IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

GROUNDWATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF HUNGUNDTALUK WITH EMPHASIS ON FLUORIDE

AnuradhaTanksali1, Veena S Soraganvi2 1Research Scholar Department of Civil Engineering Basaveshawr Engineering College, and Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BLDEA college of Engineering, Bijapur; 2Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Basaveshwar Engineering College

Abstract The uncertainty associated with the availability of surface water both in terms of quantity and quality made people to depend on ground water. But in recent years, depletion of water table and mineral contamination like Fluoride are the causes of concern. Some previous studies show people affected with symptoms of Fluoride contamination in Hungund area. Hence to analyze the fluoride content and other co-relating parameters we selected some bore wells in Amingad and Kamatgi of Hungundtaluk, of .

Our study mainly comprises of determining the mineral parameters present in groundwater with emphasis on fluoride. The water samples from the bore wells of above two places are collected and parameters like Total Hardness, Fluoride, Alkalinity, Acidity, pH, Conductivity, Chloride and Sulphates are analyzed in the laboratory. The obtained fluoride concentration is correlated with other parameters.Along with the parameters, the geological strata surrounding the selected bore well is identified and correlated with fluoride concentration. The fluoride concentration is high (1.58 –11.6 mg/L) in 18 out of 29 groundwater samples analysed. The regression equations were developed by taking Fluoride as dependent variable and other water quality parameters as independent variables. Compared to other parameters total hardness and chloride indicate stronger relation

Keywords: Fluoride, Fluorosis, pH, dissociation of fluoride, geological strata. ------***------

1. INTRODUCTION phosphorites. Fluoride occurs significantly in rocks, soils, plants, crops, drugs and industrial processes etc.(Tirumalesh Air, water and food are the three basic needs for the survival et al., 2005) A large group of minerals containing minor of human beings. It is also very important that the drinking fluorine was made up of the fluorocarbonates, water should be safe and potable. The Government of , fluorosulphates, fluorophosphates, fluoroarsenate sand during the International Drinking Water Supply and fluorocolumbates. Mineral soils also contain fluoride in it. Sanitation Decade, (1981 -1990),has undertaken to supply (Rao, 2003)(Abu Rukah and Alksokhny, 2004) safe drinking water for the country's urban and rural population. It is reported that approximately three out of five Fluorine (F2 or F-F) is element #9 in the Periodic Table. It is persons in the developing countries do not have access to first element of halogen group with molecular weight 19 and safe drinking water. The urban areas are better served. In atomic number 9. Fluoride ion has one negative charge rural areas 75 per cent of the population having some form which must be accompanied by cations such as sodium of water supply through house connections or stand pipes (Na+), as in sodium fluoride (Na+F- or NaF). (Kauffman,, while only 29 per cent have equivalent water 2005)When a fluoride compound is dissolved in water, the supply.[WHO,1981]Many municipal water supplies are element fluorine will be present mainly as fluoride ions. derived solely from groundwater. However, depending on the ionic concentrations and pH of

the solutions the fluoride is present in solution as HF2 and 2. FLUORIDE un-dissociated HF. Now if it is assumed that the calcium Fluoride is recognized as the thirteenth most common fluoride is representative of the natural fluorides while element in the earth’s crust. The emissions of volcanoes, sodium fluoride that of artificial fluoride, these compounds marine aerosols, weathering and dissolution of rock minerals dissolve in water under the equivalent conditions such that release naturally fluorides in the environment. It was found they ionize into as shown in the following equations.(PAtil that in sea water fluoride concentration of around 1.2-1.4 and Ingole, 2012)(Kauffman,, 2005) mg/L, in ground water it can be up to 67mg/L in some cases and in most surface waters it will be less than 0.1mg/L. Table 1 Dissociation of fluoride Calcium fluoride Sodium fluoride: (Malik et al., 2010) ++ - CaF2→ Ca + 2F NaF → Na+ + F- - In India, fluoride commonly occurs in earth’s crust as F +→ HF F- + H+ → HF H + F+ → HF HF + F- → HF2 fluorspar (CaF2), appetite and rock phosphate and 2 ______Volume: 04 Special Issue: 11 | NIT Warangal CSWM-2015 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 55 IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

