Sommaire Du CHAPITRE 1 L'origine De L'agriculture
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Variation and Geographical Distribution of Perisperm Starch in Grain Amaranths (Amaranthus Spp.), and the Origin of Waxy Perisperm Type
Trop. Agr. Develop. 60(3):172 - 178,2016 Variation and Geographical Distribution of Perisperm Starch in Grain Amaranths (Amaranthus spp.), and the Origin of Waxy Perisperm Type Kazuhiro NEMOTO1, *, Mineo MINAMI1, and Tsukasa NAGAMINE2 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan 2 National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan Abstract Excluding cereals, grain amaranths are known as the only crop with non-waxy and waxy starch types in seeds. We examined the amylose content stored in the perisperm and starch types; non-waxy, waxy and low-amylose types in 266 accessions of three grain amaranth species i.e. Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., A. cruentus L. and A. caudatus L. from around the world. In the accessions from the New World where these species were domesticated, a wide range of amylose contents and all the starch types were detected. Conversely, very limited variation of this trait was observed in the accessions from Asia and Africa. We concluded that the waxy type originated in the New World before being disseminated into Asia and Africa. However, the selection pressure for the waxy type in the perisperm of grain amaranths in the New World was considered to differ from that acting on cereal crops because of differences in the use and people’s preference for sticky food. Key words: Amaranthus spp., Amylose content, Geographical distribution, Grain amaranth, Waxy type In previous reports, the waxy starch type of a grain Introduction amaranth, which stained reddish brown with iodine The starch-rich seeds of grain amaranths (Amaran- solution, had been observed in A. -
Chenopodium Pallidicaule Aellen)
Crimson Publishers Mini Review Wings to the Research Underutilized Andean Crop Kañawa (Chenopodium Pallidicaule Aellen) Juan Pablo Rodriguez1* and Marten Sørensen2 1International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, UAE 2Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark ISSN: 2637-7802 Abstract Small farmers worldwide are the custodians of agro-biodiversity belonging to both the plant and animal kingdoms. Grains and vegetables are the essentials needed to sustain our food systems. Goosefoots, i.e., Chenopodium species like kañawa (Ch. pallidicaule) and Quinoa (Ch. quinoa), are prominent examples of domestication by small farmers during ancient times that still exist. Chenopodium grains possess high ñawa tolerates salinity, drought and frost and its diversity allows farmers to cultivate the crop even above 4000m a.s.l. It isnutritional a staple food profiles source and as arean ingredient further characterized in a balanced by and being low glycaemicresilient climateindex diet. crops. Ka Introduction Kañawa, also known as cañahua or cañihua (Ch. pallidicaule Aellen), is a close relative of quinoa (Ch. quinoa Willd.) originating in the Peruvian and Bolivian Andean Highlands or Puna. Bolivia and Peru conserve a large collection of cañahua accessions with 801 and 341 entries, respectively [1-3]. While the quinoa is cultivated widespread both commercially *Corresponding author: Juan Pablo Rodriguez, Department of Plant & and experimentally, the kañawa is cultivated on a small-scale by farmers in both countries Environmental Sciences, University of [4]. The grain is an achene fruit like that of the quinoa and small-sized and with a very low Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark saponin content and a high nutritional value that surpasses that of the quinoa. -
Morphological Characteristics of Amaranthus Cruentus And
Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 8(1): 1-18, 2018; Article no.ARJA.39123 ISSN: 2456-561X Morphological Characteristics of Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus tricolor as Influenced by Integration of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers in Kiambu County, Kenya Kariithi Tabitha1*, Thagana Wilson1 and P. Gweyi-Onyango Joseph1 1Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author KT designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors TW and PGOJ managed the analyses of the study. Author PGOJ managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/ARJA/2018/39123 Editor(s): (1) Mariusz Cycon, Professor, Department and Institute of Microbiology and Virology, School of Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Poland. (2) Tancredo Souza, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal. Reviewers: (1) Fábio Henrique Portella Corrêa de Oliveira, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil. (2) Martín Maria Silva Rossi, Argentina. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/23130 Received 30th November 2017 Accepted 3rd February 2018 Original Research Article th Published 12 February 2018 ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilisers application on growth parameters of two amaranth varieties. Fifty-four treatments were evaluated as factorial combinations of organic manure applied at 16.9 t/ha, inorganic NPK fertiliser at 500 kg/ha, zero fertiliser (control treatment) and two amaranth varieties (A. -
Amaranthus Cruentus Red Amaranth
Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth (Amaranthus chlorostachys, Amaranthus hybridus subsp. cruentus, Amaranthus paniculatus) • This Central American species is alternately known Achita, African Spinach, Bledo, Blood Amaranth, Bush Greens, Caterpillar Amaranth, Princess Feather; Purple Amaranth, Red Shank, or Sudan Spinach; the moderately coarse textured plants typically mature at 3N to 5N (6N) with a spread of about a quarter to third of the height; leaves vary in color from yellow-green, medium green, dark green, to bronzish green depending upon the cultivar and nutritional status; leaves are simple, nar- rowly to broadly ovate; bases are acute to cuneate with tips acute to acuminate and with wavy mar- gins; the erect flower panicles are 4O to 8O long and fairly dense, varying from creamy white to blood red in color depending upon the cultivar and mature in late spring to summer depending on sowing times and regional conditions. • While this species is grown for agronomic purposes in many regions of the world, ornamental culti- vars are selected for the showy flower and fruit panicles; primary uses are as tall bedding plants to add height to island plantings or mixed boarders, or for cut flowers; the showy panicles can be very striking as cut flowers and are long lasting features as individual panicles go in the garden; after the initial flowering, plants can be deadheaded to encourage return bloom with mixed success. • The most popular of these taxa is 'Autumn Palette' which offers a of long showy panicles in autumn colors ranging from creamy white, buff, peach, deep apricot, to orange-red; 'Marvel Bronze' has wine-red panicles with darker green leaves that are flushed bronze; while touted as disease and pest resistant in many regions, flea beetles may caused severe damage to the foliage; although this is detrimental to its use as a massing or tall bedding plant, the foliar damage usually occurred late enough in the season that the late spring to summer flowers still matured sufficiently for use in fresh cut or dried arrangements. -
Productive and Qualitative Traits of Amaranthus Cruentus L.: an Unconventional Healthy Ingredient in Animal Feed
animals Article Productive and Qualitative Traits of Amaranthus Cruentus L.: An Unconventional Healthy Ingredient in Animal Feed Fabio Gresta 1, Giorgia Meineri 2, Marianna Oteri 3, Carmelo Santonoceto 4, Vittorio Lo Presti 1, Annalisa Costale 5 and Biagina Chiofalo 1,* 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; [email protected] (F.G.); [email protected] (V.L.P.) 2 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department AGRARIA, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; [email protected] 5 Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-09-0676-6833 Received: 28 July 2020; Accepted: 12 August 2020; Published: 14 August 2020 Simple Summary: Amaranthus cruentus (red amaranth) can be considered a very interesting crop for its high nutritional and functional value. In this study, agronomic traits, oil content, fatty acid composition, quality indices, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compounds were studied on eight A. cruentus accessions grown in Southern Italy. Data showed a valuable seed yield (0.27 kg/m2, on average) comparable to the main cereals used for animal feeding, a higher oil content compared to that of conventional cereals such as maize with a fatty acid profile composed approximately for the 60% of unsaturated fatty acids, and a valuable antioxidant potential and phenolic compounds that are far superior to corn and wheat. -
Comparison of Amaranthus Cruentus and Zea Mays, L
UDC 575.21 Orgind scienrijic poper COMPARISON OF AMARANTHUS CRUENTUS AND ZEA MAYS, L. STACH CHARACTERISTICS Milica RADOSAVWEVIC Maize Research Institute "Zemun Polje", Belgrad-Zemun, Serbia Radosavljevic' Milica (2006): Conlparisoit I$ o~r~arir~rtlrus csruentus and zeu mays, I. stach characteristics. - Genetika, Vol. 38, No. I, 31-36. Starch is a very important, naturally renewable and relatively inexpensive raw material. Since the current industrial production establishes demands pertaining starch quality. a greater attcntion has been paid to development and improvcrnent of existing technological procedures for starch isolated from different botanical sources. This paper describes the procedure for amaranth starch isolation. Starch was isolated from Amorcrr~thlrsc'ruerrtlrs seeds by low alkalinc steeping and protease treatments. The propenics of isolated amaranth starch were analyzed and compared with those of normal and waxy maize starches. Key worcls: Amaranth seeds, starch, alcaline isolation, protease, properties INTRODUCTION Amaranth is one of America's most ancicnt crops with some outstanding agronon~ictraits. For several reasons it kcame almost forgotten for many years (PEREZel cd., 1993). In the United States, the role of amaranth as an underexploited Corl.csptrnding aulhor: Milica ~ados;lvljcvii. Milizc Rcscsrch Inslilulc "Zcmun Poljc". Bclgrad- Zemun, Serbia 32 GENETIKA. Vol. 38. No. 1.3 1-36, 2006. plant with promising economic values has been recognized recently by the National Academy of Science. Today amaranth is considered as an alternative crop and researchers in many parts of the world have focused on improving agronomic features of the plant, the nutritional quality, and processing technology of the seed. Several papers covering the field of amatanth research has been published in our country (BODRO~A-SOLAROVand LAZIC, 1994; VUKOBRAT~VICef a[., 1996; SUMARINAPI a[., 2000; RADOSAVLJEV~~,2001; VUJACI~2005). -
Chenopodium Quinoa)
Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Food Science Development and studies on a gluten free, liquid suspension based on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Utveckling och studier på en glutenfri, flytande blandning baserad på quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Christine Thuresson Agronomy Program - Food Science Independent Project in Food Science• Master Thesis • 30 hec • Advanced A2E Publikation/Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för livsmedelsvetenskap, no 427 Uppsala, 2015 Development and studies on a gluten free, liquid suspension based on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Utveckling och studier på en glutenfri, flytande blandning baserad på quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Christine Thuresson Supervisor: Olof Böök, Aventure AB Assistant Supervisor: Roger Andersson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Food Science Examiner: Lena Dimberg, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Food Science Credits: 30 hec Level: Advanced A2E Course title: Independent Project in Food Science – Master Thesis Course code: EX0425 Programme/education: Agronomy in Food Science Place of publication: Uppsala Year of publication: 2015 Cover picture: Photo by Christine Thuresson Title of series: Publikation/Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för livsmedelsvetenskap Serie no: 427 Online publication: http://stud.epsilon.slu.se Keywords: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), cañahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule) plant-based beverage, α-amylase, β-amylase Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Food Science Abstract The aim of this project was to develop and make studies on a liquid suspension based on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Quinoa is an Andean pseudo-cereal from South America that is considered to be gluten free. A screening was set up to standardize the method for making a beverage. -
Chenopodium Quinoa Willd.) and Qañawa (Chenopodium Pallidicaule Aellen) in the Context of Climate Change in the High Andes
Cien. Inv. Agr. 46(2):113-124. 2019 www.rcia.uc.cl ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGY DOI 10.7764/rcia.v46i2.2146 RESEARCH PAPER Improvement of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and Qañawa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) in the context of climate change in the high Andes Alejandro Bonifacio Fundación PROINPA, La Paz, Bolivia. Abstract A. Bonifacio. Improvement of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and Qañawa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) in the context of climate change in the high Andes. Cien. Inv. Agr. 46(2): 113-124. Quinoa and qañawa are the only native crops that produce food grain in the high Andes. The improvement of quinoa has been addressed by government institutions, universities and NGOs, obtaining improved varieties. However, qañawa has received little or no attention in the development of varieties, and only native varieties and revalued varieties exist. The native and improved varieties of quinoa have contributed to food production for rural families and for export, generating significant economic income. In recent decades, the production of these grains has been negatively affected by the effects of climate change. In the high Andes, climatic variability, together with climate change, disturbs the regime of climatic factors, with evident changes represented by drought, frost, hail and wind. The objective of this paper is to describe the context of climate change, review the progress in the improvement of quinoa and qañawa and propose adjustments to improve production methods in the high Andes. The genetic methods and materials used in the improvement of quinoa have allowed varieties with prioritized characters to be obtained in the last decades, and these varieties have met and continue to fulfill their roles in food production and income generation for producers. -
Third-Year Review Documentation
Peter J. Maughan Brigham Young University | Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences 5144 LSB, Provo, Utah, 84602 | Brigham Young University http://lifesciences.byu.edu/~pjm43 http://orphanedcrops.byu.edu/ : [email protected] : (801) 422-8698 Time Allocation: Teaching + Citizenship 60%, Research 40% SHORT BIOGRAPHY Dr. Maughan is a Professor of Molecular Genetics at Brigham Young University (BYU). He received his Ph.D. from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Prior to coming to BYU, Dr. Maughan was the Director of the North American Genotyping for the Monsanto Company, a worldwide leader in agricultural biotechnology. He has an established research program with funding from numerous sources, including NSF, USDA, World Bank, and the McKnight Foundation. He has published > 75 refereed research articles and book chapters and serves as an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) missions expert for food, agriculture and biotechnology and as an associate editor for the Botanical Society of America’s Applications in Plant Sciences. He was awarded the Thomas L. Martin Professorship, the Karl G. Maeser Research Research & Creative Arts award, the John A. Widtsoe University Fellowship as well as the College of Life Science’s Excellence in Research Award in recognition of his research that enhances the quality of life and contributes to the solution of pressing world problem. His research is primarily focused on the development of genomic tools for accelerated breeding of orphaned crops (quinoa, amaranth, etc.). These plant species are important for regional food security in several areas of modern Latin America and have recently received substantial attention as alternative food crops, especially in light of their nutritional value and tolerance to drought and salinity stress. -
Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships in Grain Amaranths
Doctoral Dissertation (Shinshu University) Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships in Grain Amaranths & .'" +,0/(* March 2016 2016 3 Kazuhiro NEMOTO ! # Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University Dept. of Biosci. & Food Product. Sci. -+(*) %$ 1) Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships in Grain Amaranths Kazuhiro NEMOTO Synopsis The genus Amaranthus consist of about 75 cultivated and wild species distributed throughout the world. Grain amaranths are noted for the high protein quality and quantity in their seeds and accordingly extensive research has been concluded in agronomical aspect of the development of this crop. However, only a few previous studies were concerned with the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Amaranthus. In this study, the GBSSI genes and their mutants from three species of grain amaranths were isolated and characterized. Comparison of the three GBSSI genes revealed a very high level of sequence conservation and structures that were similar to those of GBSSI genes in other plants. However, some regions of the amaranth GBSSI sequence (e.g. the transit peptide, including the cleavage site) had DNA and amino acid sequences that differed from those of other dicots. The waxy phenotype of three amaranth grains resulted from one base insertion in GBSSI in Amaranthus caudatus and a base substitution in GBSSI in A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus. Each of these mutations added an internal termination codon into the GBSSI gene. Thus, a nonsense mutation (A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus) or a frameshift mutation (A. caudatus) was responsible for the waxy phenotype. In addition, genetic resources collected from diverse regions were used to examine allelic diversity in amaranth GBSSI genes that affect amylose content. -
Grain Amaranths Amaranthus Spp. (Amaranthaceae)
Grain Amaranths Amaranthus spp. (Amaranthaceae) Klaus Ammann and Jonathan Gressel Manuscript 17. October 2007 Introduction Amaranthus could be a valuable alternative crop due to its high nutritional content, the many desirable traits expressed by the grain amaranths – and the unexplored potential of the wild relatives. Unlike the traditional monocot grains, the grain amaranths possess lysine in nutritionally significant levels. In addition, specific varieties of grain amaranths tolerate drought and heat, and, as a result, lessen the demand for costly irrigation. Peruvian varieties of Amaranthus caudatus have are known for their resistance to damping off and to root rot. Based upon phylogenecic studies (Lanoue et al., 1996) a number of wild species closely related to cultivated Amaranths should be explored for breeding purposes: Amaranthus floridanus and A. pumilus for salt tolerance, A. powellii and A. fimbriatus for drought resistance, and A. hybridus , A. quitensis, and A. retroflexus for pest, viral and bacterial resistance. Not only would these wild species be valuable for breeding with the cultivated Amaranths, but they would also be favourable target species to explore useful genes for other crop traits. Origin and use Amaranths have a long tradition in the New World, where they have been grown as pseudo- cereals by pre-Columbian civilizations on thousands of hectares. In Mesoamerica, amaranth developed as an important ritual and cash crop. They were grown as the principal grain crop by the Aztecs 5,000 to 7,000 years ago, until to the disruption of their culture(s) by the Spanish Conquistadors. The reasons of this decline is still unclear, since the Aztecs relied on the amaranths as an important staple. -
Utilization of Kañawa (Chenopodium Pallidicaule Aellen) Flour in Pasta Making
Hindawi Journal of Chemistry Volume 2019, Article ID 4385045, 8 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4385045 Research Article Utilization of Kañawa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) Flour in Pasta Making Mariela C. Bustos,1 Marı´a Isabel Ramos,2 Gabriela T. Pe´rez,1,3 and Alberto E. Leo´n 1,3 1Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnolog´ıa de los Alimentos de Co´rdoba (ICyTAC), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba, C´ordoba, Argentina 2Universidad Mayor de San Andre´s, Av Villazo´n 1995, La Paz, Bolivia 3Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba, Co´rdoba, Argentina Correspondence should be addressed to Alberto E. Leo´n; [email protected] Received 19 October 2018; Accepted 29 January 2019; Published 3 March 2019 Academic Editor: Susana Casal Copyright © 2019 Mariela C. Bustos et al. )is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Kañawa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) is an Andean crop harvested in Bolivia and Per´u.Because of the characteristics and properties of kañawa seed, its flour can be used to replace partially wheat flour in pasta to increase its nutritional value. )e objective of this study was to investigate the production of fiber- and protein-enriched pasta made with wheat and kañawa blends. )e effect of the substitution level of wheat by kañawa flour on pasta quality was evaluated taking into account the influence of kañawa composition on starch behavior and gluten network formation. Proximal composition, thermal behavior, and pasting properties of kañawa and wheat flours were determined.