summing up recent advances in the cognitive neuroscience of dreaming, of dreaming, in the cognitive neuroscience advances Summing up recent 69) [‘l’organisation du cerveau’ (400)]. These statements exemplify corporeal du cerveau’ exemplify (400)]. These statements 69) [‘l’organisation 1 ses vassaux, et à l’énergie effrénée de sa propre activité’ de sa propre à l’énergie effrénée (396)]. The whole neural et ses vassaux, indi- and each ‘relaxes’, Diderot’s to fictionalized Bordeu, according ‘network’, vibrates, ‘moves, vidual fiber (the transmission) ‘threads’ neural for responsible from self-generated the to center a whole seriesand so transmits of sensations’, ( externalmemories, prompts perceived associations, and dimly implies) must ultimately be understood in purely bodily, corporeal terms.The bodily, in purely be understood ultimately must implies) material (of the of the ‘fibers’ organization and brain nervous and their system – everything. behavior emotion, ‘center’)neural cognition, subtends character, in intel- changes of profound instances of dialogue recounting After a snatch head injuries assorted and other following and behavior personality ligence, the center of the summarizes: disturb bundle of insults, Bordeu ‘If you neural be being seems to whose entire the whole creature change you [thefibers brain], there’concentrated ( seau se relâche et … chaque filet du réseau s’agite, se meut, transmet a l’origine s’agite, du réseau se meut, transmet filet … chaque et seau se relâche as of association proliferate, de sensations’commune une foule (396)]. Trains on analogy with the can activate, harmonic of vibration vibrations neural each experi- become connected with it through that fibers other have a clavichord, ( ence or innate predisposition a key aspect of the theories in Romantic dream a key William Hazlitt, come. soon to writes that the in dreaming, ‘bundles of thought’ ‘On Dreams’, formedhis essay uninhibited by central control, trigger the alluring image of Mlle. de L’Espinasse, trigger control, the alluring central of Mlle. de L’Espinasse, uninhibited by image at the present same time. who is thus hallucinated and really both Hobson describes its ‘most radical assertion’ describes radical in this Hobson ‘our so-called minds are its ‘most way: else’: something That is, the a mind is ‘not not of our brains’. functional states mind ‘ sort. Simply, ‘entity’ of any an autonomous not ‘spirit’, psychology at its most subversive and unorthodox: small wonder that the and unorthodox: small wonder dia- subversive at its most psychology after Diderot’s until well death. unpublished logue remained dream- science of seen, the late Enlightenment-to-Romantic have (58). As we brain’ ing and ‘somnambulism’ arrived centuries the two ago. at much same conclusion the functional state altered how analogy for his own advances in fact, Diderot, significantly our experienceof the brain changes in dreaming. of mind and self in sleep while the of consciousness, where center active remains Because the brain the is ‘master weakened, has become temporarily converges, of fibers the network the to is abandoned energy say, one might or, of his vassals on the mercy thrown uninhibited activity’ ( of his own (388-9)]. Toward the end of the dialogue, Mlle. de L’Espinasse offers her own sum- her offers the end of the Mlle. de L’Espinasse dialogue, (388-9)]. Toward passions, will, power, judgment, aversions, that desires, ‘memory, noting mary, les passions, la les aversions, lés désirs, le jugement, [‘la mémoire, self-awareness’ la conscience du soi’] all depend on the ‘structure precise volunté, of the brain’ ( d’Alembert’s episode of what would now be termed now sexsomnia: the vibrations d’Alembert’s episode of what would fibers’ one of his ‘voluptuary ( ascending from

ROMANTIK · 4 01 1 JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF ROMANTICISMS 5 1 5- 1 30). 1 0 1 : 385). 1 2: 20). Coleridge famously remarks remarks 2: 20). Coleridge famously 1 on’) and the meandering pathways of on’) and the meandering pathways ) but not ‘strong’ associations (such as associations (such ‘strong’ ) but not 770, vol. 2: 2542). Coleridge draws in part770, on 2: 2542). Coleridge draws vol. wrong 1 stream : / 1

