DOCSLIB.ORG

Policy and Practice

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Policy and Practice Policy and practice Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide FE Andre,a R Booy,b HL Bock,c J Clemens,d SK Datta,c TJ John,e BW Lee,f S Lolekha,g H Peltola,h TA Ruff,i M Santosham j & HJ Schmitt k Abstract In low-income countries, infectious diseases still account for a large proportion of deaths, highlighting health inequities largely caused by economic differences. Vaccination can cut health-care costs and reduce these inequities. Disease control, elimination or eradication can save billions of US dollars for communities and countries. Vaccines have lowered the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and will control cervical cancer. Travellers can be protected against “exotic” diseases by appropriate vaccination. Vaccines are considered indispensable against bioterrorism. They can combat resistance to antibiotics in some pathogens. Noncommunicable diseases, such as ischaemic heart disease, could also be reduced by influenza vaccination. Immunization programmes have improved the primary care infrastructure in developing countries, lowered mortality in childhood and empowered women to better plan their families, with consequent health, social and economic benefits. Vaccination helps economic growth everywhere, because of lower morbidity and mortality. The annual return on investment in vaccination has been calculated to be between 12% and 18%. Vaccination leads to increased life expectancy. Long healthy lives are now recognized as a prerequisite for wealth, and wealth promotes health. Vaccines are thus efficient tools to reduce disparities in wealth and inequities in health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2008;86:140–146. الرتجمة العربية لهذه الخالصة يف نهاية النص الكامل لهذه املقالة. .Une traduction en français de ce résumé figure à la fin de l’article. Al final del artículo se facilita una traducción al español Introduction far safer than therapeutic medicines.2,3 search over the past five years using the Modern research has spurred the devel- keywords “vaccine risks” scored approxi- Vaccination has greatly reduced the bur- opment of less reactogenic products, mately five times as many hits (2655 den of infectious diseases. Only clean such as acellular pertussis vaccines and versus 557) as a Medline search using water, also considered to be a basic rabies vaccines produced in cell cul- “vaccine benefits” as keywords.7 This 1 human right, performs better. Para- ture. Today, vaccines have an excellent reflects the fact that negative aspects of doxically, a vociferous antivaccine lobby safety record and most “vaccine scares” vaccination get much more publicity thrives today in spite of the undeniable have been shown to be false alarms.4,5 than positive aspects. success of vaccination programmes Misguided safety concerns in some How one addresses the antivaccine against formerly fearsome diseases that countries have led to a fall in vaccina- movement has been a problem since are now rare in developed countries.2 tion coverage, causing the re-emergence the time of Jenner. The best way in the Understandably, vaccine safety gets of pertussis and measles.6 long term is to refute wrong allegations more public attention than vaccination Putative vaccine safety issues are at the earliest opportunity by providing effectiveness, but independent experts commonly reported while reviews of scientifically valid data. This is easier and WHO have shown that vaccines are vaccine benefits are few. A Medline said than done, because the adversary a Rue du Moulin, 23, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium. b National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children’s Hospital Westmead, Sydney, Australia. c GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium. d International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea. e Department of Clinical Virology and Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. f Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore. g Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. h Helsinki University Central Hospital, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki, Finland. i Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. j Departments of International Health and Paediatrics and Center for American Indian Health and Health Systems Program, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America. k Department of Paediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. Correspondence to FE Andre (e-mail: [email protected]). doi:10.2471/BLT.07.040089 (Submitted: 1 January 2007 – Revised version received: 1 June 2007 – Accepted: 22 June 2007 – Published online: 27 November 2007 ) 140 Bulletin of the World Health Organization | February 2008, 86 (2) Policy and practice FE Andre et al. Vaccination and reduction of disease and inequity in this game plays according to rules regimen. Combined measles, mumps For society that are not generally those of science. and rubella (MMR) vaccine could also Ehreth estimates that vaccines annually This issue will not be further addressed eliminate and eventually eradicate ru- prevent almost 6 million deaths world- 11 in this paper, which aims to show how bella and mumps. Increasing measles wide.19 In the USA, there has been a vaccines are valuable to both individuals immunization levels in Africa, where 99% decrease in incidence for the nine and societies, to