Democratic People’s Republic of Korea No. 21 (3 109) weekly http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp e-mail:[email protected] Sat, May 23, Juche 109(2020)

MESSAGE LEAD Chairman Kim Jong Un sends Big efforts put into chemical industry building blessings to Cameroonian President The DPRK sees the relying on glauberite. development of the chemical When glauberite is processed, Kim Jong Un, chairman of the people of Cameroon have their work for the prosperity industry as one of the important sulphuric acid, caustic soda the State Affairs Commission made great successes in their of the country, he expressed solutions to building a self- and sodium carbonate can be of the DPRK, on May 20 efforts to defend the country's the belief that good relations supporting economy. In other obtained without salt. The sent a message of greetings sovereignty and achieve of friendship and cooperation words, it plans to get raw DPRK has rich deposits of to Paul Biya, president of the peace, stability and national between the two countries materials that do not exist in the glauberite. Republic of Cameroon, on the unity under the leadership of would grow stronger in the country or are in short supply by When the sodium carbonate occasion of its national day. the president. Wishing the future. chemical methods by developing production process with a total the chemical industry and thus floor space of tens of thousands In the message, the Korean Cameroonian president and give impetus to the growth of of square metres which uses leader referred to the fact that his people greater progress in KCNA the overall economy. glauberite as starting material To this end, it is working hard is rebuilt at the complex, it will DPRK-THAILAND to build a new chemical industry produce sodium carbonate, relying on locally available raw ammonium sulphate, gypsum materials and resources, and and raw materials for glass. Internet photo show celebrates anniversary rearrange, reinforce, modernize Projects are also being and reenergize chemical stepped up on an annual basis to factories. turn the production processes of of DPRK-Thailand diplomatic ties Primary effort is being the Namhung Youth Chemical directed to establishing the C1 Complex, Hungnam Fertilizer An internet photo exhibition Thai royal court members on expressed their impressions chemical industry. Complex and February 8 was held in Thailand to mark their visit to the DPRK and about the photo show and their Today, the countries that Vinalon Complex into energy-, the 45th anniversary of the those showing the looks of the intention to make positive have no or less oil deposits are labour- and resource-saving establishment of diplomatic DPRK. efforts to develop bilateral developing the C1 chemical and environment-friendly ones, relations between the After visiting the website, friendship. industry in the direction of along with the ones to complete DPRK and the Kingdom of personages of the Thai national The Thai media also published synthesizing such organic a new type of processes for Thailand. assembly, ministry of culture, reports in commemoration of compounds as methanol, the production of vinyl sheet A Thai university posted on organization for the study of the anniversary. synthetic fuel oil, ethyl alcohol, for greenhouses and melamine its website the photos showing the Juche idea and Thailand- acetic acid and olefins with resin. President Kim Il Sung meeting DPRK friendship association KCNA carbon monoxide and hydrogen The DPRK also pays close that are obtained from coal, attention to the work of using POWER natural gas or oil stone. locally abundant lignite as a The Sunchon Chemical raw material for the chemical Complex is now pushing a industry. Technical innovation helps project for the completion of the At the Sinuiju Chemical Fibre methanol production process, Mill, sci-tech measures have an important task in building been taken to put the reed-based increase power output the C1 chemical industry. paper production for textbooks It works to solve technological on a normal footing and a The Sunchon Thermal Power its efficiency. breaker and other power problems arising in establishing project for upgrading the mill Station has recently boosted Characteristic of the equipment. the C1 chemical industry, progresses apace. electricity production with the remodelled devices is that According to the chief staffer including the production of Researches are intensified to help of technical innovations. the shape of blades is quite at the technical department, the additives capable of converting set up an advanced chemical “Our power station is pushing different from the original one station established a process of anthracite, which is used to industry, especially research forward with an undertaking and the poles of motor have producing light insulating fire generate gas, into the state of into Lyocell fibre in the for finding out and introducing been changed. In other words, brick which proves effective suspension and that of high- limelight of the world and the into production realistic ordinary moving blades have in drastically raising