thief 88), its ‘wildness’, as Hartley puts it. The work of another of another as Hartley puts it. The work 88), its ‘wildness’, 1 : 385, 389). Hobson highlights this in Hartley as an passage highlights : 385, 389). Hobson 1 8th-century a num- to important philosopher associationist 1 Nature of Association’ in dreams, ‘streamy’ evoking both the both evoking ‘streamy’ in dreams, of Association’ Nature ), facilitating the connection of ideas, images, and remembered events events and remembered the connection of ideas, images, ), facilitating st-century developments in dream research have elicited surprising have new research in dream st-century developments 1 streamy wrong : 385]). According to Hobson, writing with co-researchers Robert Stickgold, writing Robert Hobson, Stickgold, with to co-researchers : 385]). According 1 34). Empirical research on dreaming simply will not support will not the of claims simply 34). on dreaming Empirical research / Dreams, the Default Mode and Dreams, the Default Mode and Imagination (Political) the Poetical 1 7, ber of Romantic writers, the ‘great of who noted and inconsistency’ wildness disruption of ‘acciden- or ‘breaking’ and attributeddreams this a recuperative to tal association’ (vol. on the ‘ and Sleep (‘Fancy flow heightened association (Coleridge,dream vol. early recognition of the ‘hyperassociative’ character of REM dreams (27). dreams of REM Recent character recognition of theearly ‘hyperassociative’ however: differently, rather hyperassociation dream understands neuroscience misleading associa- destructionless as the of ‘accidental’ and potentially creative tions than as the infor- formation of new of loose associations and integration of ideas’ (what Hartley calls ‘trains association networks existing mation into [vol. 1 Laurie and Cynthia enhances the Rittenhouse, REM dreaming Scott formation as associations (such of ‘weak’ right Ritten- Scott, Stickgold, group together. never that consciousness might waking that in normal conclude ‘this alteration cognitive processing house and Hobson of nature part the of theprovides bizarre explanation for and hyperassociative ( REM-sleep dreaming’ by association ‘are, as it were, untied, loosened from a common center, and drift a common center, loosened from untied, as it were, ‘are, association by as it happens’ of fancy along the (vol. stream Freud – or of Joseph – to uncovering the uncovering – or of Joseph – to ‘true’Freud meaning behind the disconnected follow, and bizarre It does not narratives imagery of REM dreams. characteristic about the say of moment to that has nothing cognitive neuroscience however, imagination or meaningfulness. as creativity, topics such to of dreaming relation Rather, 2 Finally, it is worth noting that attributes it is worth Hartley too noting the bizarre inconsistency Finally, during the brain, ‘for is in sleep, states: in functional brain changes to of dreams formed, were that that in which from the usual associations so different a state place duringmeans take no they vigilance’ can by (vol. David Hartley, an Hartley, David group of dream researchers suggests that, in enhancing the suggests ‘formation asso- of researchers group of dream unassociated information’, and the of [previously] integration ciation networks the – or, sort solving also facilitates REM dreaming seen in problem of creativity al. Khan’ (Cai et ‘Kubla poems like associative add, in famously one might Brain-based, corporeal approaches to dreaming – in Diderot’s time as in our own – in Diderot’s dreaming time as in our own to corporeal approaches Brain-based, the to content of dreams. in relation especially some as reductive, strike – may richly symbolic material back goes revelatory, for of mining dreams The tradition its great modern and found in Sigmund expositor the to Old Testament at least combat on occasion ( to required feels still that Hobson a tradition Freud, broadly humanis- broadly ). 1 and ). In terms of local- of the activation 1 ), Stickgold provides theoutlines of a scientific provides ), Stickgold 1 According to Stickgold, dreams provide a window into the workings of the the into workings a window provide dreams Stickgold, to According Indeed, for Stickgold dreams, which he reasonably assumes preceded even even assumes preceded he reasonably which dreams, Stickgold Indeed, for Pursuing interconnections among ‘sleep, memory, dreams, meaning, and lit- dreams, among ‘sleep, memory, interconnections Pursuing brain-mind as it engages in a bottom-up process of meaning construction of meaning process with in a bottom-up as it engages brain-mind a brain REM sleep ‘represents control. of executive little in the or nothing way identified, en- readily more are and unexpected associations novel in which state and the the construction discovery of insight, of meaning’ hancing creativity, neurochemis- the by unique activity’ is facilitated (87). ‘enhanced associative This levels and low of acetylcholine levels try high by characterized of REM dreaming, and reli- greatly cognitive accuracy reducing of norepinephrine and serotonin, theability while increasing forming of the sort of loose associations that may (80-8 and creativity insight subtend well simple oral narratives in human mental and cultural evolution, constitute our constitute evolution, in human mental and cultural narratives oral simple ‘nar- involve literature and imaginative dreaming (88). Both true ‘ur-literature’ and bizarreness, sudden shifts in time and place, metaphor, emotionality, rative, as well areas of the recruits same brain meaning’ (88). And REM dreaming many of mode: a set as performing default functions of the brain’s some of the key includ- otherwise engaged, is not when the brain-mind active cognitive processes thinking about the ‘theory future, prospective ing episodic memory, of mind’ or wandering or thinking people’s about other and daydreaming mental states func- ‘a major a tantalizing conclusion: to (90). Allthoughts this leads Stickgold the function of literature’ from (90). all that different is not tion of the brain has circu- cognitive neuroscience how exemplifies research dream Stickgold’s the to been familiar have of imagination that would a notion to returned itously writers Romanticism, one that imagining with fundamental credits of high such aims as meaning-making, pattern discrimination construction, of resem- novel (76, 8 invention intuition and creative blances and ‘similes’, tic approach to dreaming, imagination and what neuroscientists term the and what neuroscientists imagination dreaming, brain’s to tic approach begin- activity, of human imaginative mode’‘default range that a broad considers experienced Stickgold, creativity ning with For the in dreams. imaginative wildly less than nothing the ‘con- activities involve imaginative and other dreaming processes such human activity involving a fundamental struction of meaning’, as forming regularities, ‘associations, relationships, and rules’ and constantly date’ to ‘context of an individual’s life and thereordering the both remembered ‘imaginal space’ (76-77). future of his or her personal These meaning-making in and can proceed unconsciously and consciously place both can take processes experiences, images, detached manner – building meaning up from a ‘bottom-up’ Stickgold, to (89). According manner instead ideas – or coalesce in a ‘top-down’ literature. mode by the dreams, top-down mode is typified by the bottom-up ways to approach such connections. I will turn now to consider recent work by by work recent consider turn I will connections. to such now approach to ways in the specializing cogni- psychiatrist a research Stickgold, colleague Hobson’s in the save termed be that of dreaming, reductive, could hardly neuroscience tive researchers (in common with brain virtually all prominent sense that Stickgold the does assume identity of mind and brain. fundamental today) erature’ (9

