DOCSLIB.ORG

Electron Transport and Ion Diffusivity Through the Solid

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Electron Transport and Ion Diffusivity Through the Solid ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND ION DIFFUSIVITY THROUGH THE SOLID ELECTROLYTE INTERPHASE IN LITHIUM ION BATTERIES WITH SILICON ANODES A Dissertation by LAURA ELENA BENITEZ Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Jorge M. Seminario Committee Members, Jun Zou Perla B. Balbuena Jose Silva-Martinez Head of Department, Miroslav M. Begovic August 2017 Major Subject: Electrical Engineering Copyright 2017 Laura Elena Benitez ABSTRACT Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are the best option among batteries for portable electronic, power tools, and electric vehicles due to their higher energy storage, higher power, and lighter weight than other battery technologies such as Ni-based or lead acid. However, Li-ion batteries still face challenges such as safety, life, performance, and cost. One way to contribute to the solutions of these challenges and, consequently, improve the performance of Li-ion cells is to develop and design more stable passivation films at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Therefore, having a better understanding of the molecular processes that lead to the nucleation, growth, structure and morphology, as well as the electron and ion transport properties of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is highly important for the development of new or improved lithium-ion batteries. In this work, computational methods, which allow studying phenomena not easily observable with experimental techniques, are used to study the electron transfer characteristics and the lithium ion diffusivity of the materials found in the SEI film formed in LIB with silicon anodes. First, ab initio computational methods are used to study the electron transfer through selected finite models of SEI films formed at the anode-electrolyte interface. A combined ab initio density functional theory (DFT) and Green’s functions approach, as implemented in the Generalized Electron Nano-Interface Program (GENIP), is used to calculate the current-voltage characteristics of selected SEI configurations. The models studied consist of a LixSiy cluster, a SEI product (LiF, Li2O or Li2CO3), and an ii electrolyte component, ethylene carbonate (EC). Various parameters are considered in the investigation including: various lithiated states for the anode; several thicknesses and configurations for the SEI layer; and the presence of surface oxides (SiO2 and Li2Si2O5). The trend of conductance is found to be Li2O > SiO2 > LiF > Li2CO3 > Li2Si2O5, at the same applied voltage and anode configuration. Then, lithium-ion diffusion is studied in the main components of the SEI layer using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in order to provide insights and to calculate the diffusion coefficients of Li-ions at temperatures in the range of 250 K to 400 K. The compounds studied are lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium oxide (Li2O) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). A slight increase in the diffusivity as the temperature increases is found and since diffusion is noticeable at high temperatures, Li-ion diffusion in the range of 1300 to 1800 K is also studied and the diffusion mechanisms involved in each SEI compound are analyzed. The mechanisms of Li-ion diffusion observed include vacancy assisted and knock-off diffusion in LiF, direct exchange in Li2O, and vacancy and knock-off in Li2CO3. Moreover, the effect that an applied an electric field has in the diffusion of Li-ions at room temperature is also evaluated. The long-term goal is to eventually have more control over interface parameters such as composition, structure, porosity and thickness, and thus accurately design SEI films and therefore better Li-ion batteries. This work is a step towards this ultimate goal. iii DEDICATION To my loving husband Rogelio for his constant support and encouragement over the years, and for keeping me going when I wanted to give up. To my wonderful son Rogelio Rene, who always had a smile and patiently waited when mommy was busy. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, and foremost I would like to thank God, because without him, none of my plans would have been possible. I would like to express my most sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Jorge Seminario, for his continuous support of my studies and research, for his patience and, enthusiasm, for sharing all his knowledge and for guiding me while also giving me the room to work in my own way. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Perla Balbuena for her encouragement and advice throughout the course of this research. Thanks to the rest of my committee members, Dr. Zou and Dr. Silva-Martinez for their insightful comments and questions, as well as for the time dedicated to this dissertation. I want to thank the various members of the Molecular- and Nano- Technology Group with whom I had the opportunity to work and spend time. Thanks to Paola and Dahiyana for showing me how to perform DFT calculations and how to use GENIP. I am extremely grateful for Karim’s, Naren’s and Victor’s assistance in finding the appropriate force fields used in the MD simulations. Thank you for all your help, for all the stimulating discussions, as well as for all the fun we had during our time at Texas A&M. Special thanks to my officemate Naren, who as a good friend was always willing to help and give his best suggestions. I greatly benefited from his profound scientific understanding and his ability to put complex ideas into simple terms. v I want to briefly thank Ilse and Coco for their friendship, for bringing joy to my life when I needed it the most. I am also grateful for the financial support from the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, Subcontract No. 7060634, and Contract No. DE-EE0007766 under the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) Program. I would like to acknowledge the support of the Texas A&M Supercomputer Facility and the Texas Advanced Computing Center. I want to express my deepest gratitude to my family who has always supported me. Thanks to my parents, Laura and Francisco Espinoza, as well as my in-laws, Minerva and Rogelio Benitez, for enthusiastically and patiently taking care of Rogelito and cooking meals when I needed to work on my research and write this dissertation. Thanks also to the rest of my family: my sister Nora Espinoza; my brother Paco and his family, Paquito and Yuridia Espinoza; my sister-in-law, nephew and niece, Madelin, Leonardo and Aranza Gonzalez; and the rest of my extended family aunts, uncles and cousins for all the prayers. Last but not least, thanks to my husband Rogelio for his patience and love, for the financial support all through my studies, for his encouragement every day and when I wanted to give up, for being a great example to follow, and for being a great dad. Thank you for everything! vi CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES Contributors This work was supervised by a dissertation committee consisting of Professors Jorge M. Seminario, Jun Zou and Jose Silva-Martinez from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Professor Perla B. Balbuena from the Department of Chemical Engineering. All work for the dissertation was completed by the student, under advisement of Professor Jorge M. Seminario from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Funding Sources This work was made possible in part by the support of the Texas A&M Supercomputer Facility and the Texas Advanced Computing Center. This work was made possible by financial support from the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, Subcontract No. 7060634, and Contract No. DE-EE0007766 under the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) Program. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy. vii NOMENCLATURE EC Ethylene Carbonate DFT Density Functional Theory DOS Density of States GENIP Generalized Electron Nano-Interface Program HOMO Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital I-V Current-Voltage LIB Lithium-Ion Battery LJ Lennard-Jones LUMO Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital MD Molecular Dynamics MO Molecular Orbital MSD Mean Square Displacement GF Green Function SEI Solid Electrolyte Interphase viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................ii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. v CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES ............................................................vii NOMENCLATURE ....................................................................................................... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... xiv 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Improving the Stability of High-Voltage Lithium Cobalt Oxide with a Multifunctional Electrolyte Additive: Interfacial Analyses
    nanomaterials Article Improving the Stability of High-Voltage Lithium Cobalt Oxide with a Multifunctional Electrolyte Additive: Interfacial Analyses Xing-Qun Liao 1,2, Feng Li 2, Chang-Ming Zhang 2, Zhou-Lan Yin 1,*, Guo-Cong Liu 3,* and Jin-Gang Yu 1,3,* 1 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; [email protected] 2 Research Institute of Highpower International, Huizhou 516057, China; fl[email protected] (F.L.); [email protected] (C.-M.Z.) 3 School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.-L.Y.); [email protected] (G.-C.L.); [email protected] (J.-G.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-88879616 (Z.-L.Y.); +86-731-88879616 (J.-G.Y.) Abstract: In recent years, various attempts have been made to meet the increasing demand for high energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The increase in voltage can improve the capacity and the voltage platform performance of the electrode materials. However, as the charging voltage increases, the stabilization of the interface between the cathode material and the electrolyte will decrease, causing side reactions on both sides during the charge–discharge cycling, which seriously affects the high-temperature storage and the cycle performance of LIBs. In this study, a sulfate additive, dihydro-1,3,2-dioxathiolo[1,3,2]dioxathiole 2,2,5,5-tetraoxide (DDDT), was used as an effi- cient multifunctional electrolyte additive for high-voltage lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2). Nanoscale Citation: Liao, X.-Q.; Li, F.; Zhang, protective layers were formed on the surfaces of both the cathode and the anode electrodes by C.-M.; Yin, Z.-L.; Liu, G.-C.; Yu, J.-G.