- In both these instances, fluoride is yielded as F , HF2 and HF high.Hungundtaluk is largely covered by alkali granite and and these will be chemically and physiologically identical meta-sediments with volcanic sequence which contain more with their equivalents irrespective of the two compounds fluoride and it increases the fluoride content in the they are delivered from(Patil and Ingole, 2012). The fluoride groundwater of area of Hungundtaluk. In study area content is a function of many factors such as availability and sugarcane, bajra, corn and toor dal cultivated in more solubility of parent fluoride minerals with which this quantity and consumption of these is also high. groundwater comes in contact.(Kauffman,, 2005) 4. METHODOLOGY Fluoride when consumed in excess (more than 1ppm) can cause several health problems. Fluorosis - a disease caused Some bore wells and open well points were identified in the by ingestion of fluoride in excess through water, food, and study area. Samples were collected from these wells and air and is a serious health problem. It affects young and old water test analysis was carried out for finding out the alike. An individual may suffer from Skeletal, Dental and concentration of Hardness, Fluoride, Calcium, Magnesium, Non-skeletal fluorosis. There will be muscle weakness, Acidity, Alkalinity, Chloride and Sulphate. The geological stiffness, pain in the muscle and loss of muscle power. It strata and other parameters are correlated with fluoride may also cause skin allergies, gastrointestinal problems.( concentration. RamGopal and Ghosh, 1985) Table 2 Analysis methods used 3. STUDY AREA Sl.No Parameter Instrument Method Total The study area selected shown in Fig.1, is Hungundtaluk, 1 Hardness Titration EDTA lies in Bagalkot district of Karnataka. The district is drained Calcium & by the river Krishna and its tributaries Ghataprabha and 2 Magnesium Titration EDTA Malaprabha. All these rivers enter district on the western side and flow in an easterly direction to join the Bay of 3 Fluoride Ion Meter Ion-Electrode Bengal. Rainfall as low as 318 mm annually. Canals are the 4 Chloride Titration Volumetric lifelines, providing much needed irrigation and drinking water to the district.The soil found in the area is usually 5 Acidity Titration Volumetric black or red and the soil is very fertile.The HungundTaluk 6 Alkalinity Titration Volumetric has30 panchayat villages. (Kugali and Yadave 2010)( 7 Cyber Scan Varadarajan and Purandara, 2008) Conductivity Conductivity Meter Cyber Scan 8 pH pH Meter Electrode 9 Sulphate Nephlometer Nephlometeric Flame 10 Potassium Photometer Flame 11 Sodium Photometer

5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS The obtained results are depicted in

Fig 1 Map of study area 14 12 Groundwater quality in Hungundtaluk was studied with 10 8 FLUORIDE special reference to the presence of fluoride(Kalshetty et al., 6 2013). High fluoride concentrations were found in this area. 4 PERMISSIBLE

Hence two villages namely, and Amingad of (mg/l) Fluoride 2 0

Hungundtalukwere considered for detail study. Amingadhas

K1 K4 K7

K10 K15

A22 A25 A29 A32 a population of about 13593 having 16.0619° north latitude A18

76.0603° east longitude and Kamatgihas a population of Fig 2 Fluoride concentration in wells about 14380 having 16.1190° north latitude 75.8482° east longitude. Both the villages are located at an altitude of 530m above sea level. The main occupation is agriculture.Sugarcane, bajra, corn and toor dal cultivated in more quantity and consumption of these is also ______Volume: 04 Special Issue: 11 | NIT Warangal CSWM-2015 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 56 IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

7 6 5 1800 1600 4 1400 Total 3 1200 hardness 2 1000 ALKALINITY

permissible 800 Total Hardness (g/l) Hardness Total

1 600 Alkalnity (g/l) Alkalnity 0 400 PERMISSIBLE

200

K1 K5 K9

K15

A24 A29 A33 A19 0

K1 K4 K7

K10 K15

A22 A25 A29 A32 Fig 3 Total Hardness concentration in wells A18

Fig 7 Alkalinity obtained in the samples

0.7 6 0.6 0.5 5 0.4 4 0.3 calcium 3 Calcium (g/l) Calcium 0.2 SULPHATE 0.1 permissble 2 Sulphate (g/l) Sulphate permissble 0

1

K1 K4 K7

K10 K15

A18 A22 A25 A29 A32 0

K1 K4 K7

K10 K15

A22 A25 A29 A32 Fig 4 Calcium concentration in wells A18

Fig 8 Sulphate obtained in the samples

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.2 1 Magnesium 1 0.8 permissible 0.8 0.6 Chloride 0.6