heat pressure oxygen needed for gas preparations for the completion plans conducive to removing been replaced with scoop- efficiency while reducing heat generation. of dry distillation process of deviations revealed in the past shaped ones and six-polar motor loss as compared to the past. A project is also carried on in brown coal. production and shoring up has been installed in place of In close collaboration with a a planned way to modernize the On May 1, the Sunchon production,” said Sok Tu Hung, octupole one. professional research group, the chemical industry and readjust, Phosphate Fertilizer Factory was manager of the thermal power Accordingly, air preheater station made pumps needed for reinforce and activate chemical inaugurated as another fertilizer station. was replaced and coarse the fur-preventing equipment in factories. industry base that can mass- The station employed a separator in the undifferentiating the boiler system and applied An undertaking is under way produce high-concentration technique that can increase system remodelled to promote a supersonic wave-based at the Namhung Youth Chemical ammonium phosphate fertilizer. the generating capacity per the efficiency of generating instrument for measuring the Complex to renovate the sodium generator by introducing the facilities. thickness of pipes in the boiler carbonate production process By Jong Hwa Sun PT high-temperature air combustion As a result, the efficiency of room in real time. stabilization technology generator No. 3 has improved In addition, it solved technical including those for raising the festivals on several occasions. into heating equipment. The further to generate much more problems arising in introducing efficiency of generators by “Technicians of our power introduction of this technique electricity. frequency converter into coal building up the reactive power station are now working to has made it possible for the The power station developed feeder and refashioned a feed- production capacity of thermal further improve the high- station to put production on and introduced a new control water pump, which had impeded power generator field system temperature air combustion normal track while saving program that facilitates real- production due to its low and technically upgrading stabilization technology by dozens of tons of heavy oil that time monitoring and automatic capacity, in order to increase the ventilators and blowers and drawing on the successes had been consumed to stabilize control over the power output and performance of each those for saving heavy oil, thus already made,” said Won Il Sok, combustion. production system and made generator. winning a gold medal at the 15th deputy chief engineer in charge It also refashioned the blower an effective measurement- In recent years alone, national exhibition of inventions of production. and ventilation device of protection device, air heating it brought out dozens of and new technologies and high generator No. 3 to further boost equipment, large transformer, technical innovation plans appraisals at national sci-tech By Chae Hyang Ok PT Page 2 Sat, May 23, Juche 109(2020)

CONTRIBUTION INSPECTION He is the father of Premier inspects around our children South Hamgyong When International Children’s round different places. playing at the room of physical Day (June 1) draws near every At the general playing room exercise. year, the days when Supreme consisting of sections for playing Many fathers fail to visit the Leader Kim Jong Un visited our at housekeeping and doctor and kindergarten of their children. kindergarten come to my mind. doing jigsaw, that for playing However, the Supreme As he satisfactorily looked with construction sets and that Leader visited the kindergarten at the children frolicking at the of rural landscape, he said it was two times in 2012 alone and courtyard during his visit to built well to meet the juvenile cared about the matters even we our kindergarten which sprang mind, and even underwent a teachers and parents had failed up modernly in Changjon “medical examination” from to think of, though he was busy Street on May 30 2012 before a child doctor in a white gown working day and night while International Children’s Day, hanging a stethoscope around shouldering the heavy burden the Supreme Leader suddenly her neck at the section for of the country alone. said that children might get playing at being a doctor. So, we hanged a picture of hurt when they fell down on the After making the rounds of the Supreme Leader among courtyard paved with pitch and the kindergarten, he expressed our children on the wall took a measure on the spot. satisfaction, saying all spaces of the entrance hall of our Therefore, a large area of from floor to ceiling turned kindergarten. the yard was covered with into an education-oriented I want to declare that the Premier Kim Jae Ryong (second from left) is briefed on rubber mats, turfs were laid on environment and it was properly song We Are the Happiest in Tanchon Port. the playground and some ten built to develop the children’s the World sung by our children Premier Kim Jae Ryong, Branch