ROMANTIK · 6 01 1 JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF ROMANTICISMS 7 1

, having glimpsed glimpsed , having British Romanticism Alastor poet extrapolates an entire an entire extrapolates poet 5]). Both Keats and Shelley, as is Shelley, Keats and 5]). Both 1 Alastor 2-3 1 [Shelley 73-75]) and Keats (Madeline’s 73-75]) of [Shelley dream ). Alastor ). These functions may be seen writ in the). These functions may large activity of 1 ). 1 1 0 1 50; Ruston 74- 50; Ruston 1 The larger pattern of neural activation also overlaps with brain areas thatareas with brain also overlaps pattern activation The larger of neural The connections posed here by Stickgold between dreaming, meaning mak- meaning dreaming, between Stickgold by The connections posed here on images draws in question dreams begin with, of the each invented To 4- the ‘dreaming brain’ (9 the brain’ ‘dreaming 11 ized brain areas, those linked to reasoning and executive function barely register, register, barely function and executive reasoning to those areas, linked ized brain of activity. levels high as the show such limbic system areas while emotion network default the identified as constituting brain’s have studies neuroimaging ‘De- Schacter; and Mar and Kim; Richardson, Spreng, Andrews-Hanna (Buckner, the narrative argues, helps us understand 672,faulting’ 685-689). This, Stickgold formsconstruction a common thread among various since narrative of dreams, including mode, notably default in the brain’s cognitive activities implicated theoryepisodic memory memories’, of autobiographical mind or of or ‘recall ‘divining thefu- others’ ‘imagining and intents of thoughts and prospection, continues, the brain’s Stickgold mode, In the default and scenarios’. worlds ture understand- a personal create to is ‘both that of literature, like ‘greater purpose’, expand its boundaries’ and to meaning live give we – to in which ing of the world as information construct experience orderings and to to new encoded and stored and possibilities (90-9 but consciously slighted a love-struck ‘Arab maiden’ not two dozen lines earlier dozen lines earlier two maiden’ not ‘Arab a love-struck slighted but consciously maid’ who em- ‘veiléd exotic dark-haired, of a similarly dreams in the poem, now her part, Madeline, for goes flushed his cheek’. / Had yet bodies ‘hopes that never ritual ‘visions of delight’, traditional practices) sleep anticipating (following to a variant she fills in these lord’; to text) of ‘her future vi- (according specifically dreams Both Porphyro. lover, of her forbidden images sions with remembered mode, ‘theory default function of the brain’s of mind’ key another also feature the determine magically to activities: Madeline is attempting (or ‘mindreading’) the while marital intentions of her beloved, flushing skin and revealing tones, looks, seductive the amorous from character personal involves centrally words, in other dream, Each girl. of his dream gestures ing, literature and various explored, ‘default’ing, literature functions had been previously during a time of intense ways, the Romantic era: different in markedly though mental phe- other and in dreaming interest unprecedented ways and in many ‘de- An early activity. nomena associated with unconscious or spontaneous brain and no- celebrated in two be traced can in fact mode’ dreaming to fault approach in the poetry represented (the dreams of Shelley poet’s toriously dream complex maid’of the in ‘veiléd the – precisely future in memory a personal stored of envisioning in the process episodic pose between system’ of the studies that ‘default relation neuroscientific ‘imagining the future’ colloquially, more thinking’memory or, and ‘prospective of protagonist The poet Rose and Buckner). (Schacter, Porphyro in ‘The Eve of St. Agnes’ in ‘The of St. Eve [Keats 3 Porphyro now well known, took a pronounced interest in their era’s pioneering sci- in their era’s brain interest a pronounced took known, well now ways in remarkable the and resonates established ground both for ence, which time (Richardson, with of our own the cognitive neuroscience Alas- . Some 2 st-century dream 1 Le Rêve de d’Alembert Le Rêve embodying the poetic practices, the practices, embodying the poetic Alastor to sleep at its anticlimactic climax: ‘Now blackness blackness ‘Now climax: sleep at its anticlimactic to back Determining the of Madeline’s status Agnes’ in ‘The of St. dream Eve proves In both poems, the psychological status of the represented dream proves dif- proves dream of the status represented poems, theIn both psychological seems initially to present a straightforward case of nocturnal ‘He dreaming: a straightforward present to seems initially if anything more perplexing more and can be seen as a crux,if anything an unresolvable perhaps literary of the form. in its published interpretation one, for poem, at least researchers, understand nocturnal as a type of conscious experience understand dreaming researchers, and Stickgold)? Pace-Schott (Hobson, tor as a vision- the is introduced dream Yet maid / Sate near him’. a veiléd dreamed ary experience – ‘a vision on his sleep there came’ that some inter- – suggesting greater by coherence a vision marked external has produced agency nal or even (‘The ordinarily produce. spirit than would dreaming of sweet and memorability the has sent / A vision to sleep of him who spurned choicest / Her human love at its conclusion ‘on his sleep’, the And although enters or vision dream gifts’.) fall seems to the poet The brain’. on his vacant its impulse back … sleep … rolled dizzy eyes his veiled the hu- does intriguing ‘spirit is leftreader questions: with many of sweet all too the poet’sman love’ represent deep, inarticulate passions or a form and repressed asleep, experiencing And has he been fully or both? of supernatural what agency of waking state a receptive into or lulled be called REM dreaming, now would 2 and other Stickgold Hobson, like Or does Shelley, reverie? ficult to pin down with any great precision: is it a dream proper, a reverie or a a reverie proper, great is it a dream precision: with any down pin ficult to depart neuroscientific visionary from notably experience? the literary works Here muddying theparadigms, very that distinctions as science thrives – much by in one another bleed into and reverie waking dreaming, political hopes and the thoughts ‘most dear to him’ in the to dear thepolitical hopes and form ‘most of an idealized thoughts counterpart.female meaning-making, with Madeline literally putting a face on her deepest and most and most deepest on her putting a face withmeaning-making, Madeline literally of hopes, and the poet-hero secret elements are clear: Madeline has fallen into an ‘azure-lidded sleep’, primed to sleep’, an ‘azure-lidded into clear:elements are Madeline has fallen That same Por- of Porphyro. dreaming and duly beloved of her future dream ensconce himself to pick, managed your take or treacherously, has cleverly, phyro proves – her dream fails her up. He wake to in Madeline’s and attempts chamber dream- a profound, into melt’ himself falls to ‘Impossible – and then Porphyro he tries When he comes to, singing phantasies’. in woofed ‘entoil’d reverie, like Her / – and suddenly quick ‘she panted has an effect: finally Madeline, which to And then the poem continues, teasingly: wide open shone’. eyes blue affrayéd the vision of her wide awake, Now beheld, / open, but she still were eyes ‘Her looking and is now of Porphyro dreaming just since she was Of course, sleep’. experience ended and a waking of Por- have simply the may dream his face, into so as ‘she look’d with details the such poem suggests, its place. Yet taken phyro More- state. in a dreamlike remains that awake, Madeline, though dreamingly’, actual has incorporated Porphyro’s she wakes, before the itself, even dream over, at mine tremble at sweet was voice / Thy now ‘even and movements: presence vir- sleeping and waking, and sense perception, dreaming The lines between ear’. Diderot that Keats, like suggesting blurry, increasingly grow image tual and real