present validated facts, coverage averaged only 67% in 2004, diseases for which vaccines have been and to help redress adverse perceptions. is essential for eradication of this dis- recommended for decades,20 accompa- Without doubt, vaccines are among the ease. Already, elimination of measles nied by a similar decline in mortality most efficient tools for promoting in- from the Americas, and of measles, and disease sequelae. dividual and public health and deserve mumps and rubella in Finland has been Complications such as congenital better press.8 achieved, providing proof in principle rubella syndrome, liver cirrhosis and of the feasibility of their ultimate global cancer caused by chronic hepatitis B Disease control benefits eradication.12 It may also be possible to infection or neurological lesions sec- eliminate Haemophilus influenzae type b ondary to measles or mumps can have a Eradication (Hib) disease through well implemented greater long-term impact than the acute Unless an environmental reservoir ex- national programmes, as experience in disease. Up to 40% of children who ists, an eradicated pathogen cannot re- the West has shown.13 survive meningitis due to Hib may have 13 emerge, unless accidentally or malevo- Local elimination does not remove life-long neurological defects. lently reintroduced by humans, allowing the danger of reintroduction, such as in In field trials, mortality and mor- vaccination or other preventive measures Botswana, polio-free since 1991, with bidity reductions were seen for pneu- importation of type 1 poliovirus from mococcal disease in sub-Saharan Africa to be discontinued. 21,22 While eradication may be an ideal Nigeria in 2004,14 and in the United and rotavirus in Latin America. goal for an immunization programme, States of America (USA) with measles Specific vaccines have also been used to protect those in greatest need of to date only smallpox has been eradi- reintroduced to Indiana in 2005 by a 15 protection against infectious diseases, cated, allowing discontinuation of traveller from Romania. such as pregnant women, cancer pa- routine smallpox immunization globally. For diseases with an environmental tients and the immunocompromised.18 Potentially, other infectious diseases reservoir such as tetanus, or animal res- with no extrahuman reservoir can be ervoirs such as Japanese encephalitis and eradicated provided an effective vaccine rabies, eradication may not be possible, Mitigation of disease and specific diagnostic tests are avail- but global disease elimination is a fea- severity sible objective if vaccination of humans able. Eradication requires high levels of Disease may occur in previously vacci- (and animals for rabies) is maintained population immunity in all regions of nated individuals. Such breakthroughs at high levels. the world over a prolonged period with are either primary – due to vaccine adequate surveillance in place.9 The Control of mortality, morbidity and failure – or secondary. In such cases, next disease targeted for eradication is the disease is usually milder than in the 10 complications polio, which is still a global challenge. non-vaccinated. In a German efficacy Although high coverage with oral polio For the individual study of an acellular pertussis vaccine, vaccine (OPV) has eliminated type Efficacious vaccines protect individuals vaccinated individuals who developed 2 poliovirus globally, transmission of if administered before exposure. Pre- whooping cough had a significantly types 1 and 3 continues in limited areas exposure vaccination of infants with shorter duration of chronic cough than 23 in a few countries. OPV-caused paralytic several antigens is the cornerstone of controls. Such findings were confirmed 24 disease, directly or by reversion to viru- successful immunization programmes in Senegal. Varicella breakthroughs lence, and persistent vaccine-virus ex- against a cluster of childhood diseases. exhibit little fever, fewer skin lesions 25 cretion in immunodeficient individuals Vaccine efficacy against invasive Hib and fewer complications than unvac- are problems yet to be solved. Global use disease of more than 90% was demon- cinated
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oligometastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus: Current Understanding, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Strategies
    cancers Review Oligometastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus: Current Understanding, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Strategies Michael P. Rogers 1 , Anthony J. DeSantis 1 and Christopher G. DuCoin 2,* 1 Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA; [email protected] (M.P.R.); [email protected] (A.J.D.) 2 Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: The diagnosis and management of oligometastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma remains nuanced. Early diagnosis may allow for prompt intervention and, ideally, prolonged patient survival. As recent and emerging trials shed new light on this topic, we sought to identify the current understanding and treatment recommendations for oligometastatic disease by performing a thorough review of the available literature. Abstract: Esophageal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive cancer of increasing incidence and is associ- ated with poor prognosis. The early recognition of synchronous and metachronous oligometastasis in esophageal adenocarcinoma may allow for prompt intervention and potentially improved survival. However, curative approaches to oligometastatic esophageal disease remain unproven and may represent an area of emerging divergence of opinion for surgical and medical oncologists. We sought to identify the current understanding and evidence for management of oligometastatic esophageal Citation: Rogers, M.P.;