of the State Academy amusement facilities were added intelligence to the maximum on will reverberate more loudly as member of the Political Bureau of Sciences, the Hungnam to the yard and the interior. the basis of deep research into they hold him as the leader of of the Central Committee of the Pharmaceutical Factory and On July 14, less than two their psychology. the country. Workers' Party of Korea and other units. He stressed the months since then, the Supreme That day he saw the member of the State Affairs need to continue to direct Leader dropped in at the calligraphy of children and had Ri Kang Juk, head of Commission of the DPRK, efforts to scientific research and kindergarten again and looked a photograph taken with those Kyongsang Kindergarten inspected different units in consolidate the material and South Hamgyong Province. technical foundations for the As he inspected Tanchon production of pharmaceuticals of rivers on a large scale so North Phyongan Province Port, the Tanchon Smeltery, and gave pep talks to the as to protect farmland from transplants rice seedlings in Hungnam Fertilizer Complex officials and farmers of the Nationwide flood. well over a thousand hectares and Kowon and Sudong coal Sangsan Cooperative Farm Kim Jong Un sends North Hwanghae Province every day after choosing mines, he discussed measures in Kowon County who are to birthday spread to concentrated efforts on the the right places for rice to increase production and step produce a fine crop of wheat. centenarian reconstruction of roads and transplanting. up various construction projects The field consultative meetings Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un the improvement of rivers. Kangwon Province focuses such as railway construction took steps to steadily boost sent a birthday spread to Suan, Sinphyong and on increasing the operation and capacity expansion. production and construction, U In Sun, a centenarian in Phyongsan counties widened rate of tractors and rice- At the Ryongsong Machine achieve the integration of Chongdam-ri of Tongsin and straightened roads and transplanting machines, and Complex, February 8 Vinalon science and technology with County, Jagang Province, installed safety posts in a North Hwanghae Province Complex and Hungnam production and ensure relevant on her 100th birthday. qualitative way. concentrates manpower on the Electrode Factory he instructed units produce and supply coal, She was born into a peasant Kumchon County dredged areas with lots of rice paddy officials to strictly ensure the equipment and materials in a family before Korea’s rivers to remove 1 000 fields and takes appropriate quality and quantity of custom- responsible manner. liberation. cubic metres of earth, measures for the supply of built equipment and products. After liberation she led while Hwangju, Singye and water. He also visited the Hamhung KCNA a happy life as she worked Jangphung counties cleared Pyongyang, Nampho, South diligently as an agricultural the surrounding of reservoirs Hamgyong Province and worker for decades. and rivers. others positively introduce grassland, while the Sinuiju improving the native Korean She lives in comfort as Jagang Province finished advanced farming methods, Youth Goat Farm built 200 evodia into a good breed. she receives regular medical the reconstruction of some while mobilizing all labour hectares of new grassland In order to improve the service thanks to the benefit of 80 kilometres of roads, the force and means available for by planting different feed native species into a good the socialist healthcare system. construction and repair of rice-transplantation. grasses. breed with high productivity, bridges and banks and river North Hwanghae Province they gathered slips from General mobilization for dredging in the shortest time has made it possible to increase good breeds and ensured the land administration in full possible. production by planting over rooting rate of scions at over swing Kangwon Province built seven million trees in an area 90 percent by an upper bud Notable achievements dozens of new sewage of thousands of hectares and grafting method. have been made as the entire purifying sites and carried out sowing at least ten tons of And since the fruits of the population has turned out in the the construction and repair of feed grass seeds. tree grow only at their edges, spring general mobilization for many dwelling houses and The Unjong Stockbreeding they trimmed its branches land administration. public buildings to give a Tens of thousands of Cooperative Farm in North to make more spaces for the South Hwanghae Province facelift to streets and villages. hectares of grassland built Hwanghae Province has tree to get more sunshine. installed, upgraded and repaired North Hamgyong Province across DPRK spread much organic manure They conducted research on dust cleaners at over 50 units, and Kaesong reconstructed Strenuous efforts have been over 400-odd hectares of the rational method of care added a filtering process to and repaired all roads and river made in all parts of the DPRK newly-created grassland. after grafting and