Guidance on Identification of Alternatives to New Pops

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Guidance on Identification of Alternatives to New Pops Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Guidance on identification of alternatives to new POPs Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention Concept of “Substitution” under the Stockholm Convention • The substitution is a strategy promoted by the Stockholm Convention to reach its objectives • Parties that are still producing or using the new POPs listed in Annex A, will need to search and identify alternatives to replace them • In the case of PFOS and for the exemptions for uses allowed by the Convention, these group of chemicals will be eventually prohibited and Parties are therefore encouraged to find alternatives to substitute them 2 Availability of alternatives • Currently, some countries have phased out the use of some of the new POPs, and there are feasible alternatives available to replace them Alternatives Chemical Name Use Ethoprop, oxamyl Pesticide to control banana root borer Cyfluthrin, Imidacloprid Pesticide to control tobacco wireworms Azadirachtin, bifenthrin, boric acid, carbaryl, Pesticide to control capsaicin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, ants and/or deltamethrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, cockroaches esfenvalerate, imidacloprid, lamda-cyhalothrin, Chlordecone malathion, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins, pyriproxyfen, resmethrin, s- bioallerthrin, tetramethrin Bacillus thuringiensis, cultural practices such Pest management as crop rotation, intercropping, and trap cropping; barrier methods, such as screens, and bagging of fruit; use of traps such as pheromone and light traps to attract and kill insects. 3 Alternatives Chemical Name Use Tris-chloropropyl-phosphate (TCPP), tris- ABS plastics chloroethyl-phosphate, and tris dichloropropyl phosphate (TDCPP), tetrabromobisphenol, triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCP), resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP), and phosphonic acid (2- ((hydroxymethyl) carbamyl)ethyl)-dimethyl Hexabromo- ester (Pyrovatex®) biphenyl Aluminium trihydroxide, magnesium hydroxide Coatings and lacquers and zinc borate Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is commonly Polyurethane foams used in combination with Aluminium hydroxide and Melamine. Red phosphorus, polyglycol esters of methyl phosphoric acid, amino-methyl phosphonic acid are other alternatives 4 Alternatives Chemical Name Use Permethrin; Bioallethrin and piperonyl Pharmaceutical uses butoxide; Pyrethrin and piperonyl butoxide; Pyrethrum and piperonyl butoxide; Precipitatedisulphur 6% in petrolatum and Crotamiton 10% (Eurax); malathion; Flumethrin; Cypermethrin; Cabaryl; Stemona root extract and benzyl benzoate y Disulfiram Lindane with bezylbenzoate. Clothianidin, Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Seed treatment Permethrin, Tefluthrin, Acetamiprid y Fipronil 5 Alternatives Chemical Name Use Melamine, tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) PUR foam phosphate (TDCPP) (or TCPP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Non-chemical alternatives have also been identified, include barrier technologies, graphite impregnated foam and surface treatment. Bromine-free circuit boards, phosphorus-based Electronic equipment- Pentabromo- flame retardants for printed circuit boards, appliances flame resistant plastic, halogen-free materials diphenyl and low-voltage internal wires. ether Zinc borate, magnesium hydroxide or expandable graphite. Antimony tetrakishydroxy methyl phosphonium Textiles chloride, phosphonitrilic chloride, pyrovatex, proban, aluminium hydroxide, aluminium hydrate, ammonium compounds, nitrogen phosphonic acid salt, ziconium acetate, borax, melamine. 6 Alternatives Chemical Name Use Cr (III) Metal plating Perfluorooctane Non-PFOS-based fluoro-surfactants; Fire fighting foam sulfonic acid silicone based surfactants; hydrocarbon (PFOS) its sales based surfactants; fluorine-free fire and fighting foams; and other developing fire fighting foam technologies that avoid the perfluorooctane use of fluorine. sulfonyl fluoride (PFOS-F) S-methoprene and pyriproxifen Control of leaf-cutting ants 7 Alternatives Chemical Name Use Tetrabromobisphenol-A; 1,2- For ABS plastic bis(pentabromophenoxy) ethane; 1,2- bis(tribromophenoxy) ethane; triphenyl phosphate; resourcinol bis (diphenylphosphate) and brominated polystyrene. Octabromo- Reactive phosphorous constituents such Synthetic Textiles as polyglycol esters of methyl diphenyl ether phosphonic acid and hexabromocyclododecane Bis (tribromophenoxy) ethane and Thermoplastic tribromophenyl allyl ether elastomers Polypropylene-dibromostyrene, Polyolefins dibromostyrene, and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) 8 ProposedProposed stepssteps toto identifyidentify andand evaluateevaluate alternativesalternatives 1. Identify uses 2. Identify alternatives 3. Screen alternatives • Initial environmental health and safety analysis • Technical feasibility assessment • Economic feasibility assessment 4. Assess alternatives • Assessment of risk • Cost benefit analysis 9 Step 1. Identify use and gather relevant