DOCSLIB.ORG

Opakovatelnost a Personalita V Testech Exploračního Chování

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Opakovatelnost a Personalita V Testech Exploračního Chování Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodov ědecká fakulta Katedra zoologie Odd ělení ekologie a etologie Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Zoologie Bc. Barbora Žampachová Opakovatelnost a personalita v testech explora čního chování Repeatability and personality in tests of exploratory behaviour DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Školitel: Doc. RNDr. Daniel Frynta, PhD. Konzultant: RNDr. Eva Landová, PhD. Praha, 2015 Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem záv ěre čnou práci zpracovala samostatn ě a že jsem uvedla všechny použité informa ční zdroje a literaturu. Tato práce ani její podstatná část nebyla p ředložena k získání jiného nebo stejného akademického titulu. V Praze dne 13.8. 2015 …………………………… Bc. Barbora Žampachová Pod ěkování Na tomto míst ě bych ráda pod ěkovala p ředevším svému školiteli docentu Danielu Fryntovi a své konzultantce doktorce Ev ě Landové za zajímavé téma práce a neocenitelnou pomoc p ři statistickém vyhodnocení a rady p ři sepisování práce. Velké pod ěkování pat ří také Han ě Šimánkové a Barbo ře Kaftanové za rady a pomoc, bez kterých by tato práce nevznikla. Také bych cht ěla pod ěkovat svojí rodin ě za veškerou podporu, kterou mi p ři studiu poskytli. Abstrakt Personalita, tedy individuální rozdíly mezi zví řaty, stabilní v čase i mezi kontexty, je vysoce populárním tématem. V poslední dob ě se do pop ředí zájmu dostává v souvislosti s personalitou i tzv. opakovatelnost, která m ěř í práv ě stabilitu t ěchto rozdíl ů v čase. Cílem této diplomové práce je vyhodnotit personalitu krys v běžn ě používaných testech chování v novém prost ředí (open field test, hole board test) a srovnat, jak chování v těchto testech vzájemn ě koreluje a jak se m ění v čase. Každý test byl zopakován osmkrát, s různými intervaly (24 hodin, 6 dní, 4 týdny). Z výsledk ů lze odvodit, že nejvíce variability chování v těchto testech vysv ětlují t ři hlavní osy. První z nich souvisí s lokomotorickou aktivitou. Prvky chování, sytící tuto osu, jsou nejlépe opakovatelné. Druhá osa je sycená p řevážn ě časem, který zví řata stráví v centrální části arény, a třetí osa p ředstavuje zájem o díry v hole board testu. Tyto dv ě osy jsou opakovatelné h ůř e. U všech prvk ů chování, spojených s těmito osami, se ale objevil pr ůkazný efekt identity zví řete, který p ředstavuje personalitu. Klí čová slova: opakovatelnost, personalita, explorace, neofobie, open field test, hole board test Abstract Personality, or behavioural differences among individuals, which are stable both in time and across contexts, is a highly popular topic. Currently there has been an increase of interest in the relationship between personality and repeatability, which is a methodical approach developed to measure the stability of interindividual differences in time. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the personality of rats according to behavioural patterns exhibited under widely used testing procedures in new environment (open field test, hole board test) and to compare, how behavioural traits in these tests mutually correlate and change over time. Each test trial was repeated eight times with different intervals (24 hours, 6 days, 4 weeks). The results suggest that most of the recorded behavioural variability can be explained with three principal axes. The first one is associated with loco-exploratory activity of the subject. The elements of behaviour associated with this axis are the most repeatable. The second axis is mostly associated with time the animal spent in the central part of the arena and the third axis represents the interest in holes in hole board test. These two axes are less repeatable. A significant effect of the identity of the animal was found in all behavioural traits, associated with these axes. Key words: repeatability, personality, exploration, neophobia, open field test, hole board test Obsah 1. Úvod ....................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Teoretický úvod .................................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Personalita ..................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Aktivita ...................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2. Agresivita a socialita ............................................................................................. 4 2.1.3 Explorace a boldness ............................................................................................ 4 2.1.4 Souvislost mezi osami personality ...................................................................... 6 2.1.5 Intraindividuální variabilita (IIV) ............................................................................ 6 2.2. Opakovatelnost ............................................................................................................. 7 2.2.1 Metody výpo čtu opakovatelnosti v behaviorálních studiích ............................ 7 2.2.2 Dosavadní poznatky o opakovatelnosti chování ............................................... 9 2.3. Krysa obecná ( Rattus rattus ) .................................................................................... 