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habitus , ideology , culture poet has no present image to compare with the compare to image no present has poet Alastor also cries, or the narrator cries out for him, ‘Alas! Alas!’. In each In each Alas!’. also cries, or the cries narrator him, ‘Alas! out for . Alastor background Nothing could be more personal to Madeline than her romantic hopes and Madeline than to her romantic personal could be more Nothing The poem even broaches the possibility of sexsomnia, as Porphyro, now thor- now the as Porphyro, possibility of sexsomnia, broaches The poem even as in Keats, end woefully: as well in Shelley passages, dream both how Notice suggest- literary, and self-consciously allusive highly are dreams both Finally, erotic feelings for Porphyro, and yet these feelings are worked out along the lines worked are these feelings and yet Porphyro, for feelings erotic and and Polidori, sees dreaming through the then it was as lens of ‘somnambulism’ through and Polidori, sees dreaming understood. participate begins to Madeline’s in somehow her aroused, ‘Into ‘dream’: oughly does this the questions: left is Again, reader with unresolvable he melted’. dream that that all along? Or has moved Madeline has been dreaming ‘dream’ line imply that perhaps, nocturnal has dreaming a metaphoric sense? Or, to a literal from In any reverie? erotic a half-conscious daydreaming, into shaded imperceptibly en- passionate at the end of their dreamy, say, to required feels case, Porphyro that A statement by Madeline Madeline’. bride, ‘This my my is no dream, counter, If one takes is mine!’. alas! alas! and woe dream, ‘No as obvious: no means takes thenthis in or (alternatively) mean that has up to remained to Madeline, at least, then on her part, state, sexsomnia, at least a dream becomes into subsided back thecrux. for resolution On the hand, if Madeline has more other a tempting under cover encounter in an erotic engage up, does she willingly than woken half than more (as students half asleep, has she been a victim of somnambulism, or, 375)? be called ‘date rape’ (Marcus now assume) of what would sometimes in the poet coterminous with) has drawn not dreaming (but perhaps including case a process on memories forth giving form image intimate hopes and a possible future, to to world with the dissatisfaction quotidian a profound produced and yet desires, appearance actual experience. Porphyro’s reconcile of waking Madeline cannot thou art! pal- chang’d how with the ‘looks immortal’ ‘How in her dream: beheld The and drear!’. lid, chill, par- in fact a private activity, that seemingly dreaming, poets’ing both awareness draw must acts, dreaming narrative other that,ticipates in public discourses; like the codes. At individ- cultural and on shared of images storehouse on a collective as Stickgold be understood, meaning and meaningfulness must ual human level, subject) uniquely each if one prefers, (or, mind-brain each as ‘personal’: stresses, and with its own body, in a unique situated in time and space, situated, moreover, its own of memories will develop array information and other traces, distinctive with pervasively these meanings interact of meanings. And yet set idiosyncratic of meaning – including social networks constructed larger from largely and are with terms like toward gesture we networks those complex exotic maid’s imagined one: she has no existence outside his dream world, evacu- world, outside his dream maid’s imagined one: she has no existence exotic scene the / Gaze on empty eyes ‘His wan of all meaning: world ating the everyday of pale, This world / As ocean’s moon looks on theas vacantly in heaven’. moon the of dream to visionary inadequate painfully world watery proves reflections that construction the of meaning can imaginative poems imply Both and reverie. ordinary meaning from life. draining and end by backfire,