completed industrial waste-water settling banks while planting trees to build grassland, with the After building thousands the methods of nutrition ponds for dozens of objects and of good species and painting result that tens of thousands of of hectares of grassland with management and prevention rearranged sewage reservoirs in buildings. hectares of new grassland have highly-nutritious grass seeds of damage from harmful order to prevent environmental been created throughout the and tree saplings, Kangwon insects to suit each period. pollution. Rice-transplanting starts country in less than a year. and South Hamgyong The introduction of these Anak County replaced Rice-transplanting has North Phyongan Province provinces are manuring methods into Jongju and the purifying process of a begun on farms in the DPRK. has secured over 4 000 and cultivating them in a Unjon County has proved foodstuff factory with a three- Farmers in South Hwanghae hectares of grassland by responsible manner. that they can increase the per- tier upward-flow precipitation- Province overfulfil their organizing work carefully to hectare fruit yield by over based purifying process, and daily plans, while ensuring build grassland in a qualitative Efficient evodia forest three times while bringing Samchon, Unnyul and Ongjin the correct numbers of rice way after selecting right soil. creation method established earlier the fruit gathering year counties pushed ahead with the seedlings per phyong and Changsong, Unjon and Researchers of the DPRK to third to fourth years. earth piling and stone covering per clump and the depth in Thaechon counties have have established cultivation of banks and the readjustment planting seedlings. provided a large area of and nutrition methods for THE PYONGYANG TIMES Sat, May 23, Juche 109(2020) Page 3

CABLE GREEN PRODUCT Factory turns out various Air anion generator developed cable products with functional cloth “Our factory is pressing ahead variety of products. a continuous galvanization with the project to diversify This has boosted the tensile process to produce previously connecting lines for electronic strength, elongation percentage imported galvanized wire and appliances in terms of kind, and insulation resistance of the an insulated electric cable shape and colour,” said Kim materials for lines, according to production process using an Song Un, chief engineer of the section chief Jo Song Uk. inorganic filler to save a large Pyongyang General Electric The factory made a copper quantity of materials. Cable Factory 326. elongating oil as well. It set up a protective The factory analysed and It has a longer lifespan and polyethylene production fixed afresh the technical lower production costs than process to improve the quality specifications of the connecting imported emulsions and does of coating and introduced an lines and resolved technical not affect environment. eccentricity measuring device conditions according to the The factory also established using X-rays into continuous rubber vulcanization equipment to ensure the even thickness of insulating covering. “We are working to recycle worn-out telecommunications KIM HYOK CHOL cables into various sizes of Researchers measure anion with an air anion generator. plastic-coated wires and develop a high-frequency high-voltage At present the death toll According to key developer cable and coils for high-frequency rises worldwide due to harmful Pak Sok Hi who is also section transformer so as to realize heavy chemical substances coming chief of the institute, 25 percent oil-free kindling at thermal power from furniture, ornaments, of the anions discharged by this stations,” said Jo Hwa Min, coating materials and electrical air anion generator are absorbed researcher at the cable institute. appliances at home or in office. through the respiratory organ The factory developed various Therefore, research is actively and 75 percent through the skin kinds of household goods conducted to widely use air and far infrared rays get deep including mobile electric cables anion in people’s everyday life, into the skin to prevent the and provides order service and the treatment of diseases and acidification of body fluids and sales to win popularity. the relieving of fatigue. remarkably retard the ageing PAK KWANG HUN “Air is refreshing and process. Workers operate machines at the Pyongyang General Electric By Kim Il Jin PT invigorating in deep mountains The anion generator causes Cable Factory 326. and by the sea because there no damage despite long-term are a lot of anions. The air use and constantly maintains SOUVENIR anion is called air vitamin the anion level. for its marvellous effects on It changes the damp air in the human health,” said So Nam room into anions, reduces air- Variety of melamine resin products Su, researcher at the nonferrous purifying time and consumes metal institute of the State less electric power. Academy of Sciences. The institute has also made on the rise What is important here is how mouse pads, insoles, fans and to generate anions safely. pillows with the functional The Mangyongdae mass-produced in various in a