13 2.3.1 Taxonomické za řazení a fylogenetické postavení krysy obecné ................. 14 2.3.2 P ůvod a geografické rozší ření krysy ................................................................. 15 2.3.3. Biologie krysy ....................................................................................................... 17 2.4. Explorace a neofobie u hlodavc ů, zejména u rodu Rattus .................................. 19 2.4.1 Chování v novém prost ředí ................................................................................ 19 2.4.2. Reakce na nový p ředm ět ................................................................................... 22 2.4.3. Rozdíly mezi pohlavími ...................................................................................... 23 2.4.4. Shrnutí .................................................................................................................. 23 3. Metodika .............................................................................................................................. 25 3.1 Behaviorální testování ................................................................................................ 26 3.2 Vyhodnocení záznam ů chování ................................................................................ 27 3.3 Statistické vyhodnocení .............................................................................................. 29 4. Výsledky .............................................................................................................................. 31 4.1 Explora ční analýza ...................................................................................................... 31 4.2 Modely ........................................................................................................................... 39 4.3 Opakovatelnost ............................................................................................................ 43 4.4 Osy personality ............................................................................................................ 48 4.5 Vztah mezi personalitou a fyziologickým stavem ................................................... 51 4.6 Reakce na nový p ředm ět (Novel object test) .......................................................... 51 5. Diskuze ................................................................................................................................ 53 5.1 Lokomotorická a explora ční aktivita ......................................................................... 53 5.2 Sezení v centrální části .............................................................................................. 56 5.3 Head-dipping ................................................................................................................ 57 5.4 Reakce na nový p ředm ět ........................................................................................... 58 5.4 Rozdíly mezi pohlavími ............................................................................................... 59 6. Záv ěr .................................................................................................................................... 61 7. Seznam literatury ............................................................................................................... 62 8. P řílohy .................................................................................................................................. 73 1. Úvod V poslední dob ě je velmi populárním tématem personalita u zví řat. Jedna z definic personality říká, že se jedná o opakovatelné rozdíly v chování mezi jedinci, zejména v agresivit ě, socialit ě, aktivit ě, boldness a exploraci (Réale et al., 2010; Careau & Garland, 2012). Existuje mnoho komplexních review o personalit ě (Sih et al., 2004a, 2004b; Carere & Eens, 2005; Réale et al., 2010) a práce zabývající se opakovatelností (Bell et al., 2009), ale velmi málo studií se zabývá pr ůběhem chování, spojeného s personalitou, v čase a často testy tohoto chování neopakuje nebo má jen malý po čet opakování (Biro, 2012). Jednou z nej čast ěji testovaných os personality je explorace, tedy reakce na nový podn ět, která je velmi často m ěř ena jako chování v novém
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tracking the Near Eastern Origins and European Dispersal of the Western House Mouse
    This is a repository copy of Tracking the Near Eastern origins and European dispersal of the western house mouse. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/160967/ Version: Published Version Article: Cucchi, Thomas, Papayiannis, Katerina, Cersoy, Sophie et al. (26 more authors) (2020) Tracking the Near Eastern origins and European dispersal of the western house mouse. Scientific Reports. 8276. pp. 1-12. ISSN 2045-2322 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64939-9 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Tracking the Near Eastern origins and European dispersal of the western house mouse Thomas Cucchi1 ✉ , Katerina Papayianni1,2, Sophie Cersoy3, Laetitia Aznar-Cormano4, Antoine Zazzo1, Régis Debruyne5, Rémi Berthon1, Adrian Bălășescu6, Alan Simmons7, François Valla8, Yannis Hamilakis9, Fanis Mavridis10, Marjan Mashkour1, Jamshid Darvish11,24, Roohollah Siahsarvi11, Fereidoun Biglari12, Cameron A. Petrie13, Lloyd Weeks14, Alireza Sardari15, Sepideh Maziar16, Christiane Denys17, David Orton18, Emma Jenkins19, Melinda Zeder20, Jeremy B. Searle21, Greger Larson22, François Bonhomme23, Jean-Christophe Auffray23 & Jean-Denis Vigne1 The house mouse (Mus musculus) represents the extreme of globalization of invasive mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • Red List of Bangladesh Volume 2: Mammals