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnosis Accuracy and Prognostic Significance of the Dickkopf-1
    Journal of Cancer 2020, Vol. 11 7091 Ivyspring International Publisher Journal of Cancer 2020; 11(24): 7091-7100. doi: 10.7150/jca.49970 Review Diagnosis Accuracy and Prognostic Significance of the Dickkopf-1 Protein in Gastrointestinal Carcinomas: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis Xiaowen Jiang1#, Fuhai Hui1#, Xiaochun Qin1, Yuting Wu1, Haihan Liu1, Jing Gao2, Xiang Li2, Yali Xu2, Yingshi Zhang1 1. Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China. 2. Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China. #Xiaowen Jiang and Fuhai Hui contributed equally to this article Corresponding author: Yingshi Zhang, Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] (Y. Zhang) © The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions. Received: 2020.06.26; Accepted: 2020.10.06; Published: 2020.10.18 Abstract Objective: To evaluate the diagnosis accuracy and prognostic significance of bio-marker dickkopf-1(DKK-1) protein in GIC, and also sub-type of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), pancreas carcinomas (PC), oesophageal carcinoma (EPC) and Adenocarcinoma of esophago-gastric junction (AEGJ), etc. Methods: Electronic databases were searched from inception to May 2020. Patients were diagnosed with gastrointestinal carcinomas, and provided data on the correlation between high and low DKK-1 expression and diagnosis or prognosis. Results: Forty-three publications involving 9318 participants were included in the network meta-analysis, with 31 of them providing data for diagnosis value and 18 records were eligible for providing prognosis value of DKK-1.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment
    University of Tennessee Health Science Center UTHSC Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations (ETD) College of Graduate Health Sciences 6-2020 Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment Virginia Hargest University of Tennessee Health Science Center Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations Part of the Diseases Commons, Medical Sciences Commons, and the Viruses Commons Recommended Citation Hargest, Virginia (0000-0003-3883-1232), "Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment" (2020). Theses and Dissertations (ETD). Paper 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/ etd.cghs.2020.0507. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Graduate Health Sciences at UTHSC Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (ETD) by an authorized administrator of UTHSC Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment Abstract While human astroviruses (HAstV) were discovered nearly 45 years ago, these small positive-sense RNA viruses remain critically understudied. These studies provide fundamental new research on astrovirus pathogenesis and disruption of the gut epithelium by induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) following astrovirus infection. Here we characterize HAstV-induced EMT as an upregulation of SNAI1 and VIM with a down regulation of CDH1 and OCLN, loss of cell-cell junctions most notably at 18 hours post-infection (hpi), and loss of cellular polarity by 24 hpi. While active transforming growth factor- (TGF-) increases during HAstV infection, inhibition of TGF- signaling does not hinder EMT induction. However, HAstV-induced EMT does require active viral replication.
    [Show full text]
  • Synchronous Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature JENNY Z
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 38 : 3009-3012 (2018) doi:10.21873/anticanres.12554 Synchronous Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature JENNY Z. LAI 1,2 , YIHUA ZHOU 3 and DENGFENG CAO 2 1University College, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.; 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.; 3Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A. Abstract. Two or more histologically distinct malignancies adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the fatal cancers with diagnosed during the same hospital admission are short-term survival rates. The case fatality rate for the uncommon, but they do exist. Cases with synchronous disease is approximately 97% and has declined slightly (from primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 99% to 97%) in the last 12 years (3). To date, the causes of hepatocellular carcinoma are rarely seen. This is a case pancreatic cancer are not thoroughly understood, though report of a 56 years old Caucasian female with the chief certain risk factors such as smoking, obesity, lifestyle, complaint of jaundice over a duration of 10 days. CT diabetes mellitus, alcohol, dietary factors and chronic imaging findings revealed a 3.5 cm ill-defined pancreatic pancreatitis have been proposed. Hepatocellular carcinoma head mass and a 1.5 cm liver mass in the segment 5. EUS- (HCC) is the second leading cause and the fastest rising FNA cytology showed pancreatic head ductal cause of cancer-related death worldwide (4). One of the most adenocarcinoma (PDAC).
