Historical table

First description of Ibiza by Diodorus Caligula or Claudius on the reverse side, and on the obverse the figure of the god Bes . Siculus, taken from Timeus, (approx. 340· The salt and mining industries continued, and 250 B.C.) in SCHULTEN: «Fontes Hispaniae industry and commerce were maintained. Antiquae» 11 · (Barcelona, 1925). Roman Period «Diod ., v, 16 . Having already said sufficient concerning 70 AD. Sardinia, we shall now speak of the islands situated Vespasian grants Roman Law to all Hispanic peoples ; close by. After the aforementioned island is the one Ibiza loses her autonomy, exchanging her confederate called Pitiusa, named thus by virtue of the many pines situation for that of a municipality. growing there. It is in the middle of the sea and is three days and as many nights' distant from the IVth Century Pillars of Hercules ; a day and a night are sufficient to Ibiza and Formentera become part of the Balearic reach Libia, and one day's journey separates it from province created by Theodosius around the Balearic Iberia. Its extension is the same as that of Corfu and it Islands, (Ginnesias in Greek) . Mallorca and Menorca is moderately fertile: there are a few vineyards and oleasters grafted with olive-sprigs. And the wools produced there are of great renown, remarkable for V th to XI th Centuries their softne'ss. It is crossed by pleasant meadows and 425 hills and it has a city named Ebusos, and it is a colony The Vandal Gunderic devastates the Ba learics. of the Cathaginians. It also has ports worthy of Ibiza and Fo rmentera once again depend upon Carthage. mention and great walls as well as a considerable 484 number of admirably built house·s. It is inhabited by Th e Arian Vandal Huneric summons to Carthage the barbarians of all types, principally 'Pho enicians. Th e Catholic bi'shops, and among those who defend the colonization of this island took place more than one Catholic Faith is Opilion, bishop of Ibiza. hundred and seventy years after the founding of 535 Belisarius conquers t he islands for the Byzantine Carthage.» Empire. 693 Historical Names Islam seizes Carthage . The Arab invasions begin . 682-712 The islands of Ibiza and Formentera were known to the Theodoric defeats the Byzantine squadron . Greeks by the names of Pytioussa and Ophious·sa. The This po'ssibly marks the moment when the islands Carthaginian co lonizers gave Ibiza the name of Ibosim, beco me incorporated into Visigothic Spain. Aibusim, or Ebusim, which means Is·land of Bes -an 707 Egyptian god which the Carthaginians adopted- and Abdallah , firstborn son of Muza, conquers Mallorca. on coins the name appeared under the abbreviation IBSM . A period of more than five centuries of assaults and Adaptations of Ibo'sim : chang ing powers begins. Ib erian - Ebeso 798 Greek - Ebysos Probable date of Ch arlemagne's rescue expedition. Latin - Ebusus Th e Caliphate of Cordova, the Emirs of Deni a, the Arab - Yebisah Almoravids, the independent Dynasty of the Aben­ Catalan - Eivissa Ganyas and the Almohades succeed each other in Castilian -Ibiza dominat·ion of the islands, agai nst Arab incursions.

Prehistory In the middle of the ninth century 300 of the Emir of With the exception of the Dolmen of Ca Na Costa on Cordova's warships take control of the islands. Formentera (2nd millennium B.C.) , the few remains 859 of this period are vague. Invasion and devastation of the islands by the Normans . Punic Period 901 -902 654 B.C . The islands are finally annexed to Is lam. Th e Carthaginian colonization and founding of Ibiza. 1087 509-348 B.C. A period of independence begins. Carthagi nian commercial and military control of the Western Mediterranean, defined by the treaties of XII th Century Cathage with Gadir (Cádiz), Ebysos, Sardinia and 1108 Sicily. Th e Norwegian Prince Sigur pays an advantageous Carthaginian control of this area forced the Greeks to visit to the island of Formentera. estab lish their colonie's on the northern coast of 1114 Mediterranean Iberia. The combined armadas of Pisa and Aragon under the Ibiza thus acquired strategic and commercial importance, command of the Count of Barcelona , Ramon proof of the latter being the great number of issues Berenguer 111 , with a fleet of 500 ships, 300 of them of its own coinage. Pisan, leave Salou on St John 's day and land on Ib iza Explotation of the salt pans, along with the fishing, between 21 July and 10 August. The three precincts mining, agricultural and ceramic industries, was begun of the Arab wall were take in succession, the city at this time. was destroyed and the fortffications demolished. The Arabs were still in pawer during this period o Neo·Punic Period 146 B.C. The fall of Carthage. XIII th Centry Ibiza made a pact with Rome after the fall of Carthage 1235 and obtained the greate'st degree of autonomy Catalan conquest. allowable under Roman law. Granted as fiefs by Jaime I on Saint Ciriaco's day, Ibiza coinage was issued with the head of Tiberius, August 8, the town and country of Ibiza are conquered