    Red List of Bangladesh Volume 2: Mammals Lead Assessor Mohammed Mostafa Feeroz Technical Reviewer Md. Kamrul Hasan Chief Technical Reviewer Mohammad Ali Reza Khan Technical Assistants Selina Sultana Md. Ahsanul Islam Farzana Islam Tanvir Ahmed Shovon GIS Analyst Sanjoy Roy Technical Coordinator Mohammad Shahad Mahabub Chowdhury IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature Bangladesh Country Office 2015 i The designation of geographical entitles in this book and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature concerning the legal status of any country, territory, administration, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The biodiversity database and views expressed in this publication are not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, Bangladesh Forest Department and The World Bank. This publication has been made possible because of the funding received from The World Bank through Bangladesh Forest Department to implement the subproject entitled ‘Updating Species Red List of Bangladesh’ under the ‘Strengthening Regional Cooperation for Wildlife Protection (SRCWP)’ Project. Published by: IUCN Bangladesh Country Office Copyright: © 2015 Bangladesh Forest Department and IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holders, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holders. Citation: Of this volume IUCN Bangladesh. 2015. Red List of Bangladesh Volume 2: Mammals. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Bangladesh Country Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Genetics and Conservation of the Endemic Mus Cypriacus
    Faculty of Science and Technology Department of Life and Environmental Sciences 2018/2019 POPULATION GENETICS AND CONSERVATION OF THE ENDEMIC MUS CYPRIACUS Francesca Riccioli Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Master of Research”, awarded by Bournemouth University October 2019 1 “This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis”. 2 Abstract Endemic species have a higher risk of extinction due to habitat destruction, introduction of invasive species, pollution, or overexploitation. Mus cypriacus was first described in 2006 and is one of the two endemic rodents from Cyprus. It diverged from Mus macedonicus 0.53 million years ago, probably during the Mindel glaciation. Nowadays, M. cypriacus is mostly found in areas with vast cultivation at moderate altitudes (300-900 metres). Although, it could share habitat with Mus musculus domesticus, it is almost absent from urban areas or in areas with massive anthropogenic pressure. Even though M. cypriacus has been described to be of least concerned in the IUCN red list, there is lack of information on its ecology and demography, as well as a poor understanding of its genetic population structure. Using the mitochondrial D-loop, single nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellite data, I investigated the genetic diversity of M. cypriacus, the genetic structure of different M. cypriacus populations and tested for possible hybridisation between M. m. domesticus and M. cypriacus.
    [Show full text]
  • A Global-Scale Evaluation of Mammalian Exposure and Vulnerability to Anthropogenic Climate Change
    A Global-Scale Evaluation of Mammalian Exposure and Vulnerability to Anthropogenic Climate Change Tanya L. Graham A Thesis in The Department of Geography, Planning and Environment Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Geography, Urban and Environmental Studies) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada March 2018 © Tanya L. Graham, 2018 Abstract A Global-Scale Evaluation of Mammalian Exposure and Vulnerability to Anthropogenic Climate Change Tanya L. Graham There is considerable evidence demonstrating that anthropogenic climate change is impacting species living in the wild. The vulnerability of a given species to such change may be understood as a combination of the magnitude of climate change to which the species is exposed, the sensitivity of the species to changes in climate, and the capacity of the species to adapt to climatic change. I used species distributions and estimates of expected changes in local temperatures per teratonne of carbon emissions to assess the exposure of terrestrial mammal species to human-induced climate change. I evaluated species vulnerability to climate change by combining expected local temperature changes with species conservation status, using the latter as a proxy for species sensitivity and adaptive capacity to climate change. I also performed a global-scale analysis to identify hotspots of mammalian vulnerability to climate change using expected temperature changes, species richness and average species threat level for each km2 across the globe. The average expected change in local annual average temperature for terrestrial mammal species is 1.85 oC/TtC. Highest temperature changes are expected for species living in high northern latitudes, while smaller changes are expected for species living in tropical locations.