information a) Data of production and import b) Ways in which the chemical and products containing them are used in industrial processes or other practices c) Potential emission into the environment d) Major suppliers and producers of the chemical e) Derivatives, components and end products that incorporate the chemical or use the chemical as a feedstock, f) Major distributors, retailers, or customers of end product g) Functionality requirements of chemical or component or end-product h) Relevant stakeholders, including businesses, industry associations, environmental, public health, and labor organizations 10 Step 2. Identify alternatives This step implies to identify potential alternatives achieving the equivalent function to the new POPs – Alternatives should include: • Changes to manufacture process : When the process of manufacture or production is obsolete. Changes should be directed to the use of clean technologies • Material substitutes: There are two options a) change the use of raw material in the process or b) to use a substitute of the new POPs • Changes to component/product design: Technological changes or modifications to the product could be other option 11 Step 3. Screening of alternatives a) Initial environmental, health and safety analysis • To conduct an initial screen to determine if the alternatives identified are not persistent, bio-accumulative, toxic or probable human carcinogenic b) Technical feasibility assessment. • Longevity, which means useful life of component/end-product • Key performance requirements determined by chemical application as power requirements, accuracy, etc. • Key physical characteristics referred to physical properties as density, color or weight • Key quality parameters such as time of maintenance, mean time between failure, mean time to repair or mean cycles between failure 12 c) Economical feasibility assessment Alternative products and processes may incur in additional cost. Thus, the following items should be reviewed: – Initial purchase price for chemical/alternative – Initial purchase cost for end-product/component – Availability of component/end-product – Capital costs: Cost for additional equipment required for switch to alternative – Key manufacturing costs for component/end-product – Key operating costs during use of end-product – Replacement rate: It means product, shelf/storage life – Key end-of-product life costs: It implies disposal fee – Other intangible costs: Includes costs not directly part of the production as employee and consumer training costs, safety costs, insurance, etc. 13 Step 4. Assessment of alternatives a) Assessment of risks • It is essential to ensure that the alternative does not pose an equivalent or major risks or shift the problem to another area (water, consumers). For that it is necessary to carry out an assessment of risks in which the hazards are identified and exposure is determined. • The identification of POP criteria in this assessment should be a priority. 14 b) Cost-benefit analysis • A comparison between benefits and costs of the alternative should be assessed. If the benefits are estimated to be about the same as or greater than the costs, the alternative should be used. The benefits should be focused on: – A lower risk of injury to people or environmental damage – Less need for safety measures (protective measures) and special routines during production, use, waste management and transport – A reduction in the quantity of hazardous waste generated, leading to lower waste management costs 15 Promoting development and use of safer alternatives – Establishing the Substitution Principle as central to chemicals policy – Green Procurement – Financial incentives – Raise awareness of the hazards of toxic chemicals – Promote and invest in Green Chemistry Research and Development 16 Substitution is taking place There are multiple case studies that corroborate the feasibility of the substitution and the usefulness of methodologies established to identify and evaluate alternatives. The case studies described in this section clearly show that the substitution of the new POPs is a feasible task, both technically and economically 17 Case study 1 Replacement of lindane by pyrethroides as insecticides for wood preservation •The substitution took place in Europe in the eighties and nineties •Four key factors were identified in this case study: •Process integration. For consumers there is no change in application technology •Awareness. Very high awareness among consumers and the public was the main reason for substitution •Risk information. The persistency and the contamination of lindane with ultra-toxic dioxins declined the
Recommended publications
  • Lindane – Product Discontinuation • the FDA Announced the Discontinuation of Lindane 1% Lotion and 1% Shampoo Due to Product Line Rationalization