Magnesium (g/l) Magnesium 0.4 permissible

0.2 0.4 Chloride (g/l) Chloride 0

0.2

K1 K4 K7

K10 K15

A22 A25 A29 A32

A18 0

… … … … … …

…

K K

A A A A A

K4 K7 Fig 5 Magnesium concentration in wells K1

Fig9 Chloride obtained in the samples

Figures 2 to 9 represent the concentration of Fluoride, Total 0.18 Hardness, Calcium Magnesium, Acidity, Alkalinity, 0.16 Sulphate and Chloride respectively in the groundwater 0.14 samples collected. Total 29 samples were collected and out 0.12 0.1 ACIDITY of them 18 samples are above permissible limits in fluoride 0.08 concentration and total hardness. 3 samples are above

0.06 permissible limit in calcium concentration. 16 samples are Acidity (g/l) Acidity 0.04 above permissible limit in magnesium concentration. 5 0.02 samples are above permissible limit in alkalinity 0 concentration. 23 samples are above permissible limit in sulphate concentration. Other parameters are within range as

Fig 6 Acidity obtained in the samples per Indian standards for drinking water quality. ______Volume: 04 Special Issue: 11 | NIT Warangal CSWM-2015 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 57 IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

The regression equations were developed by taking Fluoride 1800 as dependent variable and other water quality parameters as y = 371.1e0.053x 2 1600 independent variables. The higher R values indicate better R² = 0.047 performance of the relationship and suitability in predicting 1400 the dependent variable. ( Navneet Kumar, 2011) 1200

1000

800 Alkalinity( mg/l) 600 14 y = 1.671e0.000x (mg/L) Fluoride 400 12 R² = 0.126 Expon. 10 200 (Alkalinity( F(mg/l) 8 mg/l)) 0 6 4 Expon. 0 5 10 15 2 (F(mg/l)) Fluoride (mg/L)Fluoride Alkalinity (mg/L) 0

0 5000 10000 Fig 13 Correlation of Fluoride and Alkalinity Total Hardness (mg/L) 0.18 Fig 10 Correlation of Fluoride v/s Hardness 0.16 y = 0.082e0.011x 0.14 R² = 0.003 14 0.12 12 0.001x y = 1.703e 0.1 10 R² = 0.070 Acidity(g/l) 0.08 8 0.06 F(mg/l) (mg/L) Fluoride 6 Expon. 0.04 (Acidity(g/l)) 4 0.02 Expon. Fluoride (mg/L)Fluoride 2 (F(mg/l)) 0 0 0 5 10 15 0 500 1000 Acidity (g/L) Calcium (mg/L) Fig 14 Correlation of Fluoride v/s Acidity Fig 11 Correlation of Fluoride v/s Calcium

14

0.140x 12 y = 295.5e R² = 0.023 y = 1.93e0.001x 10 6000 R² = 0.000 8 5000 F(mg/l) Sulphate(mg/l) 6 4000 3000

4 Expon. Fluoride (mg/L)Fluoride (F(mg/l)) 2000 Expon.

2 (mg/L) Fluoride 1000 (Sulphate(mg/l)) 0 0 0 20 40 0 5 10 15

Magnesium (mg/L) Sulphate (mg/L)

Fig 15.Correlation of Fluoride and Sulphate Fig 12. CCorrelation of Fluoride and Magnesium

______Volume: 04 Special Issue: 11 | NIT Warangal CSWM-2015 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 58 IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

The regression equations were developed by taking Fluoride 14 as dependent variable and other water quality parameters as 12 2 y = 1.684e0.000x independent variables. The higher R values indicate 10 R² = 0.102 dependency of Fluoride on hardness of water. Compared to 8 other parameters total hardness and chloride indicate F(mg/l) stronger relation. 6

Fluoride (mg/L) Fluoride 4 Expon. Awareness needs to be created in the villagers regarding the 2 (F(mg/l)) ill effects of fluoride content. The water sources with higher fluoride content should be treated and used. 0 0 500 1000 1500 REFERENCES