short time by generating The Korean researchers have cloth. Revolutionary Site Souvenir shapes, colours and sizes with impulse with AC. unveiled a new type of green When ornamental flowers Factory has increased the home-made rayon yarn and The factory also produces product combining air-purifying made of the cloth are put on variety of products. subsidiary materials in the zip caps, various kinds of toys and and anion-generating functions furniture and desks and near It has long been well- production process with PLC clothes with the national flag by applying the functional computers and other electronic known for the production of machines standing in neat or Korean map emblazoned on features of natural minerals. appliances, they absorb harmful various kinds of souvenirs for rows. them. Cloth or plastic toys are This product has been made substances in the air to fend visitors to the Mangyongdae “We have introduced a very popular with the children by applying functional cloth off harmful electromagnetic Revolutionary Site. high-frequency impact plating as they appeal to their tastes and that emits anion, far infrared waves. “The Mangyongdae-brand impulse rectifier into the metal are comic. rays and bioelectric current to a The anion-emitting cloth melamine resin products zip plating process this year,” The factory now works on filtering device. obtained a national patent in which look like chinaware said developer Jon Kyong the research into recycling This functional cloth is said 2018. for their smooth surface are Ung. by-products of the melamine to send out several times greater signature products of our According to him, unlike the resin moulding process and the anions. By Chae Hyang Ok PT factory,” said manager Ryo pervious DC rectifier, the new development of new products Pyong Ho. one boosts the bonding strength with melamine resin as a raw The factory makes rice bowl, and brightness of the products material. FINISHING MATERIAL soup bowl, dish, calabash, with less electric power as picture frame and other kitchen it carries out impact plating By Jong Hwa Sun PT utensils and ornaments through Glossy stone turns into tertiary moulding of melamine resin. Recently it introduced fashionable tiles various pattern-fixing Black natural stone tiles in quality and processing equipment and new mould- produced at the Kangdong Slate indexes. making, modern electrolytic Mine are winning favour in the “Recently, we buckled down plating and evaporation finishing materials sector. to the development of natural processes into production “Black stone materials were stone finishing materials for to make its products more not widely available as they decorating the interior and attractive and stylish. were limited in deposit and very exterior of buildings,” said “Most recently, we have expensive,” said manager Ri Ri In Chol, a member of the applied new technical Song Ho. “We developed the managing staff. innovation plans to production black natural stone tile by using They found out the scientific to make products with different the natural stones which are grounds of the development in colours inside and outside and abundant in our mine.” that it might be possible to make various patterns emblazoned,” According to him, the natural such finishing materials from said Pak Kyong Nam, a staffer KIM YONG CHAN stones in the Hwagang-ri area in at the factory. Workers assemble zippers at the Mangyongdae Revolutionary Kangdong County are superior Plastic and metal zips are Site Souvenir Factory. SEE PAGE 4 Page 4 Sat, May 23, Juche 109(2020)

DISASTER CONTROL BIODIVERSITY Natural disaster control system ‘Our solutions are in integrated and upgraded nature’ “The introduction of integrated monitoring natural disasters the researchers are working on information system for natural and gathering information research to put an information disaster management is of great based on the latest science system for the management of importance in improving the and technology, and built the drought, typhoon and landslide capacity of collecting information nationwide system for the into the state integrated natural about and preventing, coping establishment of contents and disaster management system, with and managing natural data models for the geodatabase after including the flood disasters on a nationwide scale,” and the collection of unified management information said Jo Il Gwang, professor, and regular geodata, thereby system in the state integrated PhD and director of the global establishing a natural disaster system. environment information database management system. By drawing on the research institute of the State Academy of In the meantime, they successes made by the global Sciences. accumulated scientific and environment information According to information diversified methods to analyse institute under the State available, the DPRK was one information about natural Academy of Sciences, the of the ten countries which disasters including the one national anti-disaster emergency BY COURTESY OF THE BIODIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF THE STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES experienced the worst natural analysing disaster-related committee has completed and A flock of Limosa lapponica visiting the Kumsong tideland in disasters in the world between information gained through real- implemented the 2019-2030 Onchon County, Nampho. 