    Lindane – Product Discontinuation • The FDA announced the discontinuation of Lindane 1% lotion and 1% shampoo due to product line rationalization. — The discontinuation is not due to product quality, safety or efficacy concerns. • Lindane lotion is indicated for the treatment of scabies (infestations of Sarcoptes scabei) only in patients who cannot tolerate other approved therapies, or have failed treatment with other approved therapies. • Lindane shampoo is indicated for the treatment of head lice (infestations of Pediculus humanus capitis), crab lice (infestations of Pthirus pubis), and their ova only in patients who cannot tolerate other approved therapies, or have failed treatment with other approved therapies. • Other prescription products indicated to treat lice include Ulesfia® (benzyl alcohol) 5% lotion, Ovide® (malathion) 0.5% lotion, Natroba™ (spinosad) 0.9% topical suspension, and Sklice® (ivermectin) 0.5% lotion. — Over-the-counter products indicated to treat lice include various formulations of 1% permethrin (eg, Nix®), various formulations of piperonyl butoxide/pyrethrins (eg, CareOne® Lice), and other miscellaneous products such as Lycelle®. • Other prescription products indicated to treat scabies include Eurax® (crotamiton) 10% cream and 10% lotion and Elimite™ (permethrin) 5% cream. optumrx.com OptumRx® specializes in the delivery, clinical management and affordability of prescription medications and consumer health products. We are an Optum® company — a leading provider of integrated health services. Learn more at optum.com. All Optum® trademarks and logos are owned by Optum, Inc. All other brand or product names are trademarks or registered marks of their respective owners. This document contains information that is considered proprietary to OptumRx and should not be reproduced without the express written consent of OptumRx.
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticide Registration Review; Testing, Vehicle Testing, and Modeling Proposed Interim Decisions for Several A
    Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 218 / Tuesday, November 12, 2019 / Notices 61055 mile benefit. Finally, Calsonic Kansei ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION number: (703) 305–7106; email address: used the LCCP model to estimate the AGENCY [email protected]. benefits of the technology, and this [EPA–HQ–OPP–2017–0750; FRL–10001–71] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: modeling also supported a credit value I. General Information of 1.1 grams/mile. Details of the bench Pesticide Registration Review; testing, vehicle testing, and modeling Proposed Interim Decisions for Several A. Does this action apply to me? are available in Nissan’s application. Pyrethroids; Notice of Availability This action is directed to the public III. EPA Decision Process AGENCY: Environmental Protection in general, and may be of interest to a Agency (EPA). wide range of stakeholders including EPA has reviewed the applications for environmental, human health, farm ACTION: Notice. completeness and is now making the worker, and agricultural advocates; the applications available for public review SUMMARY: This notice announces the chemical industry; pesticide users; and and comment as required by the availability of EPA’s proposed interim members of the public interested in the regulations. The off-cycle credit registration review decisions and opens sale, distribution, or use of pesticides. applications submitted by the a 60-day public comment period on the Since others also may be interested, the manufacturer (with confidential proposed interim decisions for the Agency has not attempted to describe all business information redacted) have following pesticides: cyphenothrin, the specific entities that may be affected been placed in the public docket (see flumethrin, imiprothrin, by this action.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 146/Friday, July 30, 2010/Notices
    44954 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 146 / Friday, July 30, 2010 / Notices 4. Submission of Your Response in the of the information? If so, please attach must be submitted for inclusion in the English Language a copy of the determination. public docket. All responses to this notice must be 6. For each category of information 2. Tips for Preparing Your Comments. in the English language. claimed as confidential, explain with When submitting comments, remember specificity why release of the to: 5. The Effect of Failure To Respond to information is likely to cause substantial • Identify the notice by docket This Notice harm to your competitive position. number and other identifying In accordance with 40 CFR 2.204(e)(1) Explain the specific nature of those information (subject heading, Federal harmful effects, why they should be Register date and page number). and 2.205(d)(1), EPA will construe your • failure to furnish timely comments in viewed as substantial, and the causal Explain your views as clearly as response to this notice as a waiver of relationship between disclosure and possible, avoiding the use of profanity such harmful effects. How could your or personal threats. your business’s claim(s) of • confidentiality for any information in competitors make use of this Describe any assumptions and the types of documents identified in this information to your detriment? provide any technical information and/ notice. 7. Do you assert that the information or data that you used. is submitted on a voluntary or a • Provide specific examples to 6. What To Include in Your Comments mandatory basis? Please explain the illustrate your concerns, and suggest If you believe that any of the reason for your assertion.