’ cannot cannot The Missionary poet encoun- poet Alastor The Missionary Camdeo, the god of mystic love of mystic Camdeo, the god 80). Readers of 1 78- 1 rehearses a basic scenario rehearses Ori- endemic to 63, 1 Alastor lines 8th century: finding male European the adventurous 1 46-47). Either way, Porphyro hijacks the Agnes’ St. hijacks Eve Porphyro Either 46-47). way, Alastor

. Although Orientalized Shelley’s departs singer in certain Reading 48; cf. 1 At length burst in the argent revelry, in the revelry, length argent At burst and all richWith array, plume, tiara, haunting fairily as shadows Numerous stuff’d, new The brain, youth, withgay in triumphs Of old romance. 47- 1

09, 1 The Missionary The ill-fated dream date in dream The ill-fated his ultimate erotic partner in an exotic, idealized, Oriental (This scenario partner woman. an exotic, in his ultimate erotic a shorthand, is the termed, studies erotic’, is sometimes in cultural ‘the exotic borrows Shelley [207].) specifically, as Praz More formula as far back that goes describing a cultur- such narrative just Romantic-era an earlier from here heavily Orientalist Owenson’s encounter: Sydney overcharged and erotically fraught ally novel chants example, maid, for Luxima – the veiléd Owenson’s from ways important ‘ her songs to of ‘divine liberty’ while Luxima devotes on Owenson’s poetess models his exotic and overtly consciously (99) – Shelley the saliently, (Judson). Most Hindu vestal (then) celebrated its lushness and pristine for ‘Indian’ charac- made famous already and a setting theter by great visionary Luxima, Shelley’s Orientalist Sir William Jones. Like and luxuriant’ a ‘lovely screens behind a diaphanous person maid ineffectively combines ‘purity’ beautiful voice, with in a hauntingly verses sings inspired veil, sports hair’ ‘long dark manner, that ‘floated in the erotic an irresistibly wind’ and in a fit of ‘soft transport’ her passionate nature and unrepressed (Owen- reveals son 97, ters his visionary maid in the ‘vale of Cashmire’, Luxima’s home in his visionaryters of Cashmire’, maid in the ‘vale Porphyro too acts out a script from ‘old romance’, though just what script pre- just though ‘old romance’, acts out a script too from Porphyro himself calls it ‘La belle dame sans mercy’ debate. Porphyro under remains cisely less as a love- see Porphyro Madeline); others (the dreaming he sings to song struck, despairing than the a predatory to knight conventional related figure of Madeline’ ‘The Hoodwinking (Stillinger, the to vampire or even demon lover 539-540; Stillinger, ritual disrupt and his insert to it but to the slot, lord’ not himself into ‘future to his attempt reflect well a sleeping Madeline may singing of an ‘ancient ditty’ to choos- of his own narrative romantic a stereotypical into her dreaming channel ing. entalist writingentalist of the long of the cultural expectations and social scripts to which she is exposed. It is no is exposed. It is she scripts and social expectations which of the to cultural Catholic a church. setting, accident that begins in an institutional this romance of her dream Agnes’ to The St. in order ritual Eve that follow must Madeline one performed is husband-to-be and since, countless before, Madelines by other fifth The the of the evening. stanza poem, heralding that on chilly same no doubt of the could hard- of Madeline and the local gentry rest theentrance into church, ‘brain’) says mind (Keats actually developing each on how emphatic be more ly ‘stuff’d’gets scripts (299): withcultural established