    [Show full text]
  • Helicobacter Hepaticus Model of Infection: the Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Controversy
    Review articles Helicobacter hepaticus model of infection: the human hepatocellular carcinoma controversy Yessica Agudelo Zapata, MD,1 Rodrigo Castaño Llano, MD,2 Mauricio Corredor, PhD.3 1 Medical Doctor and General Surgeon in the Abstract Gastrohepatology Group at Universidad de Antioquia in Medellin, Colombia The discovery of Helicobacter 30 years ago by Marshall and Warren completely changed thought about peptic 2 Gastrointestinal Surgeon and Endoscopist in the and duodenal ulcers. The previous paradigm posited the impossibility of the survival of microorganisms in the Gastrohepatology Group at the Universidad de stomach’s low pH environment and that, if any microorganisms survived, they would stay in the duodenum Antioquia in Medellin, Colombia 3 Institute Professor of Biology in the Faculty of or elsewhere in the intestine. Today the role of H. pylori in carcinogenesis is indisputable, but little is known Natural Sciences and the GEBIOMIC Group the about other emerging species of the genus Helicobacter in humans. Helicobacter hepaticus is one of these Gastroenterology Group at the Universidad de species that has been studied most, after H. pylori. We now know about their microbiological, genetic and Antioquia in Medellin, Colombia pathogenic relationships with HCC in murine and human infections. This review aims to show the medical and ......................................... scientifi c community the existence of new species of Helicobacter that have pathogenic potential in humans, Received: 07-05-13 thus encouraging research. Accepted: 27-08-13 Keywords Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter spp., hepatocellular carcinoma. INTRODUCTION bacterium can infect animals including mice, dogs and ger- bils which could lead to a proposal to use H.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease Under Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease Under Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance Teru Kumagi, MD, PhD; Takashi Terao, MD; Tomoyuki Yokota, MD, PhD; Nobuaki Azemoto, MD, PhD; Taira Kuroda, MD, PhD; Yoshiki Imamura, MD; Kazuhiro Uesugi, MD, PhD; Yoshiyasu Kisaka, MD, PhD; Yoshinori Tanaka, MD; Naozumi Shibata, MD, PhD; Mitsuhito Koizumi, MD, PhD; Yoshinori Ohno, MD, PhD; Atsushi Yukimoto, MD; Kazuhiro Tange, MD; Mari Nishiyama, MD; Kozue Kanemitsu, MD; Teruki Miyake, MD, PhD; Hideki Miyata, MD, PhD; Hiroshi Ishii, MD, PhD; and Yoichi Hiasa, MD, PhD; on behalf of the Ehime Pancreato-Cholangiology (EPOCH) Study Group Abstract Objective: To evaluate whether patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)e and hepatitis C virus (HCV)e related chronic liver disease were diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer (PC) at an early stage during abdominal imaging surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients and Methods: We retrospectively examined 447 patients with PC diagnosed at Ehime Uni- versity Hospital and affiliated centers (2011-2013). Data were collected regarding HBV and HCV status, likelihood of PC diagnosis, and Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stage. Inter- group comparisons were performed using the c2 test. Results: The UICC stage distribution in the HCC surveillance group (n¼16) was stage 0 (n¼2, 12.5%), stage IA (n¼3, 18.8%), stage IB (n¼2, 12.5%), stage IIA (n¼2, 12.5%), stage IIB (n¼2, 12.5%), stage III (n¼1, 6.3%), and stage IV (n¼4, 25%). The UICC stage distribution in the non- surveillance group (n¼431) was stage 0 (n¼4, 0.9%), stage IA (n¼28, 6.5%), stage IB (n¼27, 6.3%), stage IIA (n¼86, 20.0%), stage IIB (n¼48, 11.1%), stage III (n¼56, 13.0%), and stage IV (n¼182, 42.2%).
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Isolation of Human Norovirus and Astrovirus in Tap Water by RT- PCR
    International Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics (ISSN-2250-9941) Vol. 1(6) pp. 131-138, July, 2011 Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJBB Copyright © 2011 International Research Journals Full length Research Paper Molecular isolation of human norovirus and astrovirus in tap water by RT- PCR Julius Tieroyaare Dongdem 1*, Susan Damanka 2 and Richard Asmah 3 1Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences. University for Development Studies, Tamale. Ghana 2Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology. Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana 3 School of Allied Health Science, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. Accra, Ghana Accepted 7 July, 2011 Viral gastroenteritis is responsible for pediatric morbidity and mortality, time loss and also an economic burden in developing countries. Norovirus is known to cause 90% of all epidemic non- bacterial outbreaks worldwide. Astroviruses are second only to rotavirus as cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Nevertheless, in most diarrheal cases, neither norovirus nor astrovirus is routinely screened for in stool or environmental samples, thus, data on health impact of waterborne disease is lacking in developing countries like Ghana. Since the presence of these viruses in drinking water are potential health threats, the aim of this study was to collect water samples within the distribution network of the Weija Water Works and test for norovirus and astrovirus contamination using molecular methods. Two litres of each sample was concentrated 4,000 fold. Viral ssRNA was extracted from all concentrates by the phenol /chloroform method and purified with the RNaid ® kit. Ten samples which had previously tested positive for rotaviruses were selected for norovirus and astrovirus detection.