    [Show full text]
  • (Bpeo) Assessment: Discharge of Fish Farm Chemical Treatment Agents from a Wellboat
    MARINE (SCOTLAND) ACT 2010, PART 4: MARINE LICENSING BEST PRACTICABLE ENVIRONMENTAL OPTION (BPEO) ASSESSMENT: DISCHARGE OF FISH FARM CHEMICAL TREATMENT AGENTS FROM A WELLBOAT 1. Introduction 1.1 Background to application This Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) assessment supports an application for a sea disposal licence under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010, Part 4, Marine licensing. The purpose of this application is to ensure that all possible options are available as a treatment disposal method which in turn allows greater flexibility and allows all options for the fish to have an effective treatment when needed. The sites currently use tarpaulin treatments to administer any necessary sea lice medicines however as a responsible operator we are ensuring that all treatment methods are available to use to use to ensure best welfare of the stock. 1.2 Source of materials List the treatment products you wish to discharge following treatment. Excis, Alphamax, AMX, Salmosan, Salmosan Vet, Azasure or Paramove 50 E.g. Materials –Excis- are supplied by: Materials are manufactured by: Novartis Animal Health UK Ltd Vericore Ltd New Cambridge House Kinnoull Road Litlington Kingsway West Nr Royston Dundee DD2 3XR Herts SG8 0SS Alphamax/AMX Materials are supplied by:- AMX™ Company name:PHARMAQ Limited Address:Unit 15, Sandleheath Industrial Estate Fordingbridge, Hampshire SP6 1PA Telephone:01425 656081 Fax:01425 657992 Materials are manufactured by:- PHARMAQ AS Skogmo Industriomrade N-7863 OVERHALLA, Norway Tel - +47 74 28 08 00 Email:[email protected] Website:www.pharmaq.no Salmosan/Salmosan Vet Manufacturer/Supplier: Fish Vet Group Tel: +44 (0) 1463 717774 22 Carsegate Road Fax: +44 (0) 1463 717775 Inverness eMail: [email protected] IV3 8EX Scotland UK · Further information obtainable from: +44 (0) 1463 717774 eMail: [email protected] · Emergency telephone number: UK : +44 (0) 845 0093342 International: +44 (0) 1233 849729 (24/7) AZASURE Materials are supplied by:- Europharma Scotland Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Crotamiton, an Anti-Scabies Agent, Suppresses Histamine- and Chloroquine-Induced Itch Pathways in Sensory Neurons and Alleviates Scratching in Mice
    Original Article Biomol Ther 28(6), 569-575 (2020) Crotamiton, an Anti-Scabies Agent, Suppresses Histamine- and Chloroquine-Induced Itch Pathways in Sensory Neurons and Alleviates Scratching in Mice Da-Som Choi1,2,†, Yeounjung Ji1,2,†, Yongwoo Jang3, Wook-Joo Lee1,2 and Won-Sik Shim1,2,* 1College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, 2Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Incheon 21936, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea Abstract Crotamiton is an anti-scabies drug, but it was recently found that crotamiton also suppresses non-scabietic itching in mice. How- ever, the underlying mechanism is largely unclear. Therefore, aim of the study is to investigate mechanisms of the anti-pruritic effect of crotamiton for non-scabietic itching. Histamine and chloroquine are used as non-scabietic pruritogens. The effect of crota- miton was identified using fluorometric intracellular calcium assays in HEK293T cells and primary cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Further in vivo effect was evaluated by scratching behavior tests. Crotamiton strongly inhibited histamine-induced calcium influx in HEK293T cells, expressing both histamine receptor 1 (H1R) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), as a model of histamine-induced itching. Similarly, it also blocked chloroquine-induced calcium influx in HEK293T cells, express- ing both Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor A3 (MRGPRA3) and transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1), as a model of histamine-independent itching. Furthermore, crotamiton also suppressed both histamine- and chloroquine-induced calcium influx in primary cultures of mouse DRG. Additionally, crotamiton strongly suppressed histamine- and chloroquine-induced scratching in mice. Overall, it was found that crotamiton has an anti-pruritic effect against non-scabietic itching by histamine and chloroquine.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 115/Wednesday, June 16, 2010