1991 and 2005. time or approximately real-time national disaster risk reduction May 22 is International them of biodiversity and its The reality demanded the monitoring based on the satellite strategy which conforms to an Biodiversity Day. benefits, thus encouraging establishment of natural disaster and aerial remote-controlled international agreement related The UN declared May 22 them to take active part in the management system, which is investigation technology. to natural disaster response. every year as International activities for the protection of more complete and effective, Last year, the national anti- Biodiversity Day in 2000 in an biodiversity of the country. and the institute engages in the disaster emergency committee By Kim Rye Yong PT effort to raise public awareness The country’s biodiversity work for its implementation, introduced the of and intensify information priority areas were admitted said Jo Il Gwang. i n f o r m a t i o n activities about biodiversity. to the international reserve The state integrated system, which The theme for this year’s networks: the Mt Chilbo information system for natural made it possible IBD is “Our solutions are in and Mt Kumgang areas disaster management carries on for the committee nature”. were registered in the World the nationwide monitoring and to provide The theme implies that the Network of Biosphere management of natural disasters i n t e g r a t e d prospect of solving the problems Reserves and the Mundok and takes appropriate measures m a n a g e m e n t arising in preventing climate and Rason migratory bird on the basis of information over the change, ensuring the security reserves listed as the wetlands analysis. The system, to a n t i c i p a t i o n of food and water resources of international importance, or which three-dimensional web and monitoring and maintaining normal life Ramsar sites. technology of geography of possible is in nature and biodiversity The Biodiversity Institute of information system has been disasters for constitutes the basis that the State Academy of Sciences applied, helps monitor, detect detailed objects sustainably guarantees the and other scientific research and forecast disasters in all in provinces, future. and educational institutions parts of the country and assess cities, counties In particular, all countries in have conducted surveys of their riskiness, losses caused and ris, the the world will finish the projects biosphere reserves, animal by them and reconstruction provision of real- to attain the goals set forth in the sanctuaries, migratory bird plan, as well as the prompt time survey data Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and wetland reserves and assessment of disasters for its and the detection 2011-2020 and establish new natural and living monument implementation. of methods for goals this year. reserves. Researchers set up a taking effective The DPRK government In the course of this, two nationwide natural disaster counter- worked out the national researchers obtained the monitoring and observation measures and KIM RYE YONG biodiversity strategies and Young Scientist Research rehabilitation Researchers from the global environment network involving ground, information institute of the State Academy action plans and the national Award of the Man and the aerial and satellite observations, measures. of Sciences install an integrated automatic environmental protection Biosphere (MAB) Programme developed methods of This year, meteorological observation device. strategy and directed nationwide of the UNESCO. efforts to their implementation Now we are pushing ahead in the past 10 years. with the registration of Mt Every year periods have been Kumgang on the World set for the general mobilization Heritage list, that of the for land administration, Mundok Biosphere Reserve and protection of useful animals and various other programmes by marine resources and spring and the international standard. autumn tree planting. Activities have been Yun Chol Nam, associate conducted in various ways professor and director of the among the working people, Biodiversity Institute of the youth and students to inform State Academy of Sciences

FROM PAGE 3 effect on human body and does not develop cracks or corrode the natural stones if they add for a very long time. some glaze on them. It has the compression On this basis, they introduced strength of 45-50MPa, the frost new abrasion and heat treatment resistance of 30 times and the methods and finally brought out heat resistance of 60 times, the natural stone tile. which means it is better than The glittering tile has some others in terms of solidity. white patterns of flower Its production cost is 60 and cloud against the black percent lower than normal tiles. background. The stone tiles were highly Customers said the tile helped appreciated at the provincial- them improve the aesthetic and level building materials graceful quality of inner and exhibition-2019. PAK KWANG HUN outer walls and floors. Tyres come in different sizes at the Pyongyang Daesong Tyre Factory. Especially, it has no negative By Yun Kyong Il PT Sat, May 23, Juche 109(2020) Page 5