Chloride (mg/L) [1] JanardhanaRaju N., Dey,S., Gossel, W. and Wycisk, P. (2012) “Fluoride hazard and assessment of Fig 16.Correlation of Fluoride and Chloride groundwater quality in the semi-arid Upper Panda River basin,Sonbhadra district, Uttar The Figures 10-16 represent the correlation of Fluoride with Pradesh,India”, Hydrological Sciences Total Hardness, Calcium Magnesium, Acidity, Alkalinity, Journal,Volume 57(7) pp. 1433-1452 Sulphate and Chloride respectively. The Fluoride tends to [2] Kauffman, J.M., (2005)“Water defluoridation - A depend more on Hardness, and Chloride compared to any review of recent research and actions”, Journal of other minerals Analytical analysis of the data was carried American Physicians and Surgeons, Vol 10, (2), pp out. It was found that about 6.89% of the samples have 38-44 Fluoride concentrations less than 1 mg/l, 27.6% have [3] .Kugali,N.M and Yadave,M.S. (2010) “Pollution of concentrations in the range of 1.0-1.50 mg/l, 51.72% have drinking water due to fluoride and dental fluorosis at concentrations in the range of 1.50-3.0 mg/l and 13.79% of Hungundtaluk of Bagalkot district, Karnataka” . the samples have concentrations more than 3 mg/l. The International Journal of Applied Biology and minimum and maximum concentrations observed were Pharmaceutical Technology, Vol:I (2) pp 322-328 0.774 mg/l and 11.6 mg/l respectively. [4] Malik, A.H., Jilani, G. and Khan,A (2010), “Strategies for low-cost water defluoridation of 6. CONCLUSION drinking water-A review of progress”, Journal of The fluoride concentration is high in most of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, Vol. 32( 4), pp. 550- groundwater samples (18 out of 29 samples) and which 558 ranges from 1.58 – 11.6 mg/L. These values are above [5] Navneet Kumar,(2011)” Variation of fluoride and permissible limits as prescribed by various standards. So correlation with alkalinity in groundwater of shallow consumption of drinking water from these bore wells lead to and deep aquifers”. IJES Volume1(5), pp 884-890 various health problems. [6] Patil, SS., Ingole, N.W., (2012)“ Studies on defluoridation- A critical review”, Journal of During interaction, people of the study area were affected Engineering research and studies, Vol. 3, (1) pp.111- from pain in joints, neck, hip and backbone. This clearly 119 indicates the prevalence of skeletal fluorosis. [7] Ram Gopaland Ghosh,P.K (1985) “Fluoride in drinking water: its effects and removal”, Defence Fluoride content of groundwater in the granitic aquifers is Science Journal, Vol 35(1) pp.71-88. mainly due to rock-water interaction. Through weathering of [8] Rao,N.C.R.,(2003) “ Fluoride And Environment- A the primary minerals in rocks, fluoride is released into the Review”, Third International Conference on soil and groundwater, i.e., leaching of fluoride containing Environment and Health,Chennai,India,15-17 pp. minerals will yield fluoride in solution (JanardhanaRaju et 386 – 399. al.,2012). As the geological formation of our study area is [9] ShashiShekhar,T.R., Harish Babu, Vijaya Kumara granite gneiss, it can be concluded that the main cause for and Puttaiah,E.T. (2006) ” Effect of Fluoride Level the fluoride concentration in our study area is due to the in Drinking Water and Socio-economic Status on the geological formation. Prevalence of Fluorosis in MundargiTaluk”, Indian journal Environmental Protection, Vol. 26 pp.528- Fluoride bearing water are usually high in the alkalinity ( 530 SumaLatha et al., 1999). The ground water samples with [10] Suma.Latha,S., Ambika,S.R. and Prasad,S.J.(1999) high fluoride content are alkaline in nature (7.5-8.4). The “Fluoride contamination status of groundwater in alkalinity plays an important part in the mineralisation Karnataka”.http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar25/art process ( SumaLatha et al., 1999)( Shashishekhar et al., icles13.htm 2006), thus influencing the fluoride concentration. [11] Thergaonkar, V.P and Kulkarni, D.N (1971)“Observations on the relationship between alkalinity and fluorosis in fluoride bearing areas”.Indian J. Env.Health.,13(2):pp144-151. ______Volume: 04 Special Issue: 11 | NIT Warangal CSWM-2015 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 59 IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

[12] Tirumalesh, K., Shivanna, K., , A.A (2007), “Isotope hydrochemical approach to understand fluoride release into groundwaters of area, BagalkotDistrict, Karnataka, India”. Hydrogeology Journal, Volume 15,( 3) ,pp 589-598. [13] Varadarajan, N. and Purandara,B.K (2008)”Fluoride contamination in groundwater of Malaprabha sub basin”, Journal of Environ. Science &Engg Vol.5(2) pp.121-126

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