Generalized Exchange1
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Eliminating Violence Against Women
ELIMINATING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN PERSPECTIVES ON HONOR-RELATED VIOLENCE IN THE IRAQI KURDISTAN REGION, SULAIMANIYA GOVERNORATE By Tanyel B. Taysi With Contributions from Norul M. Rashid Martin Bohnstedt ASUDA & UNAMI HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE: ELIMINATING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................3 I. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................4 II. INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORKS .......................8 III. HONOR-RELATED VIOLENCE..................................................................................................14 IV. CONTEXTUAL OVERVIEW OF WOMEN’S POSITION IN IRAQI KURDISTAN ............................16 V. FINDINGS ...................................................................................................................................19 VI. SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................41 VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................43 APPENDIX.......................................................................................................................................48 Honor-related Violence in the Kurdistan Region Page 2 ASUDA & UNAMI HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE: ELIMINATING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FOREWORD Honor-related -
CO U S I N M a R R I a G E Must Ultimately Be Deduced from The
N I N E GI LYA K CO U S I N MA R R I A G E A N D MO R G A N’S HY P O T H E S I S1 [113–129; 155–159, 168–185, 159–167; 219–235; 114–124] C O U S I N M A R R I A G E must ultimately be deduced from the realization that close blood marriage between close blood relatives is harmful. We have seen that primitive man, for a number of reasons (be they religious conservatism, ideas associated with ances- tor worship, or the desire for a peaceful organization of marriage), did not pass direct- ly from marriage between brother and sister to marriage between remote relations or strangers. Our goal in this chapter is to trace the genetic link between the Gilyak system and that of Australia, to see how the Gilyak diverged from the Australian sys- tem at the stage when marriage between two-sided first-cousins first began to come into disrepute [114].2 The great transformation towards exogamous marriage took place with extrem e slowness. Thus, as is the case even now among the Australian natives, the first form of exogamy adopted was that of enforced marriage between children of brother and sister. As the marriages occur uniformly from generation to generation, the group, in matrimonial orde r , is necessarily divided into two moieties which, following the gen- erations, exchange their women by cross-cousin marriage. In its application to indi- vidual families, this system requires that the son of a brother marry the latter’s sis- ter’s daughter, and conversely, the son of a sister, the latter’s brother’s daughter. -
Women's Access to Land: an Asian Perspective (EGM/RW/2011/EP.3)
EGM/RW/2011/EP.3 September 2011 ENGLISH ONLY UN Women In cooperation with FAO, IFAD and WFP Expert Group Meeting Enabling rural women’s economic empowerment: institutions, opportunities and participation ___________________________ Accra, Ghana 20-23 September 2011 Women’s Access to Land: An Asian Perspective Expert paper prepared by: Nitya Rao∗ School of International Development, University of East Anglia United Kingdom Introduction Women’s access to and control over land can potentially lead to gender equality alongside addressing material deprivation.1 Land is not just a productive asset and a source of material wealth, but equally a source of security, status and recognition. Substantive gender equality is both relational and multi-dimensional, cutting across race, class, caste, age, educational and locational hierarchies and can only be achieved if rights are seen as socially legitimate. Sixty percent of the world’s population and 57 percent of the poor live in Asia’s 48 countries, though having only 30 per cent of the world’s arable land.2 Asia’s agriculture is dominated by highly productive smallholder cultivators, the average size of household land-holdings being between 1-2 acres.3 Land ownership and distribution patterns vary greatly in Asia. There are four major types of inheritance and land management systems relevant to women’s rights to land. These include: the largely patrilineal South Asia, with land a private asset owned and acquired mainly through inheritance down the male line; bilateral and matrilineal South East Asia, where land is a private asset acquired through customary inheritance systems; the communist/socialist states like China and Vietnam, where land is vested in the State but households granted use rights by the local village committees, and the Central Asian states marked by conflicts between centralised state institutions and private, clan-based, land management systems. -