ART INTERVIEW Pictures highlight Korean Child healthcare sees painting techniques steady boost is the period when the closest Korean painting is a typical President Kim Il Sung who more we look at it, the deeper attention should be directed to form of Korean fine arts. embarked on a long journey impression it leaves on us,” nutrition in raising healthy and On show at the Korean to meet the soldiers fighting at said Merited Artist Pak Kwang intelligent children. National Art Museum are the front and a woman soldier Rim, a lecturer at Pyongyang In our country every baby is wonderful works of art who was very concerned for his University of Fine Arts, given a BCG vaccine within showcasing the development of safety, anxiously asking him not referring to the artwork. 24 hours after birth and other Korean painting as the nation’s to go to the front during the grim Korean painting “Evening vaccines every year in order pictorial art. Fatherland Liberation War. glow over Kangson” is also to prevent and eliminate Korean painting, a form “The defining characteristics a masterpiece which dealt communicable and other of fine arts peculiar to the of this artwork as a Korean with the theme of socialist diseases. Korean nation with general painting were fully exhibited construction in the form of Under the well-regulated characteristics of the Oriental by composing it with a strong landscape painting. medical system, sick children painting, fully expresses the emphasis on the centre of It shows well the reality of can receive medical treatment national sentiment and emotion artistic representation against the times seething with socialist until they fully recover at of the Korean people and vividly the open space and giving a construction through the scene hospitals at all levels. portrays reality. lifelike representation of the of the then Kangson Steel Works May 20 is Child Health Day. Every child in our country has Such characteristics of fatherly look of the President standing imposingly against the The Pyongyang Times reporter a healthcare register recording Korean painting are backed up who slightly bends his back to backdrop of the glow of sunset. Kwon Hyo Song interviewed their biometric values, diseases, by its clear, concise and delicate hear the woman soldier and her Factory buildings, large and Paek Hyang Ok (pictured), chief vaccination relations and the brushwork to integrate the parts anxious expression of stamping small, that stand out against the of the healthcare department of like systematically from their into a coherent whole on the her feet on the ground with both orange glow cast by the sunset the Okryu Children’s Hospital, birth, and doctors in charge of principle of implication and hands held on the chest with a over the sky, chimneys that on that occasion. children keep abreast of their concentration. fine and delicate art of portrayal blow out smoke, the light of the Would you tell me about the health, environment for the Rapid progress has been made and stroke of the brush. crimson molten iron streaming characteristic features of child upbringing and education of in the production of Korean “It fully shows the faith of from the melting furnaces healthcare in the DPRK? them and their living conditions painting since the 1970s. the Korean people who fought and bright light through the Our country has a well- and take necessary steps in time. Lots of masterpieces produced bravely full of confidence in windows and others mirror the organized child healthcare They give them regular health at the time are now preserved at victory through the rough path looks of the country that turned system. An ordered paediatric and physical check-ups in a the national art museum, adding along the height marked by into a socialist industrial state. care system is in operation at all planned way and medical advice lustre to the Korean painting clear traces of the many soldiers Hong Song Gwang, artist at hospitals from the paediatrics as well. And relevant officials world. climbing up and down it, thick the Korean painting production departments of ri people’s provide hygienic guidance Korean painting “Dear leader, cloud of powder smoke and unit of the Mansudae Art Studio, hospitals to the children’s for childcare institutions as the front is just ahead” portrays a tree coming into leaf. The said that the colouring which hospital in Pyongyang and to environment management, gives a lifelike depiction of the children’s health is under the physical training, hygiene and fine changes in colour, the bold double and triple care of doctors nutrition, while tightening composition of the painting, at nurseries, kindergartens and inspection and control. sailing ships and calm water hygienic and anti-epidemic How do you improve child of the Taedong River which centres at all levels. health