    34126 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 115 / Wednesday, June 16, 2010 / Notices TABLE 2.—REGISTRANTS REQUESTING TABLE 2.—REGISTRANTS REQUESTING the cancellation action. Because the VOLUNTARY CANCELLATION—Con- VOLUNTARY CANCELLATION—Con- Agency has identified no significant tinued tinued potential risk concerns associated with these pesticide products, upon cancellation of the products identified Company Name and EPA Co. Number Company Name and EPA Co. Number Address Address in Table 1 of Unit II., EPA anticipates allowing registrants to sell and AZ970004; Chemtura Corpora- MN940003 Arysta Lifescience distribute existing stocks of these OR030022; tion North America, products for 1 year after publication of LLC WA910017 ATTN: Crop Reg- the Cancellation Order in the Federal istration, Michael 155401 Weston Dupre Parkway, Suite Register. Thereafter, registrants will be 199 Benson Road 150 prohibited from selling or distributing (2-5) Cary, NC 27513 the pesticides identified in Table 1 of Middlebury, CT Unit II., except for export consistent 06749 III. What is the Agency’s Authority for with FIFRA section 17 or for proper Taking this Action? disposal. Persons other than registrants OR910006; FMC Corp., Agricul- will generally be allowed to sell, Section 6(f)(1) of FIFRA provides that CO920001 tural Products distribute, or use existing stocks until a registrant of a pesticide product may Group such stocks are exhausted, provided that ATTN: Michael C. at any time request that any of its such sale, distribution, or use is Zucker pesticide registrations be canceled. consistent with the terms of the 1735 Market St., FIFRA further provides that, before previously approved labeling on, or that RM.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest
    INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC AGENTS This page intentionally left blank INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC AGENTS EDITED BY LAWRENCE I. GILBERT SARJEET S. GILL Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press, 32 Jamestown Road, London, NW1 7BU, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA ª 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved The chapters first appeared in Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science, edited by Lawrence I. Gilbert, Kostas Iatrou, and Sarjeet S. Gill (Elsevier, B.V. 2005). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) 1865 843830, fax (þ44) 1865 853333, e-mail [email protected]. Requests may also be completed on-line via the homepage (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Insect control : biological and synthetic agents / editors-in-chief: Lawrence I. Gilbert, Sarjeet S. Gill. – 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-12-381449-4 (alk. paper) 1. Insect pests–Control. 2. Insecticides. I. Gilbert, Lawrence I. (Lawrence Irwin), 1929- II. Gill, Sarjeet S. SB931.I42 2010 632’.7–dc22 2010010547 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-12-381449-4 Cover Images: (Top Left) Important pest insect targeted by neonicotinoid insecticides: Sweet-potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci; (Top Right) Control (bottom) and tebufenozide intoxicated by ingestion (top) larvae of the white tussock moth, from Chapter 4; (Bottom) Mode of action of Cry1A toxins, from Addendum A7.