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01 2 JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF ROMANTICISMS 1 2 62]) and Shelley 62]) and Shelley 1 implicitly endorses the endorses implicitly Alastor 09). Shelley seeks to qualify this qualify seeks to 09). Shelley 1 a stock cultural script already well script well already cultural a stock and poet’s dream represents at one and the poet’s same represents dream Alastor in the broader context of Diderot’s ‘dynamic materialism’, context of Diderot’sin the ‘dynamic materialism’, broader : ‘they stood finely opposed, the opposed, specimens of the finely noblest human : ‘they stood Missionary Conclusion Each dream participates in larger-scale ideological discourses, particu- discourses, ideological participates dream Each in larger-scale ‘The Eve of St. Agnes’, in its own uneasy manner, gives literary form to key literary form key gives to uneasy manner, in its own Agnes’, ‘The of St. Eve Le Rêve de d’Alembert de d’Alembert Le Rêve Wilda Anderson suggests that d’Alembert’s dream itself may be viewed as a kind be viewed that itself may d’Alembert’s dream suggests Wilda Anderson an aggregate as the as much self that fragmented it and the dreams of ‘polyp’, established in Britishestablished Orientalist literature. Orientalist fan- the stock In rehearsing and empire. gender to in relation larly the resistance male overcoming European tasy scenario exceptional of an beauty, of an exotic awhile’) back (‘she drew endemic to equation / Asian=female=subordinate’ ‘Western=male=dominant pri- spelled out in Shelley’s is unabashedly Orientalist This equation discourse. of Hilarion the meeting and Luxima in Owen- mary this encounter, for source son’s of the in the opposite regions earth:species, as it appears most the East, she, like only Owenson lofty and commanding’. and luxuriant; the West, lovely he, like as the it implies differential and the power intensifies this fundamental contrast submit; and to he, formed feel to a creature on: ‘she, looking like goes passage command’ and to ( resist to created a being like does not want them The want to. does not him’ time ‘Thoughts the to dear most miss the veiléd maid’s pronounced resemblance to Luxima (who also appears also appears Luxima (who to resemblance maid’smiss the pronounced veiléd [ dream’ the Passion’s descends upon which tender vision ‘like Are dreams ever to be considered ‘private’, do they ever reflect solely the solely preoc- reflect do they ever ‘private’, be considered to ever dreams Are consideration of an individual mind? In an important cupation and movements of opposition by making the veiled maid both poetically inspired and politically in- and politically inspired poetically maid both making theopposition by veiled the same question into puts sometimes narrative formed, and indeed Owenson’s case the in each basic scenario confirms it so blatantly poses, yet an contrast and Oriental, European male and female. between social relation unequal deeply Madeline is associated ideology of theaspects of the domestic era: bourgeois with interiors, domestic in bed) and with positions (supine with romantic passive terri- on enemy (even and go come has the to freedom while Porphyro fantasy, patterns capable of manipulating romance and proves roles, tory), active takes Agnes’ dubious) ends. The St. ritual Eve in itself implies (however his own to marry; be to Madeline must like that women the business of bourgeois the chief than whom. More but marry, that, to whether the very not pro- reveals dream choose of agency: lack a Madeline will not of the implies dream character phetic of ‘La Belle Dame singing him. Porphyro’s by be chosen but hopes to Porphyro, undermine subtly that seem to this it is the formula, might Sans Merci’ implying or not, lover pity her beseeching to who decides whether who chooses, woman so does not in context) the courtly (especially allusion to traditions romance yet its overturnmuch the ideology of Keats’s domestic or disavow time as obscure ineluctable force. , 65). The dream incorporates ideas suggested incorporates ideas suggested dream , 65). The 1

Over the course of this essay, I have made two complementary arguments, made two I have the of this course essay, Over some of the can, in turn, bi- reveal literaryCognitive historicist investigation by the fictional Diderot in the preliminary theby fictional Diderot no less than dialogue the sleeping these in turn and elaborations, d’Alembert’s the reactions shaped by contribu- writes (who part out the first of the and dream tions of Mlle. de L’Espinasse who at times fills out the lacunae it) and Bordeu, shapes clearly whose presence become in elaborations and suggestions in Mlle.’s and whose own transcription The participants in the dialogue, in d’Alembert’s somniloquy. into turn drawn the resemble ‘bee swarm’ reading, Anderson’s in theinter- dialogue itself: ‘Our construct to managed identities, but they have their lost own not … have locutors have that identity of them’ them includes a larger (66). And, as we all—all four number of con- incorporates also any this dialogical dream exemplary noticed, (as in the borrow- sometimes and ideological discourses, physiological temporary a prioring of that same bee swarm from in a manifestly image text of Bordeu’s) d’Alembert’s Keats and Shelley, by the represented dreams Like manner. knowing intertextual and ideological dimensions that as dialogical includes dream as well expose the or rather, the dreamer’s beyond extend well individual subjectivity, of all human subjectivity. nature corporate and interdependent informing of cognitive the historicism. In rela- reflecting the dual focus practice that informed shown at- historical have literarytion to I hope to interpretation, or underval- in the can elicit unnoticed present cognitive neuroscience tention to the literary cognitive Lessons from artifactsued aspects of past and discourses. the can help us appreciate ideological example, for of dreaming, neuroscience and Romantic accounts and representations Enlightenment posed by challenge in of Stickgold and of the of dreams both very The work activity of dreaming. dreaming of old connections between particular appreciations new can help us to a whole suite to in relation of dreaming views as to as well and literary creativity, rememberingof activities – including and the imagining a possible future past, grouped together – newly and intentions of others speculating on the emotions system. default as aspects of the brain’s placed The emphasis agendas. of scientific research blind spots ases and potential may example, for on REM dreaming, current researchers by scientific dream activity dur- of the some of the brain’s unorthodox implications more downplay sexsomnia ‘discovered’ that science should have dream ing sleep. It seems notable centuries and it two ago it over represented Diderot although recently, quite only poems. Sleep sex brings in one of Keats’s known out quite best features arguably unshackled titillating) aspects of a brain say to (not thegraphically disturbing and conscious supervision of agency norms,from notions and cultural troubling theories Earlier of and representations salient manner. in an especially volition, scien- by us that some of the also serve remind dreaming at least lines drawn to and sleeping or waking and reverie, dreaming between – say, tific investigators one blend into and Keats seamlessly Shelley in Diderot, consciousness, which the purposes useful for of however overstated, prove ultimately – may another categorical distinctions. as hard presented differences design:study statistical disintegral subject that receives it ( subject thatdisintegral receives