48 by the t roops of Guillermo de Mongrí, Nuño Sans and XVI th Century Pedro, Prince of Portugal. 1518 The five Arab districts - Alhauet, Xarc, Benizamid, Algarb, and Portmany- are reorganized and divided During Carlos I's offensive against Algeria, the troops into the «quartons » Pl a de la Vila, Santa Eulalia or of D. Hugo de Moncada, billeted on Ibiza while the Del Rey , Balanzat. Portmany, and Las Salinas. Th e first boats w ere being repaired, sack the island through was divided into four parts which were added to the lack of payment. rest forming the four fiefs to be divided among The Ibiza coast is frequently laid waste. the conquerors. 1554 Pr ince Felipe co mmissions the Roman enginee r Mongrí was given two districts. Benizamid and Juan Bautista Calvi to construct the walls. Algarb, for having provided twice as many troops as 1555 the others, while Xarc fell to the Prince of Portugal , The same engineer is commissioned to fortify the and Portmany to t he Count of Rosselló (Nuño Sans) . church of Santa Eulalia and the tower of the salt pans (today the tower of Sal Ros a) . Th e island of Formentera was al'so divided into four 1565 «quartons »: Es Cap , Porto Saler, Carnatge , and La Construction of the San Juan bastion o Mola. 1578 On September 15 1235 , one month and seven days Extension of the tower of San Juan and construction after the conquest became known , order was given of the Santa Lucia bastion under the charge of to endow the people of Mallorca with the parish church Jacobo uFratin ... of Santa María de Ibiza . 1242 1584 Th e Portal de las Tablas is put in place . On the death of the Count of Rosselló, 1586 his executors sold his «cuartón» to the king who, in The Dominicans settle in Nuestra Señora de Jesús. turn, sold it to Montgrí; thus all three domains came 1587 under the Archbishopric of Tarragona. The Prince The Dominicans are given permission to build their of Portugal 's uquartón » was also either sold or given monastery within the walls. in exchange to the ki ng and, for this reason , was 1592 given the name «c uartón » Del Rey . 1261 The foundation stone of the present-day church of Santo Domingo is blessed. The people of Ibiza were granted the right to share in the pl'Ofits of the salt industry. 1267 XVII th Century This concession was increased to the people of Ibiza Precarious economic situation, a grave monetary being allowed total benefit from the salt 'industry, the crisis and famine in the countryside 600 people die overlords retaining control and jurisdiction over the pans . of plague in Ibiza and its suburbs. 1286 1662 Ibiza and Formentera are annexed to the kingdom of The Archbishop of Tarragona converts the ~c uartón» Mallorca. chapels into vicarages . 1299 1686 Letter of Exemption as the basis for local law. The Jesuit Brotherhood is formed. By concession of Jaime " the University of Ibiza was 1697 set up as a regularly functioning single organ of The repopulation of Formentera is begun . municipal government for the two islands. XVIII th Century XIV th Century The House of Bourbon is installed in Spain. At the beginning of the century the four original Onofre Rimbau , Catalonia, Aragon, Valencia population of Ibiza falls to about 3000 , ano Mallorca before Charles 111 , Archduke of Austria, while Formentera became uninhabited by the end of an Anglo-Dutch fleet of 28 ships lands on Ibiza . Th e the century. University and the island of Ibiza recognize the 1335 Archduke. Two messengers from the Ibiza dignitaries obtain from 1708 Jaime 11 of Mallorca the right to be protected by a A free school for reading , writing and arithmetic is a corsair who had established himself on the island. set up in the Dominican Monastery. 1343 1715 Pedro el Ceremonioso takes possession of Ibiza Barcelona having been taken in September of the Castle. previous year by French troops aiding Felipe V, Ibiza 1348 swears fidelity to the monarch, the salt pans The Black Pla'gue . becoming royal property through right of conquest. 1359 1725 An attack by Pedro el Cruel is rebuffed by Guillermo The first trees of the poplar grove are pl anted in «La de L/agostera; the island is razed to the ground and Tarongeta » (now Pl aza Cayetano Soler) . Pedro el Ceremonioso subsidizes the repair of the 1726 walls. The church-fortress of San Francisco Javier on Formentera is blessed. (The defense complex is XV th Century completed with the coastal towers on the islands A century of want, lacking in political events. and the Espal mador Tower) . During the second half of the century the original 1728 church of Nuestra Señora de Jesús is bUilt, and the The reconstruction of the parich church of Santa Franciscan Brotherhood establ ishes itself there in Maria is completed. 1498. The altarpiece by Rodrigo de Osona, still 1730 uAny d'es tró » preserved there, dates from this time. The king (Year of the thunder) allows the adoption of the system known as ude Santa Lucia explodes due to an electric spark. It saco y suerte .. by which University posts were given caused great damage and the death of fifteen people. by ,Iot, in this way avoiding favouritism and discord 1732 caused by a purely elective process. As a result of the increase in t he rural population ,

