JOHN ADAMS WIRD 70 SWR2 Jetztmusik, 6. 2. 2017, 23:03 – 24:00

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JOHN ADAMS WIRD 70 SWR2 Jetztmusik, 6. 2. 2017, 23:03 – 24:00 JOHN ADAMS WIRD 70 SWR2 JetztMusik, 6. 2. 2017, 23:03 – 24:00 Autor: Bernd Feuchtner Anmoderation (Redaktion) MUSIK Harmonielehre Part I (1985) Track 1 ab 13:00 4’10 San Francisco Symphony, Edo de Waart (1985) Nonesuch 7559-79115-2 Mit dem Orchesterstück Harmonielehre erlebte der amerikanische Komponist John Adams 1985 seinen Durchbruch – hier hatte er endgültig seinen Stil gefunden, mit dem er noch heute identifiziert wird. Die eigene Identität zu finden war gar nicht so einfach für den Harvard-Studenten, der bei dem Schönberg-Schüler Leon Kirchner studierte. Deshalb kommt der Titel Harmonielehre nicht von ungefähr – er bezieht sich tatsächlich auf Schönbergs Lehrbuch, das dieser 1911 Gustav Mahler gewidmet hatte, bevor er sich in das Gebiet der Atonalität wagte. Der junge John Adams hatte jedoch wenig Neigung, sich weiter im Ghetto der Zwölftöner zu bewegen, und auch die Cage-Schule, so anregend sie war, lag nicht auf dem Weg seiner Sehnsucht. Der führte ihn nach Kalifornien, wo er vor allem mit elektronischer Musik experimentierte und eine Menge interessanter Typen kennenlernte, darunter auch viele Protagonisten der Minimal Music. Die Musik von La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass zog ihn an, aber auch Poeten wie Allen Ginsberg und William Burroughs. Der erste eigene Schritt auf das neue Terrain der Minimal Music, den John Adams noch heute anerkennt, war 1973 Christian Zeal and Activity, ein Ensemblestück, in das Schleifen aus einer Radiopredigt eingewoben sind, so wie Steve Reich das 1964 in It’s gonna rain oder Gavin Bryars 1971 in Jesus’ blood never failed me getan hatten. MUSIK Christian Zeal and Activity (1973) Track 2 ab 5:50 bis 8:45 2’55 San Francisco Symphony, Edo de Waart (1986) Nonesuch 7559-79144-2 Ein langsamer protestantischer Hymnus, versetzt mit den Loops einer Predigt über die Wunderheilung des Mannes mit der verdorrten Hand aus dem Markus-Evangelium, aufgenommen aus dem Radio. Das Stück war Teil eines Triptychons, das aus einem Marsch, dieser Hymne und einer Jazzballade bestand und den Titel American Standard trug – dass diese Bezeichnung in den USA aus Waschräumen geläufig ist, war eine beabsichtigte Ironie. Aber diese Musiktypen gehören zur Grundausstattung der amerikanischen Musik. Schon Virgil Thomson hatte eine Symphony on a Hymn Tune geschrieben, als er in den Zwanziger Jahren in Paris bei Nadia Boulanger studierte – sie stieß auf breites Unverständnis und keiner wollte sie aufführen. Thomsons Opern Four Saints in Three Acts und The Mother of Us All wurden bedeutsame Vorläufer der Minimal Music, was damals aber auch noch niemand ahnen konnte. Und doch war Thomson ebenso ein Pionier der Minimal Music wie Eric Satie mit seinem Tod des Sokrates oder Jean Sibelius mit seiner Vierten Sinfonie. Saties Gymnopédies von 1888 wurden Kultstücke und er hatte auch Debussy vor der Wagnerei gerettet und zur Statik seines Pelléas geführt – der musikalische Minimalismus ist nicht vom Himmel gefallen, sondern hat sich sehr lange seinen Weg gebahnt, bis Terry Rileys In C 1964 die Musikwelt aufhorchen ließ und Michael Nyman es in seinem Buch Experimental Music auf den Begriff brachte. Diesen Begriff hatte er völlig zu Recht von der Bildenden Kunst übernommen. Dort war Mitte der 1960er Jahre eine Revolution gegen den abstrakten Expressionismus ausgebrochen. Dan Flavin, Donald Judd und Sol LeWitt wandten sich von der Leinwand ab und dem Raum zu: Dan Flavin hängte eine industriell gefertigte Neonröhre an die Wand und betitelte sie mit dem Datum 25.5.1963. Sol LeWitt konstruierte Strukturen aus Würfelgittern, Donald Judd ließ Regalbretter industriell fertigen und an die Wand nageln, Robert Morris ordnete geometrische Objekte im Galerieraum an, Carl Andre legte Metallplatten auf dem Boden aus – und die verblüfften Besucher blickten auf kahle Wände, aber bemerkten nicht, dass sie auf der Kunst standen. Obwohl jeder einzelne dieser Künstler das für sich selbst ablehnte, einigte sich die Kunstkritik rasch darauf, diese Tendenz mit dem Etikett „Minimal Art“ zu belegen. Wie die Stacks von Donald Judd, die wie ein messingfarbenes CD-Regal an der Wand hingen, wurden auch die perlenden tonalen Arpeggien von den einen als reine Regression, von den andern als Aufbruch in die Zukunft wahrgenommen. Die Begleitmusik zu dem Film Koyaanisqatsi von Philip Glass demonstrierte, dass auch eine glatte Oberfläche nicht zwingend dumm sein muss. Das Wesen der Minimal Music besteht in ihrem Prozesscharakter. Ihre Schöpfer waren allesamt ausübende Musiker, die ihre Stücke mit ihrem eigenen Ensemble aufführten und die Prozesse selbst durchlebten, die entstehen, wenn man rhythmische und harmonische Muster endlos wiederholt, wenn man die Effekte auskostet, die durch das Überlappen dieser Patterns im Verlauf des Spielens entstehen und wenn das Ganze schließlich zum Stillstand kommt. Einfache Dreiklänge sind ideales Material dafür. John Adams nahm noch etwas hinzu, das er aus der elektronischen Musik kannte, den abrupten Übergang von einer Tonalität zur