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01 2 JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF ROMANTICISMS 3 2 Most importantly, the literary us that texts examined remind dreams here importantly, Most reveal ideological as well as emotional investments, construct meanings personal investments, emotional as ideological as well reveal private and po- firm division between any confound and out of public discourses dream, of a given sense of private ownership any litical. All down three texts break literary exhibit, like dreams) invented, that (at least instead dreams suggesting in the corporate subjectivity inform- forms, dialogical features: discursive other enters shape and even helps ing ‘d’Alembert’s’ that Porphyro in the dream, ways Madeline’s he melted’),into her dream and in the (‘into dream patent rehearsal Orientalist Each maid. of an earlier text in the poet’s Alastor veiled of his dream issues: Diderot’s social and ideological pressing materialist cri- also evokes dream with engagement orthodoxies, Shelley’s of contemporary of a whole range tique of Orientalist Keats’s discourse, version underscoring, gendered criticala highly and Mary by Wollstonecraft challenged of the ideology recently domestic or not, all three of these harbors fictional dreams And yet pioneeringother feminists. energies in they unleash erotic in the least way not tendencies as well, utopian ceases to of decorum.defiance of social and literary notions never The dreamer individual subjec- as discrete subject, even function as a political and ideological dream. tivity itself is exposed as an ephemeral 00.2 1 24 24

978. 997): 930- . Ed. 1 1 11 1

06.25 1 .2 (

Edition), 1 Modern Philol- 2 11 -282. 1 European Ro- PNAS Encyclopédie, ou Encyclopédie, 5) Medical Disserta- 1 998. 1 8 1 Psychological Bulletin Psychological 56 (2007): 27 . Ed. Jacques Barzun and Barzun . Ed. Jacques vols. London: Dent, vols. 1 990. Eighteenth-Century Life 1 . Ed. Kathleen Lon- Coburn. 5 vols. ’. 978): 45-60. 1 . Ed. Julia M. Wright. Peterborough, Peterborough, . Ed. Julia M. Wright. . Ed. Michel Delon and Barbara Ne- and Barbara Delon . Ed. Michel 82. 1 Ed. Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond Ed. Denis Diderot : Changing Eighteenth-Century Models of . Ed. P. P. Howe. 2 Howe. P. . Ed. P. 956. 95- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences York Annals of the New 1 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Press, University Oxford . Oxford: Brain Research Reviews Research Brain (Jan.-March (Jan.-March 1 . Poole, England: Woodstock, Woodstock, England: . Poole, 996. 370-376. Rêve de d’Alembert Rêve 1 1 39. . Ed. Michael S. Gazzaniga. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Gazzaniga. MA: S. . Ed. Michael 79 1 Homme Sensible Homme Oeuvres Philosophiques to A Partisan Century: Political Writings from Partisan Review from Partisan Writings Political Century: A Partisan Rameau’s Nephew and Other Works Nephew Rameau’s 957-2002. 1 . In . 2 vols. . 2 vols. . In . Ed. Jack Stillinger. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Press, University Cambridge: Harvard Stillinger. . Ed. Jack The Missionary: An Indian Tale The Missionary: . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, UP, Johns Hopkins . Baltimore: 0. 344-409. 1 34. 1 0 0): 775-788. The Notebooks of Samuel Taylor Coleridge of Samuel Taylor The Notebooks 1 1 354. Homme Machine Homme 30- 1 5. University of Chicago: ARTFL Encyclopédie Project (Spring Project 20 Encyclopédie ARTFL of Chicago: 5. University 1 - 1 0 1 :6 (20 1 1 Journal of the History of Ideas 34 Diderot’s Dream Diderot’s 1 2 Dreaming: A Very Short Introduction Dreaming: A Very The Complete Works of William Hazlitt of William Works The Complete Le Rêve de d’Alembert Le Rêve D’Alembert’s Dream D’Alembert’s Observations on Man Observations The New Cognitive Neurosciences The New -38. The Poems of John Keats The Poems 1 04.2 (November 2006): 202-223. (November 04.2 1