    [Show full text]
  • Session 1 Sources and Availability of Materials for Lithium Batteries
    Session 1: Sources and Availability of Materials for Lithium Batteries Session 1 Sources and Availability of Materials for Lithium Batteries Adrian Griffin Managing Director, Lithium Australia NL ABSTRACT Lithium, as a feedstock for the battery industry, originates from two primary sources: hard-rock (generally spodumene and petalite), and brines. Brine processing results in the direct production of lithium chemicals, whereas the output from hard-rock production is tradeable mineral concentrates that require downstream processing prior to delivery, as refined chemicals, into the battery market. The processors of the concentrates, the 'converters', are the major constraint in a supply chain blessed with abundant mineral feed. The battery industry must overcome the constraints imposed by the converters, and this can be achieved through the application of the Sileach™ process, which produces lithium chemicals from concentrates direct, without the need for roasting. The cathode chemistries of the most efficient lithium batteries have a common thread – a high dependence on cobalt. Battery manufacturers consume around 40% of the current production of cobalt, a by-product of the nickel and copper industries. This means cobalt is at a tipping point – production will not keep up with demand. In the short term, the solution lies in developing alternative cathode compositions, while in the longer term recycling may be the answer. Lithium Australia NL is researching the application of its Sileach™ process to waste batteries to achieve a high-grade, low-cost source of battery materials and, in so doing, ease the supply constraints on cathode metals. To ensure that the battery industry is sustainable, better utilisation of mineral resources, more efficient processing technology, an active battery reprocessing capacity and less reliance on cobalt as a cathode material are all necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • Experiment on Charging an Electric Vehicle Lifepo4 Battery After Over-Discharge
    INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL "MACHINES. TECHNOLOGIES. MATERIALS" WEB ISSN 1314-507X; PRINT ISSN 1313-0226 Experiment on charging an electric vehicle LiFePO4 battery after over-discharge Nikolay Pavlov*, Diana Dacova Technical University - Sofia, Bulgaria [email protected] Abstract: The efficiency and technical and economic properties of the electric cars depend mainly on the rechargeable traction battery. LiFePo4 batteries belongs to the lithium-ion type and has a number of advantages such as high capacity, long life cycle, resistance to fire at high temperatures or shock. They have safe and stable over-charging and over-discharging performances. This paper describes the process of charging the individual cells of an electric car battery after their over-discharge. Keywords: LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE (LiFePO4) BATTERY, OVER-DISCHARGE, CHARGING, ELECTRIC VEHICLE 1. Introduction the battery does not ignite, explode or smoke. The authors of this publication have also performed experiments on over-discharged Early vehicles were created to meet the transport needs in the cells with high-current charging, using the on-board charger of the settlements. Due to low speeds and low mileage, in the middle of electric car. In this experiment, some of the cells deformed the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century the use of electric (swollen). cars and cars with internal combustion engine was equal, but social In this work the process of charging the battery of an electric and technical factors gave an advantage in the development of cars car after over-discharging of the individual cells is described. [1]. The harmful effects of emissions from internal combustion Charge experiments of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery engines, the reduction of fossil fuel resources and improvements in have been performed on an electric car.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium Data Sheet