    [Show full text]
  • NEO-LITHICS 1/11 the Newsletter of Southwest Asian Neolithic Research Contents
    Editorial Field Reports Vigne, Briois, Zazzo, Carrère, Daujat, Guilaine Ayios Tychonas - Klimonas Barzilai, Getzov Mishmar Ha‘emeq Makarewicz, Rose el-Hemmeh Olszewski, al-Nahar Yutil al-Hasa (WHS 784) Rollefson, Rowan, Perry Wisad Pools Kinzel, Abu-Laban, Hoffmann Jensen, Thuesen, Jørkov Shkārat Msaied New Theses Dawn Cropper, Danny Rosenberg, Maria Theresia Starzmann Conferences New Publications NEO-LITHICS 1/11 The Newsletter of Southwest Asian Neolithic Research Contents Editorial 2 Field Reports Jean-Denis Vigne, François Briois, Antoine Zazzo, Isabelle Carrère, Julie Daujat, Jean Guilaine 3 A New Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site in Cyprus: Ayios Tychonas - Klimonas (ca. 8700 cal. BC) Omry Barzilai, Nimrod Getzov 19 The 2010 excavation season at Mishmar Ha‘emeq in the Jezreel Valley Cheryl Makarewicz, Katherine Rose 23 Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic Settlement at el-Hemmeh: A Survey of the Architecture Deborah I. Olszewski, Maysoon al-Nahar 30 A Fourth Season at Yutil al-Hasa (WHS 784): Renewed Early Epipaleolithic Excavations Gary O. Rollefson, Yorke Rowan, Megan Perry 35 A Late Neolithic Dwelling at Wisad Pools, Black Desert Moritz Kinzel, Aiysha Abu-Laban, Charlott Hoffmann Jensen, Ingolf Thuesen, and Marie Louise Jørkov 44 Insights into PPNB architectural transformation, human burials, and initial conservation works: Summary on the 2010 excavation season at Shkārat Msaied New Theses Dawn Cropper Lithic Technology in Late Neolithic Jordan (PhD) 50 Danny Rosenberg The Stone Industries of the Early Ceramic Bearing Cultures of the Southern Levant (PhD) 50 Maria Theresia Starzmann Stone Tool Technologies at Fıstıklı Höyük (PhD) 52 Conferences 55 Masthead 55 New Publications 56 Editorial Foreign Neolithic research, like other archaeological research, benefited for decades from the relatively stable conditions governments created in the countries we love.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammal Species of the World Literature Cited
    Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference Third Edition The citation for this work is: Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900 http://www.press.jhu.edu). Literature Cited Abad, P. L. 1987. Biologia y ecologia del liron careto (Eliomys quercinus) en Leon. Ecologia, 1:153- 159. Abe, H. 1967. Classification and biology of Japanese Insectivora (Mammalia). I. Studies on variation and classification. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, 55:191-265, 2 pls. Abe, H. 1971. Small mammals of central Nepal. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, 56:367-423. Abe, H. 1973a. Growth and development in two forms of Clethrionomys. II. Tooth characters, with special reference to phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, 57:229-254. Abe, H. 1973b. Growth and development in two forms of Clethrionomys. III. Cranial characters, with special reference to phylogenetic relationships. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, 57:255-274. Abe, H. 1977. Variation and taxonomy of some small mammals from central Nepal. Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan, 7(2):63-73. Abe, H. 1982. Age and seasonal variations of molar patterns in a red-backed vole population. Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan, 9:9-13. Abe, H. 1983. Variation and taxonomy of Niviventer fulvescens and notes on Niviventer group of rats in Thailand.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 ASM Standing Committee and Representatives Annual Reports
    American Society of Mammalogists Annual Reports of Standing Committees, Affiliates, and Ombudspersons 97th Annual Meeting University of Idaho 20-24 June 2017 1 Table of Contents I. Standing Committees .................................................................................................................. 3 African Graduate Student Fund Committee ........................................................... 3 Animal Care and Use Committee ........................................................................... 4 Archives Committee ................................................................................................ 7 Conservation Committee ......................................................................................... 8 Conservation Awards Committee ......................................................................... 10 Coordination Committee ....................................................................................... 10 Development Committee ....................................................................................... 11 Education and Graduate Students Committee ...................................................... 12 Grants-in-Aid Committee ...................................................................................... 14 Grinnell Award Committee ................................................................................... 18 Honoraria and Travel Awards Committee ........................................................... 19 Honorary Membership Committee ......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation of Endemic Island Rodents