    [Show full text]
  • TITLE: Lindane and Other Treatments for Lice and Scabies: a Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Safety
    TITLE: Lindane and Other Treatments for Lice and Scabies: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Safety DATE: 11 June 2010 CONTEXT AND POLICY ISSUES: Head lice infestation (Pediculosis capitis) affects millions of children and adults worldwide each year.1 Direct head-to-head contact is the most common mode of transmission.2 The highest prevalence of infestation occurs in school aged children aged three to eleven years, with girls being more commonly affected than boys.1,2 Although head lice are not generally associated with serious morbidity, they are responsible for significant social embarrassment and lost productivity in schools or offices.1 Scabies, an infestation of the skin by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, represents a common public health concern particularly in overcrowded communities with a high prevalence of poverty.3 Scabies is transmitted by close-person contact and occasionally by clothing or linens.3 Complications include secondary bacterial infections and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.3 Topical products available in Canada for the treatment of head lice and scabies are presented in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2. Insecticidal agents such as permethrin and lindane have historically been considered the standard treatments for head lice and scabies.2,3 Toxicity is low following topical administration of permethrin due to minimal percutaneous absorption.4 However, several jurisdictions have banned lindane due to concerns of neurotoxicity and bone marrow suppression, as well as potential negative effects on the environment (contamination of waste water).5 Furthermore, widespread use of permethrin, pyrethrins/piperonyl butoxide, and lindane has led to resistance and higher rates of treatment failure.6 Resistance patterns and rates to these agents in Canada have not yet been studied.6 Due to concerns surrounding resistance and neurotoxicity, patients and caregivers have searched for alternative treatments.
    [Show full text]
  • 4. Chemical and Physical Information
    PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS 131 4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION 4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY The naturally-occurring pyrethrins, extracted from chrysanthemum flowers, are esters of chrysanthemic acid (Pyrethrin I, Cinerin I, and Jasmolin I) and esters of pyrethric acid (Pyrethrin II, Cinerin II, and Jasmolin II). In the United States, the pyrethrum extract is standardized as 45–55% w/w total pyrethrins. The typical proportion of Pyrethrins I to II is 0.2:2.8, while the ratio of pyrethrins:cinerins:jasmolins is 71:21:7 (Tomlin 1997). Information regarding the chemical identity of the pyrethrins is presented in Table 4-1. Pyrethroids are synthetic esters derived from the naturally-occurring pyrethrins. One exception to the axiom that all pyrethroids are esters of carboxylic acids is noteworthy. There is a group of oxime ethers that exhibits insecticidal activity similar in nature to the pyrethrins and pyrethroid esters (Davies 1985). Little data exist regarding these compounds, and no commercial products have been produced. Commercially available pyrethroids include allethrin, bifenthrin, bioresmethrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate (fenvalerate), flucythrinate, flumethrin, fluvalinate, fenpropathrin, permethrin, phenothrin, resmethrin, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, and tralomethrin. Information regarding the chemical identity of pyrethroids is shown in Table 4-2. With the exception of deltamethrin, pyrethroids are a complex mixture of isomers rather than one single pure compound. For pyrethroids possessing the cyclopropane moiety, isomerism about the cyclopropane ring greatly influences the toxicity of these insecticides. The presence of two chiral centers in the ring results in two pairs of diastereomers. The diastereomers and their nonsuperimposable mirror images (enantiomers) are illustrated in Figure 4-1.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference Table for Scabies Treatment Permethrin and Crotamiton Products Are Commonly Used Over-The-Counter Products That Are FDA Approved Treatments for Scabies