    98 LITHIUM (Data in metric tons of lithium content unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: The only lithium production in the United States was from a brine operation in Nevada. Two companies produced a wide range of downstream lithium compounds in the United States from domestic or imported lithium carbonate, lithium chloride, and lithium hydroxide. Domestic production data were withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. Although lithium markets vary by location, global end-use markets are estimated as follows: batteries, 65%; ceramics and glass, 18%; lubricating greases, 5%; polymer production, 3%; continuous casting mold flux powders, 3%; air treatment, 1%; and other uses, 5%. Lithium consumption for batteries has increased significantly in recent years because rechargeable lithium batteries are used extensively in the growing market for portable electronic devices and increasingly are used in electric tools, electric vehicles, and grid storage applications. Lithium minerals were used directly as ore concentrates in ceramics and glass applications. Salient Statistics—United States: 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019e Production W W W W W Imports for consumption 2,750 3,140 3,330 3,420 2,500 Exports 1,790 1,520 1,960 1,660 1,700 Consumption, estimated1 2,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 Price, annual average, battery-grade lithium carbonate, dollars per metric ton2 6,500 8,650 15,000 17,000 13,000 Employment, mine and mill, number 70 70 70 70 70 Net import reliance3 as a percentage of estimated consumption >25 >50 >50 >50 >25 Recycling: One domestic company has recycled lithium metal and lithium-ion batteries since 1992 at its facility in British Columbia, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium 2017
    2017 Minerals Yearbook LITHIUM [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior September 2020 U.S. Geological Survey Lithium By Brian W. Jaskula Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Annie Hwang, statistical assistant. In the United States, one lithium brine operation with an cobalt oxide and 2,160 kg of lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum associated lithium carbonate plant operated in Silver Peak, oxide (Defense Logistics Agency Strategic Materials, 2017). At NV. Domestic and imported lithium carbonate, lithium yearend 2017, the NDS held 540 kg of lithium-cobalt oxide and chloride, and lithium hydroxide were consumed directly 1,620 kg of lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide. in industrial applications and used as raw materials for downstream lithium compounds. In 2017, lithium consumption Production in the United States was estimated to be equivalent to The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected domestic 3,000 metric tons (t) of elemental lithium (table 1) [16,000 t production data for lithium from a voluntary canvass of the of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE)], primarily owing to only U.S. lithium carbonate producer, Rockwood Lithium Inc. demand for lithium-based battery, ceramic and glass, grease, (a subsidiary of Albemarle Corp. of Charlotte, NC). Production pharmaceutical, and polymer products. In 2017, the gross weight and stock data collected from Rockwood Lithium were withheld of lithium compounds imported into the United States increased from publication to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. by 7% and the gross weight of exports increased by 29% from The company’s 6,000-metric-ton-per-year (t/yr) Silver Peak those in 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium Phosphate Refining Vindicates Cathode Production with No Requirement for Lithium Hydroxide Or Carbonate
    05 March 2019 Lithium phosphate refining vindicates cathode production with no requirement for lithium hydroxide or carbonate HIGHLIGHTS ▪ Lithium phosphate produced from Lithium Australia's SiLeach® Gen-2 Pilot Plant has been further refined using a simple, proprietary purification process. ▪ The resulting product has a significantly higher purity than that previously used to create lithium-iron-phosphate cells via Lithium Australia's 100%-owned VSPC cathode powder technology. ▪ The latest refining process paves the way for the production of very high-purity cathodes while bypassing the supply restrictions of lithium carbonates and hydroxides. ▪ High-quality lithium-ion batteries generated from mine waste are now a reality. Lithium Australia NL (ASX: LIT, or 'the Company') has successfully refined lithium phosphate (‘LP') generated by its SiLeach® Gen-2 Pilot Plant to create a very pure product that is suitable for the direct generation of lithium-iron-phosphate ('LFP') powders for the production of lithium-ion batteries ('LIBs'). The Company's production of LIBs using LP generated direct from mine waste was first reported on 21 November 2018. Batteries produced in that manner demonstrated outstanding potential, notwithstanding the fact that they were manufactured from unrefined LP. Now, further refining of the LP by way of a simple proprietary process (details of which will be provided once updated IP applications are in place) has reduced the concentrations of impurities such as potassium, sodium and sulphur by orders of magnitude, providing scope to further improve battery performance. The new LP refining stage fits seamlessly into the Company's SiLeach® process, developed to capitalise on the abundance of lithium micas (for which SiLeach® is ideally suited).