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis D: Does It Differ from Hepatitis B Monoinfection? Z Abbas Aga Khan University, [email protected]
    eCommons@AKU Section of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine February 2012 Hepatocellular carcinoma in Hepatitis D: does it differ from Hepatitis B monoinfection? Z Abbas Aga Khan University, [email protected] Qureshi M Aga Khan University Saeed Hamid Aga Khan University, [email protected] Wasim Jafri Aga Khan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/ pakistan_fhs_mc_med_gastroenterol Part of the Gastroenterology Commons Recommended Citation Abbas, Z., M, Q., Hamid, S., Jafri, W. (2012). Hepatocellular carcinoma in Hepatitis D: does it differ from Hepatitis B monoinfection?. Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association., 18(1), 18-22. Available at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_med_gastroenterol/155 [Downloaded free from http://www.saudijgastro.com on Thursday, April 19, 2018, IP: 221.132.113.70] Original Article Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis D: Does it Differ from Hepatitis B Monoinfection? Zaigham Abbas, Mustafa Qureshi, Saeed Hamid, Wasim Jafri Department of Medicine, ABSTRACT The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan Background/Aim: Hepatitis D virus (HDV) superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis B leads to Address for correspondence: accelerated liver injury, early cirrhosis, and decompensation. It may be speculated that hepatocellular Dr. Zaigham Abbas, carcinoma (HCC) may differ in these patients from hepatitis B virus (HBV) monoinfection. The aim of Department of Medicine, The this study was to compare clinical aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients of hepatitis D with HBV Aga Khan University Hospital, monoinfection. Patients and Methods: A total of 92 consecutive HCC cases seropositive for antibody against Karachi-74800, Pakistan. HDV antigen (HDV group) were compared with 92 HBsAg-positive and anti-HDV-negative cases (HBV E-mail: [email protected] group).
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Pancreatic Mass As the First Symptom: a Case Report and Literature Review
    745 Case Report Hepatocellular carcinoma with pancreatic mass as the first symptom: a case report and literature review Yue Zhang1,2#, Tao Han1#, Di Wang3#, Gao Li1,4#, Yanming Zhang1,2, Xiaodan Yang1, Tingsong Chen5, Zhendong Zheng1 1Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, China; 2Postgraduate College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China; 3Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, China; 4Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; 5Department of Invasive Technology, The Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China #These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence to: Dr. Zhendong Zheng. Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China. Email: [email protected]; Dr. Tingsong Chen. Department of Invasive Technology, The Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese medicine, Shanghai 200120, China. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and primary pancreatic cancer are common malignant tumors of the digestive system. However, there are significant differences in treatment methods, medication types, and survival prognoses. For patients whose imaging findings suggest there to be a significant pancreatic mass and multiple masses in the liver, it can be easily misdiagnosed as a primary pancreatic cancer with liver metastasis in the clinic instead. Therefore, patients with a high likelihood of primary pancreatic cancer based on their clinical data, the pathological diagnosis should be confirmed through a needle biopsy as early as possible to avoid a misdiagnosis and possible mistreatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Assigned ID Abstract Title Presenting Author First Name Presenting
    Assigned ID Abstract Title Presenting Author First Presenting Author Accepted Presentation Category Sub-category Name Last Name Preference LBA-1 Phase 3 APACT trial of adjuvant nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine vs gemcitabine alone in patients with resected pancreatic cancer: Updated 5-year overall survival Margaret Tempero Oral Presentation Clinical Pancreatic Cancer Early and Locally Advanced Disease LBA-2 Selected Abstract Oral Presentation Clinical Hepatocellular Carcinoma Early and Locally Advanced Disease Metastatic Disease LBA-3 Integrated analysis of cell free DNA BRAF mutant allele fraction and whole exome sequencing in BRAFV600E metastatic colorectal cancer treated with BRAF - Elena Elez Oral Presentation Basic Colon Cancer Metastatic Disease antiEFGR +/- MEK