49 two new churches are bui lt. Th is year saw the Ibiza now has 15.496 inhabitants. completion of the chu rc hes of San José and , shortly 1798 afterwards, San Juan . In the upper town live 450 fam ilies, while 77 inhabit 1735 La Marina. A Royal Oecree concedes «an annual donation of two 1799 t housand, six hundred «pesos» of salt on condition From the .Cansus of Spain 's Te rritorial and Industrial that there should be a general call to arms against the Wea lth - we learn that Ibiza and Formentera form the Infidel when needed, and that account should be province of Ibiza, one of the thirty-four into which given of the distribution of the said amount before Spa in is divided. the Tribun als» . At the end of the century there are battles between 1746 the corsairs of Ibiza and the English and French , due Facts from a mun icipal leaflet giving an account of to the different alliances of Spain and France in the the proclamation of Fernando VI : the number of Bat tle of Trafalgar and the War of Independence. houses in the town is 200 , and in the suburb, 420 . The corsair Antonio Riquer y Arabí defeats the 1749 gunboat Felicity. Th e construction of t he Espalmador tower is ordered. 1764 The military engineer O. José García draws up the plan of Ibiza by request of the Town Hall . XIX th Century 1767 1800 Expulsion of the Jesuits. The corsairs' allowances and government taxes to 1782 finance the war made the first years of the new A Papal Bull authorizing the creation of a bishorpric century a period of penury for the island, with on Ibiza. continuous peasants' revolts. Ibiza receives the title of city. 1809 1784 The lord mayors of the towns request the Su preme The first bishop of t he modern era , Abad y Lasierra, Central Administration to abo lish the «Nou Sistema » arrives on Ib iza . and the Government Junta, which had enemies from The division of Ibiza and Formentera into parishes is from the very beginning . begun, and completed in 1785. 1812 1786 The first constitutional board of town councillors is The church of San Francisco Javier, on Formentera, elected. becomes a parish church, and two new parishes are 1833 created, one in La Mola (El Pilar) and the other in Th e province of Baleares 'is created , along the Las Salinas (San Fernando) . remaining Spanish provinces, and the islands' six 1789 municipalities are formed, that of the city of Ibiza The king commissions Cayetano Soler to carry out the being the smallest. Pl an of Reforms , which included the construction of 1834 new public buildings, industries and educational The postal service between Palma and Ibiza set up . centres. 1835 A ramp is begun to make the climb up to El Portal The Oominican Fri ars are expelled from their de las Tablas easier. Monastery and the State confiscates their goods, Water is brought to a public fountain from San which are transferred at a low price. The church Rafael. remained at the disposal of the ordinary and the Plans are drawn up for new towns in all the parishes ; monastery building was converted for use as town as the construction of Santa Eulalia del Río is begun hall , jai I and other services. with the first public fountain and the planting of the 1846 poplar 'grove. The first printing press opens, and the first A hundred boundary stones are put into position to periodical, the review «El Ebusitano», is published. mark the limits of the «quartons». 1848 At the same time Cayetano Soler establishes the Th e first extension of the suburb of La Marina, «El «Nou Sistema» (New System), which implied a Poble Nou», is begun , from the San Juan bastion political and economic transformation. The suburb to what is now Calle del Conde de Roselló. of La Marina grows considerably during this century. 1849 A low wall, called L'Estacada, is built (closing La Plane trees are planted in the Alameda (Paseo Vara Marina from the San Juan bastion to the beach, and de Rey) . with a gate opening into Calle de la Cruz) , and 1851 measures are taken to limit its growth, for defense Th e Concordat of this year abolishes the diocese of reasons. Maritime traffic and privateering increases Ibiza and attaches it to that of Mallorca. Thi s and , at the end of the century, Ibiza and Formentera attachment is never carried out, however, since the become the province of Ibiza. the diocese is run by capitulary vicars. A Royal Command establishes the foundation of a 1860 town in each of the recently created parishes. Telegraphic communications are set up between Cayetano Soler demarcates 18 towns. Th e attempts Valencia and Mallorca. to group the rural population around churches and 1863 town halls fails due to the country people's It is agreed to install street lighting. independent character. 1869 1794 Th e first of the island 's roads , from Ibiza to San Bishop Azara, president of the Junta of the Plan of San Antonio, is completed. Reforms , obtains from His Majesty premission to 1871 convert what was formerly the Jesuits' house into Th e State sells the salt pans to a private ma inland a seminary or study centre. company. 1795 1882 Clemente Llócer is ordained Bishop of Ibiza, and Approval of a project for a modern port in Ib iza , the it was he who was to move eathedral choir from the construction of which lasted until the beginning of centre of the church to behind the main altar. this century. 1797 The wall of the first stockade is demolished. Cayetano Soler is transferred to the Court. An The zigzagging ramp of the Portal de las Tablas is «Inventory of New Establishments and Improvements» substituted by a more modern straight one , is drawn up for Ibiza. perpendicular to the port.