The Woman-Slave Analogy: Rhetorical Foundations in American
The Woman-Slave Analogy: Rhetorical Foundations in American Culture, 1830-1900 Ana Lucette Stevenson BComm (dist.), BA (HonsI) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2014 School of History, Philosophy, Religion and Classics I Abstract During the 1830s, Sarah Grimké, the abolitionist and women’s rights reformer from South Carolina, stated: “It was when my soul was deeply moved at the wrongs of the slave that I first perceived distinctly the subject condition of women.” This rhetorical comparison between women and slaves – the woman-slave analogy – emerged in Europe during the seventeenth century, but gained peculiar significance in the United States during the nineteenth century. This rhetoric was inspired by the Revolutionary Era language of liberty versus tyranny, and discourses of slavery gained prominence in the reform culture that was dominated by the American antislavery movement and shared among the sisterhood of reforms. The woman-slave analogy functioned on the idea that the position of women was no better – nor any freer – than slaves. It was used to critique the exclusion of women from a national body politic based on the concept that “all men are created equal.” From the 1830s onwards, this analogy came to permeate the rhetorical practices of social reformers, especially those involved in the antislavery, women’s rights, dress reform, suffrage and labour movements. Sarah’s sister, Angelina, asked: “Can you not see that women could do, and would do a hundred times more for the slave if she were not fettered?” My thesis explores manifestations of the woman-slave analogy through the themes of marriage, fashion, politics, labour, and sex. -
Exchange Theory in Classical Sociology Thought John Hamlin Department of Sociology and Anthropology UMD
Exchange Theory in Classical Sociology Thought John Hamlin Department of Sociology and Anthropology UMD Warshay, in The Current State of Sociological theory (1975), characterizes exchange theory as one of the “eight large theories.” Yet Heath (1971:91) informs us that the only agreement sociologists have concerning which particular theorists should be considered under this heading are, G.C. Homans, Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms (1961) and P.M. Blau, Exchange an Power in Social Life (1964). The problem with concentrating on these specific works of Homans and Blau are that they result in a view of exchange theory as uniquely individualistic, totally ignoring collectivistic exchange theory. It is indeed interesting that very little of significance has been added to this approach in since Homans classic statement. Milan Zafirovski (2003) has provided a good summery of the updates of exchange theory. For the most part, the theory has changed very little. One reason collectivistic exchange theory is ignored in the United States stems from the fact that it is primarily found in European Anthropology. Another reason derives out of the focus given the examination of exchange theory. At times it is seen as an extension of or in contrast to, economic exchange al la Adam Smith. Or as a reaction of dominate theories in the U.S. during the 1950s and 1960s. Mulkay, for example, interprets Homans’ exchange theory as developing in reaction to the functionalist theories of Parsons and others (1971:3). Blau’s attempts at theory construction are perceived as an extension and further development of Homans’ theory (Mulkay 1971:3). -
The Family and Marriage Family and Marriage Across Cultures • in All Societies, the Family Has Been the Most Important of All Social Institutions
The Family and Marriage Family and Marriage Across Cultures • In all societies, the family has been the most important of all social institutions. • It produces • new generations • socializes the young • provides care and affection • regulates sexual behavior • transmits social status • provides economic support. Defining the Family For sociologists, family is defined as a group of people related by marriage, blood, or adoption. While the concept of family may appear simple on the surface, the family is a complex social unit that is difficult to define. Marriage is a legal union/contract sanction by the state. In all states you have to get a license. This legal contract is based on legal rights and obligations. The Family of Orientation The family of orientation is the birth family. It gives the child an ascribed status in the community. It orients children to their neighborhoods, communities, and society and locates them in the world. The Family of Procreation The family of procreation is established upon marriage. The marriage ceremony legally sanctions a couple to have offspring and to give children a family name. It becomes the family of orientation for the children created from the marriage. There are Two Basic Types of Families The nuclear family is composed of a parent or parents and any children. The extended family consists of two or more adult generations of the same family whose members share economic resources and live in the same household. Who inherits? In a patrilineal arrangement, descent and inheritance are passed from the father to his male descendants. In a matrilineal arrangement, descent and inheritance are transmitted from the mother to her female descendants. -