    Reference Table for Scabies Treatment Permethrin and crotamiton products are commonly used over-the-counter products that are FDA approved treatments for scabies. Invermectin is an FDA approved treat- ment that is available by prescription in both an oral medication and a lotion. Lindane is FDA approved for scabies but is no longer recommended as a first-line treatment for scabies due to its potential CNS toxicity. Brand Chemical FDA Approved Dosage Side Effects Precautions Name Name Use Nix, Elimite, 5% Permethrin FDA approved for Apply 5% cream from neck Treatment may initially Do not get into eyes, nose, or mouth Generic cream treatment of sca- down over entire body pay- make redness, swell- If pregnant or breast feeding, consult health care pro- bies. For use in chil- ing special attention to all ing, or itching worse. vider for instructions if using treatment on self or chil- dren 2 months of folds and creases. Wash Tingling or numbness. dren. age and older. off thoroughly after 8-14 Notify health care provider of pre-existing illness or hours. Second application allergies. is advised after 7 days. Do not use if sensitive to ragweed or chrysanthemums. Eurax, 10% Crotamiton FDA approved for Apply 10% cream from Irritation and itching Do not get into eyes, nose or mouth Crotan cream or lotion treatment of sca- chin down over entire body If pregnant or breast feeding, consult health care pro- bies. For use in chil- paying special attention to vider for instructions if using treatment on self or chil- dren 6 months of all folds and creases.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyrethroid Registration: Review and Updates Daniel Dawson, Phd AMCA Legislative and Regulatory Committee Chemical Control Subcommittee Talk Outline
    Pyrethroid Registration: Review and Updates Daniel Dawson, PhD AMCA Legislative and Regulatory Committee Chemical Control Subcommittee Talk Outline Pyrethroid Overview Re-registration Registration Food Quality Protection Act Safety Factor Pyrethroids Synthetic pyrethrins Natural pesticides derived from chrysanthemums Neurotoxic Mode of Action Sodium channel blocker Paralyzes effected organism Toxic to arthropods Generally of low toxicity to vertebrates Can be toxic to fish Pyrethrin I Pyrethroids Pyrethrins degrade rapidly via solar radiation Pyrethroids chemically altered Be more resistant to solar degredation Resmethrin: Class 1 Pyrethroid Increase bio-activity Useful for Agricultural production Pest control Vector risk Changes bring increased risks Humans Cypermethrin: Class 2 Pyrethroid Non-target species Cyano-group Pyrethroid Use >3500 registered products Pets Treated Clothing Agriculture Mosquito Control Permethrin Resmethrin D-Phenothrin Re-registration As part of the Federal Insecticide Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA): Pesticides registered before 1984 had to be reviewed Ensure compliance with scientific and regulatory standards Authorized reregistration reviews 1988 Scientific studies Input from stakeholders Summarized in Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (REDs) Completed some 384 “cases” of pesticides by 2008 Concurrently, the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) required the reassessment tolerances of pesticides in food for human safety Completed 99% of tolerance assessment
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring for Resistance to Organophosphorus and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Varroa Mite Populations
    INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT Monitoring for Resistance to Organophosphorus and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Varroa Mite Populations 1,2 3 1 4 LAMBERT H. B. KANGA, JOHN ADAMCZYK, KEITH MARSHALL, AND ROBERT COX J. Econ. Entomol. 103(5): 1797Ð1802 (2010); DOI: 10.1603/EC10064 ABSTRACT The occurrence of resistance in Varroa mite populations is a serious threat to the beekeeping industry and to crops that rely on the honey bee for pollination. Integrated pest management strategies for control of this pest include the judicious use of insecticides. To monitor Þeld populations of Varroa mite for insecticide resistance, a glass vial bioassay procedure was developed to use in the development of a resistance management strategy. Diagnostic concen- trations needed to separate susceptible genotypes from resistant individuals were determined for cypermethrin (0.1 ␮g per vial), ßuvalinate (5.0 ␮g per vial), malathion (0.01 ␮g per vial), coumaphos (10.0 ␮g per vial), diazinon (5.0 ␮g per vial), methomyl (0.5 ␮g per vial), propoxur (0.1 ␮g per vial), and endosulfan (2.5 ␮g per vial). Resistance to organophosphorus insecticides (malathion, coumaphos) and pyrethroids (cypermetrhrin, ßuvalinate) was widespread in both La Media Ranch, TX, and Wewahitchka, FL, from 2007 to 2009. There was no resistance to endosulfan, diazinon, methomyl, and propoxur in Þeld populations of Varroa mite in the two locations where resistance was monitored. The seasonal patterns of resistance in Wewahitchka were different from those of La Media Ranch. In the former location, the frequency of resistance to all insecticides tested decreased signiÞcantly from 2007 to 2009, whereas it increased in the latter location.
    [Show full text]