nächsten durch ein Gate, ein Tor. Phrygian Gates hieß sein Klavierstück von 1977 deshalb, weil der Schritt von der lydischen zur phrygischen Tonart immer wieder durch ein Gate führt. Shaker Loops wurde aus dieser Periode am bekanntesten. Shaker Loops (1978 / 1983) Track 2 ab 3:00 bis 6:05 3’05 Ensemble Modern, Sian Edwards (1996/97) RCA 09026 68674-2 O-Ton 1 2’20 First of all, minimalism in music was one of the most important revolutions in the 20th century. Because it was an absolute turn into another direction from avant-garde whether it was Cage, or Stockhausen and Boulez, or Eliot Carter – what the minimalists did was a very radical thing. The reason why I was drawn to it as a young man was that it had pulse and it had tonal harmony. I felt both of those elements were essential to the musical communication process. It also had this architectural potential to create large structures like – in some of my orchestral movements like Harmonielehre and Scheherazade.2 the first movements both are 15 to 17 minutes long. But I also felt that the pure form of minimalism was like cubism: it was a radical breakthrough and an important development, but too slavishly hold on to it and not evolve – in my case to find a way to make it coexist with the language of the past – at least for me it would have been a mistake. Right from the beginning – you can hear it in Harmonielehre and you hear it in Nixon in China, you feel me break those bonds of strict minimalism. And by the time of a piece like Other Mary or Scheherazade.2 I think my language has become much more subtle and emotionally complex – it is not musically complex but emotionally complex. Der Minimalismus war in der Musik auf jeden Fall die wichtigste Revolution des 20. Jahrhunderts, denn es war eine absolute Kehrtwende weg von der Avantgarde, sei es Cage, Stockhausen, Boulez oder Eliot Carter – die Minimalisten taten etwas sehr Radikales. Als jungen Mann zog mich das an, weil es Rhythmus hatte und Tonalität. Beide Elemente fand ich für die musikalische Kommunikation wesentlich. Und es bot die architektonischen Bedingungen für den Bau größerer Strukturen: die ersten Sätze von Harmonielehre oder von Scheherazade.2 sind 15 bis 17 Minuten lang. Dann fand ich aber auch, dass der reine Minimalismus das gleiche Problem hat wie der Kubismus: es war ein radikaler Durchbruch und eine wichtige Entwicklung, aber zumindest für mich wäre es ein Fehler gewesen, sklavisch daran festzuhalten, statt ihn weiterzuentwickeln und mit der Musiksprache der Vergangenheit zu verbinden. Von Anfang an kann man spüren – man hört es in Harmonielehre wie in Nixon in China – wie ich die Fesseln des puren Minimalismus durchbreche. Später bei Stücken wie Other Mary oder Scheherazade.2 ist meine Sprache, glaube ich, subtiler und in der Empfindung komplexer geworden – nicht musikalisch komplexer, sondern emotional komplexer. Der Minimalismus hat aber auch noch ein zweites Problem. Sein Denken gleicht dem der Barockmusik, der Zeit vor der Aufklärung. Ein kreisförmiges Denken, das davon ausgeht, dass alles so weitergeht wie es ist, gebunden ans Rad des Schicksals, und dass die Geschichte sich immer nur wiederholt bis zum Jüngsten Gericht. Mit der Aufklärung setzte sich jedoch der Fortschrittsgedanke durch, der Gedanke einer zielgerichteten Geschichte und der Veränderbarkeit der Welt – die Musik Beethovens hat das am nachdrücklichsten ausgesprochen. Die Durchführungsarbeit war anders als die Fugenarbeit und die Funktionsharmonik drängte die Musik – und damit auch den Spieler und den Zuhörer – zu einem Ziel. Die statische Musik, die sich gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zu entwickeln begann, gab jegliches Ziel auf und malte Zustände aus – der Impressionismus Debussys hat viele schöne Beispiele dafür. Die Minimalisten holten sich ihre Inspiration nicht von ungefähr von Musikern aus Asien, die noch nicht vom Vorwärtsdrängen des Industriesystems infiziert waren – fernöstliche Gelassenheit gegen protestantisches Arbeitsethos. John Adams wollte aber nicht in der kalifornischen Sonne sitzen und kiffen, er wollte Musik machen für die Gesellschaft, in der er lebt. Und die entwickelt sich ständig weiter. Als Musiker ist er ein aufmerksamer Beobachter der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung. Für seine erste Oper griff er nach einem fast tagesaktuellen Stoff, dem Besuch des amerikanischen Präsidenten Nixon beim legendären chinesischen Vorsitzenden Mao Tsetung im Jahr 1972. Die Opern von John Adams sind denn auch ganz anders als die drei Meisterstücke des Minimalismus von Philip Glass, bei denen der Text entweder aus Zählen besteht oder in alten Sprachen gesungen wird: Einstein on the Beach, Satyagraha und Akhnaten. Aber Nixon in China ist ein echtes Musikdrama, bei dem der kluge Text von Alice Goodman eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Wenn Nixon in Peking gelandet ist, denkt er als erstes daran, dass jetzt alle in Amerika zusehen. Und das kulturelle Besuchsprogramm gerät auf surrealistische Weise völlig ins Chaos. Nixon in China (1987): “I am the wife of Mao Tsetung” CD 2, Track 12 6’30 Trudy Ellen Crane, Orchestra of St.
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