The Voices of Sex Workers (Prostitutes?) and the Dilemma of Feminist Discourse
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 4-28-2005 The oicesV of Sex Workers (prostitutes?) and the Dilemma of Feminist Discourse Justine L. Kessler University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Kessler, Justine L., "The oV ices of Sex Workers (prostitutes?) and the Dilemma of Feminist Discourse" (2005). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/722 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Voices of Sex Workers (prostitutes?) and the Dilemma of Feminist Discourse by Justine L. Kessler A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Women's Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Carolyn DiPalma, Ph.D. Marilyn Myerson, Ph.D. Sara Crawley, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 28, 2005 Keywords: trafficking, migration, Marxist, postmodern, radical © Copyright 2005 , Justine L. Kessler Table of Contents Abstract ii Chapter One: Introduction to Gender, Agency, and Victimization Methodology 1 Introduction 2 The Gendered Organization of Sex Work and Prostitution 4 Sex Workers as Agents: a Result of Economic Subordination -
UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Beyond New Waves: Gender and Sexuality in Sinophone Women's Cinema from the 1980s to the 2000s Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4h13x81f Author Kang, Kai Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Beyond New Waves: Gender and Sexuality in Sinophone Women‘s Cinema from the 1980s to the 2000s A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature by Kai Kang March 2015 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Marguerite Waller, Chairperson Dr. Lan Duong Dr. Tamara Ho Copyright by Kai Kang 2015 The Dissertation of Kai Kang is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements My deepest gratitude is to my chair, Dr. Marguerite Waller who gave me freedom to explore my interested areas. Her advice and feedback helped me overcome many difficulties during the writing process. I am grateful to Dr. Lan Duong, who not only offered me much valuable feedback to my dissertation but also shared her job hunting experience with me. I would like to thank Dr Tamara Ho for her useful comments on my work. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Mustafa Bal, the editor-in-chief of The Human, for having permitted me to use certain passages of my previously published article ―Inside/Outside the Nation-State: Screening Women and History in Song of the Exile and Woman, Demon, Human,‖ in my dissertation. iv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Beyond New Waves: Gender and Sexuality in Sinophone Women‘s Cinema from the 1980s to the 2000s by Kai Kang Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Comparative Literature University of California, Riverside, March 2015 Dr. -
Women Rights and Islam a Study of Women Rights and Effects of Islamic Fundamentalism and Muslim Feminism in the Kurdish Area of Iraq
LINKÖPINGS UNIVERSITET Statsvetenskap 4 D- uppsats Women rights and Islam A study of women rights and effects of Islamic fundamentalism and Muslim feminism in the Kurdish area of Iraq Författare: Zaynab Khan Handledare: Edmé Dominguez ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It has been hard to find information for attaining the purpose of this essay. Without some peoples help, it had been impossible. I am very grateful for the help I received and want therefore to give my deepest gratitude to the people who helped me. Kurdistan Regional Governments Nordic Representation in Stockholm is the organization I wish to thank for the support they gave me. I’m also very thankful to the employees at the women organizations and the departments for human rights in Kurdistan, and to all the other people in Iraq who helped me with my essay. Finally, I wish to thank my supervisor Edmé Dominguez, my family and my friends who have given me their best support. ABSTRACT Lack of women rights in the international society is something that UN and other international human organizations are striving against. Women oppression is common in many countries, but is often connected with the Muslim countries. Women oppression is something that is against UN: s definition of human rights. The international society has therefore tried to protect the women, and has formed resolutions, conventions and so on, for their security. According to the Iraqi regime, human rights are an important question. The country has therefore signed the UN: s convention about women rights. Since the year of 1992, when the Kurdish area of Iraq became self- governed, Kurdistan has started programs that favour women rights. -
