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Modelling Walking Accessibility to Public Transport Terminals This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Modelling walking accessibility to public transport terminals Sony Sulaksono Wibowo 2005 Sony, S. W. (2005). Modelling walking accessibility to public transport terminals. Master’s thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/12007 https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/12007 Nanyang Technological University Downloaded on 24 Sep 2021 19:39:21 SGT ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Modelling Walking Accessi biI ity to Public Transport Terminals Sony Sulaksono Wibowo School of Civil & Environmental Engineering A thesis submitted to Nanyang Technological University in fulfilment of requirement for the degree of Master of Engineering 2005 ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alhamdulillah - Praise be to Allah SWT, the Cherisher and Sustainers of the worlds. First at all, I am thankful and grateful to my supervisor, Associate Professor Piotr Olszewski, for his guidance, advice, and encouragement throughout the duration of my research. The patience, effort and time that he devoted to me have enabled me to complete and present my research in this form. I also appreciate his generous kindness given to me on the matters not related to my research. My sincere appreciation is given to Professor Henry Fan, Associate Professor Wong Yiik Diew, Associate Professor Lum Kit Meng, and all faculty members of the Transportation Division of the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) NTU. My individual appreciation is given to Associate Professor Harianto Rahardjo for his support and kindness to me passing through the difficulties time. I would like to thank to Mr. Choi Siew Pheng, Mrs. Ng-Ho Choo Hiang, Mr. Liew Kai Liang, Mrs. Tan-Mai Ju An, and all research students in Transportation Division, for their assistance, friendship and environment of work. Special thank is given to my best friends, Basuki E Priyanto, Satrio Wicaksono, Bayu Jayawardhana, Romyaldy, Joko Nugroho, Aine Kusumawati, Eka Firmansyah, and Ibnu Bramono, who have supported and help me along the time living in NTU and Singapore. Finally, my best appreciation is given to my wife, Windya Wardhani (Inda), for her support and understanding during the time that I felt down. Her strength and empathy has motivated me on completion of my research. To her and two my lovely kids, Naufal Muhammad Zulfikar (Fiky) and Sabrina Farah Salsabila (Sasa), I dedicate this work. 11 ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. ii Table of Contents ................................................................................................... iii Summary ................................................................................................................ vii List of Figures ......................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ..........................................................................................................xi List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement.......................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research Objectives and Scope of Study ....................................................... 3 1.4 Report Structure.............................................................................................. 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review ................................................................................ 5 2.1 Basic Concepts of Accessibility ..................................................................... 5 2.2 Accessibility Measures ................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Distance-based Accessibility Measures ................................................ 7 2.2.2 Potential-based Accessibility Measures ................................................ 8 2.2.3 Utility-based Accessibility Measures.................................................. 11 2.2.4 Public Transport Accessibility Measures............................................ 12 2.2.5 Discussion on Accessibility ................................................................ 14 2.3 Characteristics of Walking ........................................................................... 16 2.3.1 Walking Trips ..................................................................................... 17 2.3.2 Walking Distance and Walking Time ................................................. 19 2.3.3 Walking Speed .................................................................................... 20 2.3.4 Road Crossings ................................................................................... 22 ... 111 ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library 2.3.5 Walking as an Access Mode ............................................................... 23 2.4 Walking Quality Measures ........................................................................... 26 2.4.1 Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS) ................................................... 27 2.4.2 Walkability and Walking Index .......................................................... 30 2.5 Walking Modelling ....................................................................................... 33 2.6 Discussion..................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 3 Research Framework ........................................................................ 37 Introduction .................................................................................................. 37 Walking Access Model ................................................................................. 39 3.2.1 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 39 3.2.2 Characteristics of Multinomial Logit (MNL) Model .......................... 41 3.2.3 Estimation and Statistical Analysis ..................................................... 42 3.2.4 Choice Set Determination ................................................................... 44 3.2.5 Utility Function ................................................................................... 45 Equivalent Walking Effort ........................................................................... 46 Walking Accessibility Measure .................................................................... 48 3.4.1 Walking Probability ............................................................................ 48 3.4.2 Walking Accessibility Index ............................................................... 50 Chapter 4 Pilot Survey and Preliminary Analysis ............................................ 54 4.1 Data Resources ............................................................................................. 54 4.1.1 Study Areas ......................................................................................... 54 4.1.2 Survey ................................................................................................. 55 4.2 Characteristics of Walking as Access Mode ................................................ 56 4.2.1 Walking Distance ................................................................................ 57 4.2.2 Walking Time ..................................................................................... 58 4.2.3 Walking Speed .................................................................................... 59 4.3 Modal Split Observations ............................................................................. 60 4.3.1 Modal Split and Characteristics of Respondents ................................ 60 4.3.2 Mode Choice Related to Distance and Time ...................................... 61 4.4 Walking Access Model ................................................................................. 62 iv ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library 4.4.1 Model Specification ............................................................................ 62 4.4.2 Coefficient Estimation ........................................................................ 66 4.5 Equivalent Walking Time (EWT) Model ..................................................... 68 4.5.1 Model Prototype .................................................................................. 68 4.5.2 Walking Accessibility Measure .......................................................... 70 4.5.3 Discussion on the Preliminary Analysis ............................................. 72 Chapter 5 Data Collection ................................................................................... 74 5.1 Selected Study Areas ...................................................................................
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