inhibitors. LBA-4 Initial data from the phase 3 KEYNOTE-811 study of trastuzumab and chemotherapy with or without pembrolizumab for HER2-positive metastatic gastric or Yelena Yuriy Janjigian Oral Presentation Clinical Colon Cancer Biomarkers and Translational Research gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) cancer LBA-5 Phase Ib study of the anti-TIGIT antibody tiragolumab in combination with atezolizumab in patients with metastatic esophageal cancer Zev Wainberg Oral Presentation Clinical Esophageal Cancer Metastatic Disease O-1 Results from a global Phase 2 study of tislelizumab, an investigational PD-1 antibody, in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma Ghassan Abou-Alfa Oral Presentation Clinical Hepatocellular Carcinoma Others: PD-1 Inhibitor Monotherapy O-2 Final
    [Show full text]
  • Association Between Hepatitis C Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Assays Based on Structural and Nonstructural Hepatitis C Virus Peptides1
    [CANCER RESEARCH 52. 5364-5367. October I, 1992] Association between Hepatitis C Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Assays Based on Structural and Nonstructural Hepatitis C Virus Peptides1 Xenophon Zavitsanos, Angelos Hatzakis, Evangelia Kaklamani,2 Anastasia Tzonou, Nektaria Toupadaki, Caryn Broeksma, JürgenChrispeels, Hugo Troonen, Stephanos Hadziyannis, Chung-cheng Hsieh, Harvey Alter, and Dimitrios Trichopoulos Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology ¡X.2.., A. H., E, À'.,A, T., N. T., D. T.] and Academic Department of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital [S. H.J, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece; Abbott GmbH Diagnostika, D-6200 Wiesbaden, Germany /C. B., J. C., H. T.]; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 021 IS {C-C. H., D. T.] and Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda. Maryland 20892 [H. A.] ABSTRACT rhosis, it has been suggested that non-A, non-B hepatitis may be associated with HCC (8, 9). Stored sera from 181 Greek patients with hepatocellular carcinoma The cloning of HCV and the development of an assay for (HCC), 35 patients with metastatic liver cancer, and 416 hospital con anti-HCV against the nonstructural HCV protein clOO (10, 11) trols with diagnoses other than malignant neoplasm or liver disease led to studies which have indicated that the prevalence of anti- were examined with first and second generation hepatitis C virus (HCV) enzyme immunoassays as well as with five HCV supplemental assays HCV among patients with HCC may be as high as 76% (12- based on structural and nonstructural HCV peptides. Second generation 31). However, the sensitivity and specificity of the anti-HCV HCV enzyme immunoassays were more sensitive than first generation assay based on clOO, especially for stored sera, have been ques assays.
    [Show full text]
  • Specific and Non-Specific Biomarkers in Neuroendocrine
    cancers Review Specific and Non-Specific Biomarkers in Neuroendocrine Gastroenteropancreatic Tumors Andrea Sansone 1 , Rosa Lauretta 2, Sebastiano Vottari 3, Alfonsina Chiefari 3, Agnese Barnabei 3 , Francesco Romanelli 1 and Marialuisa Appetecchia 3,* 1 Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00165 Rome, Italy 2 Internal Medicine, Angioloni Hospital, San Piero in Bagno, 47026 Forlì-Cesena, Italy 3 Endocrinology Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 July 2019; Accepted: 2 August 2019; Published: 4 August 2019 Abstract: The diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is a challenging task: Symptoms are rarely specific, and clinical manifestations are often evident only when metastases are already present. However, several bioactive substances secreted by NETs can be included for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive purposes. Expression of these substances differs between different NETs according to the tumor hormone production. Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NETs originate from the diffuse neuroendocrine system of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic islets cells: These tumors may produce many non-specific and specific substances, such as chromogranin A, insulin, gastrin, glucagon, and serotonin, which shape the clinical manifestations of the NETs. To provide an up-to-date reference concerning the different biomarkers, as well as their main limitations, we reviewed and summarized existing literature. Keywords: neuroendocrine tumors; biomarkers; gastroenteropancreatic tumors; prognostic markers; diagnosis 1. Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of rare malignancies which, from a clinical point of view, represent a true challenge for clinicians at all stages of the disease.
    [Show full text]