Is There an Association Between Marital Exogamy of Immigrants and Nonmigrants and Their Mental Health? a Two-Partners Approach
DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VOLUME 40, ARTICLE 21, PAGES 561-598 PUBLISHED 14 MARCH 2019 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol40/21/ DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.21 Research Article Is there an association between marital exogamy of immigrants and nonmigrants and their mental health? A two-partners approach Nadja Milewski Annegret Gawron This publication is part of the Special Collection “A New Look Into the Dynamics of Mixed Couples in Europe,” organized by Guest Editors Amparo González-Ferrer, Laura Bernardi, and Alícia Adserà. © 2019 Nadja Milewski & Annegret Gawron. This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Germany (CC BY 3.0 DE), which permits use, reproduction, and distribution in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. See https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/de/legalcode. Contents 1 Introduction 562 2 Background 563 2.1 Bridging interethnic social capital: The exogamy gain hypothesis 565 2.2 Cultural difference: The exogamy-strain hypothesis 566 2.3 Confounding and moderating effects related to marriage type 567 2.4 Compositional differences in individual covariates 569 2.5 Within-migrant variation 570 3 Data and methods 571 3.1 Data and sample 571 3.2 Variables 573 3.3 Modeling strategy 576 4 Results 577 4.1 Exogamy vs. endogamy 577 4.2 Within-migrant variation 582 4.3 Checks for robustness and further explorations 583 5 Discussion 584 6 Acknowledgements 589 References 590 Appendix 597 Demographic Research: Volume 40, Article 21 Research Article Is there an association between marital exogamy of immigrants and nonmigrants and their mental health? A two-partners approach Nadja Milewski1 Annegret Gawron2 Abstract OBJECTIVE We study mental health in immigrants and nonmigrants, distinguishing between people in exogamous and endogamous marriages. -
Unit 3 Marriage
UNIT 3 MARRIAGE Contents 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Concepts, Meaning and Definitions 3.2.1 Prescribed and Preferential Marriages 3.2.2 Types of Marriages 3.2.3 Ways of Acquiring a Mate 3.2.4 Divorce 3.3 Functions of Marriage 3.4 Changing Dimensions of Marriage 3.5 Summary References Suggested Reading Sample Questions Learning Objectives After reading this unit, the students should be able to: define the different rules and types associated with marriage; outline the various functions of a marriage; and discuss changing aspects of marriage in the contemporary times. 3.1 INTRODUCTION Marriage is a phenomena found in all types of societies though the pattern of marriage differs in different societies. The first section of the unit would introduce the students to the concept, definition and meaning of marriage, the various types of marraiges that are prevalent in different societies. Herein, we would be able to answer the question as to why marriage rules though not similar among the different societies yet have almost the same functions. With the changing times, marriage too has come under the hammer and the institution itself is going through various changes. These would be discussed in the last section of this unit. 3.2 CONCEPTS, MEANING AND DEFINITIONS Marriage by most anthropologists has been described as a universal phenomena yet the debate continues as to how marriage came into existence. In the early year’s social thinkers and anthropologists basically the followers of the theory of evolutionism were of the opinion that human beings lived in a state of promiscuity where individual marriage did not exist. -
Seven Aboriginal Marriage Systems and Their Correlates Ian Keen
Western University Scholarship@Western Aboriginal Policy Research Consortium International (APRCi) 2002 Seven Aboriginal marriage systems and their correlates Ian Keen Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/aprci Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Citation of this paper: Keen, Ian, "Seven Aboriginal marriage systems and their correlates" (2002). Aboriginal Policy Research Consortium International (APRCi). 336. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/aprci/336 This article was downloaded by: [University of Western Ontario] On: 20 December 2012, At: 11:32 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Anthropological Forum: A Journal of Social Anthropology and Comparative Sociology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/canf20 Seven Aboriginal marriage systems and their correlates Ian Keen Version of record first published: 09 Jun 2010. To cite this article: Ian Keen (2002): Seven Aboriginal marriage systems and their correlates, Anthropological Forum: A Journal of Social Anthropology and Comparative Sociology, 12:2, 145-157 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/006646702320622770 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/ terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date.