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Quaternary International 182 (2008) 6–15 Diversity, distribution, and conservation of endemic island rodents Giovanni Amoria,Ã, Spartaco Gippolitib, Kristofer M. Helgenc,d aInstitute of Ecosystem Studies, CNR-Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy bConservation Unit, Pistoia Zoological Garden, Italy cDivision of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA dDepartment of Biological Sciences, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia Available online 8 June 2007 Abstract Rodents on islands are usually thought of by conservationists mainly in reference to invasive pest species, which have wrought considerable ecological damage on islands around the globe. However, almost one in five of the world’s nearly 2300 rodent species is an island endemic, and insular rodents suffer from high rates of extinction and endangerment. Rates of Quaternary extinction and current threat are especially high in the West Indies and the species-rich archipelagos of Southeast Asia. Rodent endemism reaches its most striking levels on large or remote oceanic islands, such as Madagascar, the Caribbean, the Ryukyu Islands, the oceanic Philippines, Sulawesi, the Galapagos, and the Solomon Islands, as well as on very large land-bridge islands, especially New Guinea. While conservation efforts in the past and present have focused mainly on charismatic mammals (such as birds and large mammals), efforts specifically targeted toward less conspicuous animals (such as insular rodents) may be necessary to stem large numbers of extinctions in the near future. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Nederlandse Namen Van De Overige Knaagdieren, Waaronder Alle Muizen
    Blad1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P 1 Klasse Orde Suborde Superfamilie Familie Subfamilie Tak Geslacht Soort Ondersoort Betekenis Engels Frans Duits Spaans Nederlands 2 Mammalia met melkklier Mammals Mammifères Säugetiere Mamiféros Zoogdieren 3 Rodentia knagers Rodents Rongeurs Nagetiere Roedores Knaagdieren 4 Myomorpha muis + vorm Mouse-like rodents Myomorphs Mauseverwandten Miomorfos Muisachtigen 5 Dipodoidea tweepoot + idea Jerboa-like rodents Berken-, Huppel- & Springmuizen 6 Sminthidae Grieks sminthos = muis + idae Birch mice Berkenmuizen 7 Sicista Berkenmuizen 8 S. caudata met staart Long-tailed birch mouseSiciste à longue queue Langschwanzbirkenmaus Ratón listado de cola largo Langstaartberkenmuis 9 S. concolor eenkleurig Chinese birch mouse Siciste de Chine China-Birkenmaus Ratón listado de China Chinese berkenmuis 10 S.c. concolor eenkleurig Gansu birch mouse Gansuberkenmuis 11 S.c. leathemi Leathem ??? Kashmir birch mouse Kasjmirberkenmuis 12 S.c. weigoldi Hugo Weigold Sichuan birch mouse Sichuanberkenmuis 13 S. tianshanica Tiensjangebergte, Azië Tian Shan birch mouse Siciste du Tian Shan Tienschan-BirkenmausRatón listado de Tien Shan Tiensjanberkenmuis 14 S. caucasica Kaukassisch Caucasian birch mouse Siciste du Caucase Kaukasus-BirkenmausRatón listado del Cáucaso Kaukasusberkenmuis 15 S. kluchorica Klukhorrivier, Kaukasus Kluchor birch mouse Siciste du Klukhor Kluchor-Birkenmaus Ratón listado de Kluchor Klukhorberkenmuis 16 S. kazbegica Kazbegi-district, Georgië Kazbeg birch mouse Siciste du Kazbegi Kazbeg-BirkenmausRatón listado de Kazbegi Kazbekberkenmuis 17 S. armenica Armeens Armenian birch mouseSiciste d'Arménie Armenien-Birkenmaus Ratón listado de Armenia Armeense berkenmuis 18 S. napaea een weidenimf Altai birch mouseSiciste de l'Altaï Nördliche Altai-Birkenmaus Ratón listado de Altái Altaiberkenmuis 19 S.n.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation” of the Mammalian Populations of Ancient Anthropochorous Origin of the Mediterranean Islands