    [Show full text]
  • ~Ui&£R5itt! of J\Rij!Oua
    Minerals and metals of increasing interest, rare and radioactive minerals Authors Moore, R.T. Rights Arizona Geological Survey. All rights reserved. Download date 06/10/2021 17:57:35 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/629904 Vol. XXIV, No.4 October, 1953 ~ui&£r5itt! of J\rij!oua ~ul1etiu ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES MINERALS AND METALS OF INCREASING INTEREST RARE AND RADIOACTIVE MINERALS By RICHARD T. MOORE ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES MINERAL TECHNOLOGY SERIES No. 47 BULLETIN No. 163 THIRTY CENTS (Free to Residents of Arizona) PUBLISHED BY ~tti£ll~r5itt! of ~rh!Omt TUCSON, ARIZONA TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 Acknowledgments 5 General Features 5 BERYLLIUM 7 General Features 7 Beryllium Minerals 7 Beryl 7 Phenacite 8 Gadolinite 8 Helvite 8 Occurrence 8 Prices and Possible Buyers ,........................................ 8 LITHIUM 9 General Features 9 Lithium Minerals 9 Amblygonite 9 Spodumene 10 Lepidolite 10 Triphylite 10 Zinnwaldite 10 Occurrence 10 Prices and Possible Buyers 10 CESIUM AND RUBIDIUM 11 General Features 11 Cesium and Rubidium Minerals 11 Pollucite ..................•.........................................................................., 11 Occurrence 12 Prices and Producers 12 TITANIUM 12 General Features 12 Titanium Minerals 13 Rutile 13 Ilmenite 13 Sphene 13 Occurrence 13 Prices and Buyers 14 GALLIUM, GERMANIUM, INDIUM, AND THALLIUM 14 General Features 14 Gallium, Germanium, Indium and Thallium Minerals 15 Germanite 15 Lorandite 15 Hutchinsonite : 15 Vrbaite 15 Occurrence 15 Prices and Producers ~ 16 RHENIUM 16
    [Show full text]
  • (Li-Ion) Batteries
    Safety Data Sheet Validity Period: 02-Oct-2021 to Version 3 Issue Date: 09-Oct-2013 02-Oct-2022 1. IDENTIFICATION Product Identifier Product Name Lithium-Ion Battery Other means of identification SDS # GLI-006 Synonyms Lithiated Cobalt Oxide, Li-Ion Secondary Battery, Li-Ion Rechargeable Battery. Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use Recommended Use Battery. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet GlobTek, Inc. Distributor Veterans Drive , NJ 07647 : 201-784-1000 Emergency Telephone Number INFOTRAC 1-352-323-3500 (International) Emergency Telephone (24 hr) 1-800-535-5053 (North America) 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Emergency Overview Safety Data Sheets (SDS) are a sub-requirement of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR Subpart 1910.1200. This Hazard Communication Standard does not apply to various subcategories including anything defined by OSHA as an "article". OSHA has defined "article" as a manufactured item other than a fluid or particle; (i) which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture; (ii) which has end use function(s) dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design during end use; and (iii) which under normal conditions of use does not release more than very small quantities, e.g. minute or trace amounts of a hazardous chemical, and does not pose a physical hazard or health risk to employees. Because all of our batteries are defined as "articles", they are exempt from the requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard, hence an SDS is not required. However, this Safety Data Sheet (SDS) contains valuable information critical to the safe handling and proper use of this product.
    [Show full text]
  • Alkaline Process for Extracting Lithium from Spodumene
    Alkaline Process for Extracting Lithium from Spodumene Paulo Braga1, Silvia França1, Reiner Neumann1, Mario Rodriguez2 and Gustavo Rosales2 1. Center for Mineral Technology (CETEM), Brazil 2. Laboratory of Extractive Metallurgy and Materials Synthesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina ABSTRACT The growing market demand for lithium is mainly due to its use in the manufacture of batteries for electric or hybrid vehicles and portable equipment (cellphones, tablets, power tools, notebooks, etc.). Currently there is great interest in finding new sources of lithium and technologies for its utilization. Brazil has large lithium pegmatite reserves and spodumene is the most important commercially mined lithium mineral. There are two main routes to obtain lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide from mineral concentrates. In the first - the acid process - the mineral concentrate is roasted, sulfated with sulfuric acid and leached with water. Soda ash is added to form lithium carbonate. In the second process - the alkaline one - the mineral concentrate is roasted with lime or limestone, forming a clinker which is leached with water, filtered and crystallized as lithium hydroxide monohydrate. In Brazil, only the acidic process is used, although lithium hydroxide is the product most in demand in the domestic market, used mainly by automotive lubricant manufacturers. Lithium hydroxide is the main product in the alkaline process. The processing of spodumene concentrate to produce lithium hydroxide via the alkaline process can provide advantages to the production process, especially by replacing expensive chemicals such as sulfuric acid and soda ash with products such as limestone or hydrated lime, which are produced domestically and have more affordable prices.