50 1885 1927 Work on the port is begun , to be finally finished Restoration of the apostol ic see of Ibiza, with in 1912. They were negotiated by the deputy Cipriano Salvio Huix as its first bishop. Carijo and planned by the engineer D. Emilio Pou. 1928 The straits which separate the islands of Grossa, Construction of the present-day dockyard. Plana , and De l Botafoc are closed. 1929 1888 Plan for the extension ot Santa Eulalia. Alomar was The first telephone is installed at Las Salinas. the architect. 1892 A third-class road from the La Savina landing 1930 stage to the Lighthouse, on Formentera, is included Extension between Avenida España and Carretera San in the General Road Plan . Antonio. Alomar was the architect. The «Diario de Ibiza .. (Ibiza Daily) appears. 1931 1894 The Punic-Roman necropolis ot Puig des Molins is The ice-making machine is installed. declared a historical-artistic complex. The kiosk on the Paseo de las Adelfas, La A lameda , 1934 Paseo Vara de Rey, is completed. Extension : Avenida España-Necropolis-Figueretas. Construction begins of the present-day breakwater, Architect: José Alomar. using stones from Clot Vermey. 1942 1898 A construction plan for the area between the The Teatro Pereyra is constructed. Li-ghtnouse and the town of San Antonio is drawn up . Emigration to South America and Cuba takes place Architect: José Alomar. during the last quarter of the century. The walls and the cathedral tower are declared a The population increases slowly. In 1900 there are National Historical and Artistic Monument. 25814 inhabitants on the two islands, 23.556 of them 1949 on Ibiza. The northern extension of the city of Ibiza is planned . 1952 Puig de Missa de Santa Eularia des Riu is declared a XX th Century Historical and Artistic Complex. 1903 1958 The Ibiza Archaeological Society (Sociedad Arqueoló- Ibiza Airport is opened to commercial traffic. gica Ebusitana) is founded. General Plan tor Sant Antoni de Portmany. Architect: 1904 Rafael Llabrés . The monument to Vara de l Rey is inaugurated by 1964 Alphonso XIII. The Chapel of Santa Agnes is declared a National The first excavations in the Punic necropol is are Historical and Artistic Monument . carried out by D. Juan Roman Calvet and D. Arturo 1965 Pérez Cabrero. The fourteenth-century church of San Cristóbal , in 1912 tile Augustinian Convent in Dalt Vila, is demolished. Paseo Vara del Rey is extended -«Sector Alameda .. - 1969 by the provincia! architect José A lomar. The city of Ibiza, including Dalt Vila, La Marina, and 1915 Peña, is declared a Historical and Artisti-c Monument. Paseo Vara del Rey is further extended northwards 1972 -«Lado Norte Vara del Rey .. - planned by Guillermo After 10 years of transactions, the Provincial Plan Rainés. for the Balearics is approved. The Ministry of War Inauguration of the monument to the Ibiza corsairs in gives over the Castle and the territories of El Soto the port of Ibiza. to Ibiza Town Hal l. 1922 A telegraphic service is installed between Ibiza and 1973 The General Plan for the Ibiza Municipality is approved. Formentera.

Observacions

A II the works in the gu ide are accessible by road. ideal for viewing architecture. To visit ·Iocal rural houses it is advisable always to The general maps of the islands, on which the works ask permission beforehand from 'their occupants, are marked, are reproduced at a scale of 1 :75000 . This even if only to view the outsides. scale is the same as that of most tourist plans The interiors of churches are best visited currently on sale. during religious services since many of them remain Postcards and tourist guides are a good complement closed t he rest of the day. The churches' Saints' to this guide. Days are 'specially recommended for visiting. AI I the plans of churches and rural houses are Ibiza is a very luminous island, the light at dusk being reproduced to the samescale.

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