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. 73-95. 11 . Ed. Suzanne Nalbantian, Paul Matthews and James Paul . Ed. Suzanne Nalbantian, . Ed. Donald H. Reiman and Sharon B. Powers. New New . Ed. Donald H. Reiman B. Powers. and Sharon Nature Reviews: Neuroscience Reviews: Nature . Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Palgrave . Houndsmills: . Trans. Angus Davidson. 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press, Press, University London: Oxford 2nd ed. Angus Davidson. . Trans. ): 663-692. 11 Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 0. 1 The Physical and the Moral: Anthropology, Physiology, and Philosophical Medicine in Physiology, Anthropology, and the Moral: The Physical The Complete Poems of W. B. Yeats of W. Poems The Complete Shelley’s Poetry and Prose Poetry Shelley’s Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 977. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Press, . Cambridge: Cambridge University 1 The Neural Sublime: Cognitive Theories and Romantic Texts The Neural British Romanticism of the Mind and the Science ): 533-555. 1 Shelley and Vitality 850 83. 1 1 . 96 - 1 1 1 The Romantic Agony 32:4 (Winter, 20 32:4 (Winter, 750- 6 1 1 Ed. James Atlas. New York: New Directions, Directions, New York: Ed. James Atlas. New

. 970. the Future: The Prospective Brain’. Brain’. The Prospective the Future: University Press, 20 Press, University ics Today ciative Memory’. Memory’. ciative York: Norton, Norton, York: 58.3 (July 58.3 (July cess: Neuroscientific and Humanistic Perspectives and Humanistic cess: Neuroscientific L. McLelland. Cambridge, MA: MIT 20 Press, John William of The Vampyre’. Polidori, Author 1 Press, 200 Press, Stories France, France, (2003): Theory Mode: A Quanti- of Mind, and the Default Navigation, Prospection, Memory, graphical Meta-analysis’. tative Ruston, Sharon. Sharon. Ruston, ‘Remembering and Randy Donna Rose Addis Imagine Daniel L., to the L. Buckner. Past Schacter, Richardson, Alan. Richardson, Richardson, Alan. ‘Defaulting to Fiction: Neuroscience Rediscovers the Romantic Imagination’. the Romantic Imagination’. Rediscovers Neuroscience Fiction: to Alan. ‘Defaulting Richardson, Yeats, William Butler. William Butler. Yeats, Stickgold, Laurie in Asso- Cynthia ‘Sleep-Induced Changes Rittenhouse and J. Allan Scott, Hobson. Stickgold, Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Percy Shelley, Schwartz, Delmore. ‘In Dreams Begin Responsibilities’. Responsibilities’. Begin ‘In Dreams Delmore. Schwartz, Stillinger, Jack. ‘The Hoodwinking of Madeline: Scepticism in Jack. Scepticism of Madeline: ‘The Hoodwinking Stillinger, Stickgold, Robert. ‘Memory in Sleep and Dreams: The Construction of Meaning’. Robert. ‘Memory The Construction in Sleep and Dreams: of Meaning’. Stickgold, Stiles, Anne, Stanley Finger and John Bulevich. ‘Somnambulism and Trance States in the Works of in the States Works ‘Somnambulism and Trance and John Bulevich. Finger Anne, Stanley Stiles, Praz, Mario.Praz, Richardson, Alan. Richardson, Williams, Elizabeth A.Williams, Elizabeth Richardson, Alan. ‘Coleridge and the Dream of an Embodied Mind’. Alan. ‘ColeridgeRichardson, and the of an Embodied Mind’. Dream Ellen. ‘Cognitive Literary Historicism: and Gross’. A Response Adler to Spolsky, Raymond R. Nathan, Spreng, Basis of Autobio- A. N. Kim. ‘The Mar and Alice Common Neural S. 0 Gallimard edition by Michel Delon. Michel by edition 0 Gallimard 1 999 26-27). For Stillinger, this version ‘makes clear- ‘makes this version Stillinger, 999 26-27). For 1 4-322, which his publishers refused to accept, that included accept, to refused his publishers 4-322, which 1

Notes er that Madeline is still dreaming’ (Stillinger, ‘The Hoodwinking of Madeline’ ‘The Hoodwinking 545), but what (Stillinger, er that dreaming’ Madeline is still me, the passage To wide awake’? ‘now stanza, in the of the previous phrase, make then do we ambiguous. highly remains edition, and then in the French original, following the original, 20 edition, and then in the following French the phrase ‘Still, still she dreams’ (Stillinger, she dreams’ still (Stillinger, ‘Still, the phrase Where two page numbers are given separated by a slash, the second refers to the French edition. the to French a slash, the by second refers separated given are numbers page two Where and Bowen’s in Barzun the translation from in English, first given are Diderot from Quotations 1 2 of lines 3 a revision Keats produced

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