    [Show full text]
  • Light-Assisted Delithiation of Lithium Iron Phosphate Nanocrystals Towards Photo-Rechargeable Lithium Ion Batteries
    ARTICLE Received 7 Nov 2016 | Accepted 17 Jan 2017 | Published 10 Apr 2017 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14643 OPEN Light-assisted delithiation of lithium iron phosphate nanocrystals towards photo-rechargeable lithium ion batteries Andrea Paolella1,2, Cyril Faure1, Giovanni Bertoni3, Sergio Marras4, Abdelbast Guerfi1, Ali Darwiche1, Pierre Hovington1, Basile Commarieu1, Zhuoran Wang2, Mirko Prato4, Massimo Colombo4, Simone Monaco4, Wen Zhu1, Zimin Feng1, Ashok Vijh1, Chandramohan George5, George P. Demopoulos2, Michel Armand6 & Karim Zaghib1 Recently, intensive efforts are dedicated to convert and store the solar energy in a single device. Herein, dye-synthesized solar cell technology is combined with lithium-ion materials to investigate light-assisted battery charging. In particular we report the direct photo- oxidation of lithium iron phosphate nanocrystals in the presence of a dye as a hybrid photo-cathode in a two-electrode system, with lithium metal as anode and lithium hexafluorophosphate in carbonate-based electrolyte; a configuration corresponding to lithium ion battery charging. Dye-sensitization generates electron–hole pairs with the holes aiding the delithiation of lithium iron phosphate at the cathode and electrons utilized in the formation of a solid electrolyte interface at the anode via oxygen reduction. Lithium iron phosphate acts effectively as a reversible redox agent for the regeneration of the dye. Our findings provide possibilities in advancing the design principles for photo-rechargeable lithium ion batteries. 1 Institute de Recherche d-Hydro-Que´bec (IREQ), 1800 Boulevard Lionel Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, Canada J3X 1S1. 2 Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Wong Building, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A OC5. 3 IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation of Lifepo4/C Cathode Materials Via a Green Synthesis Route for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications
    materials Article Preparation of LiFePO4/C Cathode Materials via a Green Synthesis Route for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications Rongyue Liu 1,2,*,†, Jianjun Chen 1,*, Zhiwen Li 1,3,†, Qing Ding 2, Xiaoshuai An 3, Yi Pan 2, Zhu Zheng 2, Minwei Yang 2 and Dongju Fu 1 1 Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, High-Tech Industry Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518057, China; [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] (D.F.) 2 Shenzhen Institute of THz Technology and Innovation, Xixiang, Bao’an District, Shenzhen 518102, China; [email protected] (Q.D.); [email protected] (Y.P.); [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (M.Y.) 3 Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (J.C.) † The authors equally contributed to this work. Received: 12 October 2018; Accepted: 9 November 2018; Published: 12 November 2018 Abstract: In this work, LiFePO4/C composite were synthesized via a green route by using Iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles, Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), glucose powder and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution as raw materials. The reaction principles for the synthesis of LiFePO4/C composite were analyzed, suggesting that almost no wastewater and air polluted gases are discharged into the environment. The morphological, structural and compositional properties of the LiFePO4/C composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra coupled with thermogravimetry/Differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC) thermal analysis in detail.
    [Show full text]
  • Rechargeable Batteries
    Green Energy and Technology Rechargeable Batteries Materials, Technologies and New Trends Bearbeitet von Zhengcheng Zhang, Sheng Shui Zhang 1. Auflage 2015. Buch. IX, 712 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 319 15457 2 Format (B x L): 17,8 x 24,1 cm Gewicht: 1194 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Chemie, Biowissenschaften, Agrarwissenschaften > Physikalische Chemie > Elektrochemie, Magnetochemie Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Olivine-Based Cathode Materials Karim Zaghib, Alain Mauger and Christian M. Julien 1 Introduction 2− The lithium insertion compounds built with polyanionic groups such as (SO4) , 3− 4− 2− 2− (PO4) ,(P2O7) , (MoO4) or (WO4) are considered as potential positive electrode materials for use in lithium rechargeable batteries [1, 2]. Yet in this family, olivine phosphate and Nasicon-like frameworks are currently the subject of many investigations. In particular, LiFePO4 (LFP) has received a great deal of interest because this cathode material realizes the highest capacity (≈170 mAh g−1) at moderate current densities [3]. In addition, it presents several advantages with regard to low cost, non-toxicity, tolerance on abuse, and high safety, which are determinant with respect to cobalt-oxide-based materials for large-scaled applica- tions such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). Nevertheless, the bulk electronic conductivity of olivine is quite low, which may result in losses in the specific capacity during high-rate discharge.
    [Show full text]