    Folia Zool. – 58(3): 303–308 (2009) A possible approach to the “conservation” of the mammalian populations of ancient anthropochorous origin of the Mediterranean islands Marco MASSETI Laboratori di Antropologia e Etnologia, Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica dell’Università di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo12, 50122 Firenze; e-mail: [email protected] Received 31 March 2008; Accepted 15 June 2009 Abstract. Among the extant non-flying terrestrial mammals of the Mediterranean islands, we can find very few of the endemic elements that characterised the late Quaternary faunas. Instead, the existing faunas are almost exclusively dominated by continental taxa, as a rule regionally specific, related to species on the nearest mainland, and whose presence on the islands appears to be essentially related to human intervention. The legacy of this global reorganisation of the original ecological equilibrium brought about by man since prehistoric times raises considerable problems of conservation and management. First of all, in the vast majority of cases, it is impossible to reconstruct the natural ecosystems of the past, which have been degraded for millennia. However, this leaves the question of how to treat the anthropochorous mammalian populations of certified ancient origin. Several of them, in fact, represent invaluable historic documents. Frequently, they may also constitute the last survivors of continental populations which themselves vanished long ago. Their protection and their study can provide an opportunity for testing a range of different evolutionary theories, while also allowing them to be considered as an authentic “cultural heritage”. Key words: Holocene, endemics, cultural heritage Introduction There is possibly no other place in the world which has been so intensively influenced by human activity over a prolonged period as the Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracking the Near Eastern Origins and European Dispersal Of
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Tracking the Near Eastern origins and European dispersal of the western house mouse Thomas Cucchi1 ✉ , Katerina Papayianni1,2, Sophie Cersoy3, Laetitia Aznar-Cormano4, Antoine Zazzo1, Régis Debruyne5, Rémi Berthon1, Adrian Bălășescu6, Alan Simmons7, François Valla8, Yannis Hamilakis9, Fanis Mavridis10, Marjan Mashkour1, Jamshid Darvish11,24, Roohollah Siahsarvi11, Fereidoun Biglari12, Cameron A. Petrie13, Lloyd Weeks14, Alireza Sardari15, Sepideh Maziar16, Christiane Denys17, David Orton18, Emma Jenkins19, Melinda Zeder20, Jeremy B. Searle21, Greger Larson22, François Bonhomme23, Jean-Christophe Aufray23 & Jean-Denis Vigne1 The house mouse (Mus musculus) represents the extreme of globalization of invasive mammals. However, the timing and basis of its origin and early phases of dispersal remain poorly documented. To track its synanthropisation and subsequent invasive spread during the develoment of complex human societies, we analyzed 829 Mus specimens from 43 archaeological contexts in Southwestern Asia and Southeastern Europe, between 40,000 and 3,000 cal. BP, combining geometric morphometrics numerical taxonomy, ancient mitochondrial DNA and direct radiocarbon dating. We found that large late hunter-gatherer sedentary settlements in the Levant, c. 14,500 cal. BP, promoted the commensal behaviour of the house mouse, which probably led the commensal pathway to cat domestication. House mouse invasive spread was then fostered through the emergence of agriculture throughout the Near East 12,000 years ago. Stowaway transport of house mice to Cyprus can be inferred as early as 1Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE), UMR 7209, CNRS, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France. 2Malcolm H. Wiener Laboratory for Archaeological Science, American School of Classical Studies, Souidias 54, 10676, Athens, Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the Protection of Species of Wild Fauna and Flora by Regulating Trade Therein (OJ L 61, 3.3.1997, P
    1997R0338 — EN — 19.10.1998 — 003.001 — 1 This document is meant purely as documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents "B COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein (OJ L 61, 3.3.1997, p. 1) Amended by: Official Journal No page date "M1 Commission Regulation (EC) No 938/97 of 26 May 1997 L 140 1 30.5.1997 "M2 Commission Regulation (EC) No 2307/97 of 18 November 1997 L 325 1 27.11.1997 "M3 Commission Regulation (EC) No 2214/98 of 15 October 1998 L 279 3 16.10.1998 Corrected by: "C1 Corrigendum, OJ L 298, 1.11.1997, p. 70 (338/97) 1997R0338 — EN — 19.10.1998 — 003.001 — 2 !B COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 130s (1) thereof, Having regard to the proposal from the Commission (1), Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee (2), Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 189c of the Treaty (3), (1) Whereas Regulation (EEC) No 3626/82 (4) applies the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora in the Community with effect from 1 January 1984; whereas the purpose of the Convention is to protect endangered species of fauna and flora through controls on international trade in specimens of those species; (2) Whereas,
    [Show full text]