care? were drawn with bold strokes Unborn babies are looked The details about children’s of the brush and others help after by obstetricians and nutrition and diseases are every element of the painting children up to 16 years old by grasped through hospitals at all graphically represent all aspects paediatricians on a systematic levels and relevant measures are of the times when the country and regular basis. taken immediately. proudly made enormous strides This is guaranteed by the Technical guidance on forward as a socialist industrial complete and universal free prevention and treatment of state and the revolutionary medical care. diseases is given to subordinate optimism and deep sentiments What kind of steps are units on a regular basis, of the Korean people. included in child healthcare? while relevant knowledge is “Evening Glow over Kangson”, a representative Korean They mainly include nutrition disseminated to ensure that painting created in 1973. By Ri Sung Ik PT in the first 1 000 days after parents bring up their children birth, preventive measures and in a scientific way. And the VIRTUE curative care. world’s advanced techniques The first 1 000 days of life are introduced positively. Graduates volunteer to teach children in remote places Kim Hyong Jik University was, Jo had many chances to get This year, Kim Myong Chol of Education is a training base a job in big-name universities or from the history faculty and of university lecturers in the institutes in the capital city. “I Han Ryong Ho from the foreign DPRK. want to dedicate my knowledge language faculty volunteered to “Become a patriot before an and sincerity to students in that become teachers in Samjiyon at educator and become a true island village, who are under a the northern tip of the country. man who devotes everything to greater care of the country. My “Though I lost my parents rising generations”—this is the determination will be judged in when I was young, I could watchword of the university. practice in the future,” she said in finish my university course Cherishing it in their the farewell meeting. thanks to the benefits of the minds, lots of graduates of Later in 2016, Ro Yong Il and socialist free education system the university voluntarily left Ho Chol Man, graduates of the and under the loving care of the HAM KWANG HYOK lecturers and classmates. With A doctor doses a baby with vitamin A at the Kinmaul Polyclinic Pyongyang to work at schools history faculty, volunteered as in Moranbong District, Pyongyang, on the occasion of Child in remote mountain villages teachers at schools on islands. the time of graduation drawing Health Day. and branch schools on islands, “Whenever my students make near, I felt somehow that the which has been passed on as its laudable decisions, I feel really seniors, who had gone to work both study and life. Especially, city. I am very proud of them proud baton. proud to be their teacher,” said at difficult places, were calling Han Ryong Ho graduated with who found their worth of life in Jo Pom Hyang, who graduated their class lecturer Ri Jong me. I think to repay the love is straight A’s in all subjects devoting themselves to society, from the mathematics faculty of Nam. a human obligation,” said Kim and was recommended to the rather than glittering career,” the university in 2013, volunteered The praiseworthy deeds of Myong Chol. postgraduate course. However, said lecturer Ri Yong Hui. to work at a branch school on an seniors set examples for juniors “Myong Chol and Ryong he volunteered to work at the island. A brilliant student as she to follow. Ho were exemplary students in school in the northern mountain By Pang Un Ju PT Page 6 Sat, May 23, Juche 109(2020)

NATURE PROFILE Museum gives access to Woman driver runs distance exotic fauna and flora 25 times round earth There is a woman driver at road network of the country and On the outskirts of Pyongyang, animals and their coexistent a general idea of characteristics the Kallimkil mobile brigade of acquire driving techniques. there is the Natural History relationship in these regions. of organisms that have so far the Capital City Construction One winter night when there Museum where visitors can Seen in the section of the existed on the earth and natural Commission, who has driven was a severe snowstorm at the comprehensively see animals African continent with rich fauna environment but also a wealth of heavy-duty lorries for over end of 1992, her lorry fully and plants in various countries are such indigenous species as knowledge by way of question three decades since her girlhood loaded with freight needed for a over the world. giraffe, African elephant, white and answer, observation and at the age of 19. She is Ri Yun major construction project came At the animal ecology rhinoceros, zebra, black-tailed experience,” said operator Kim Hui. to a halt on the road of an out- hall of the museum visitors antelope, African ostrich and Jong Hwa. As she loved writing poems of-the-way mountain pass as it acquire interesting knowledge peacock, as well as pongo, green There is also a learning site in her school days, her teachers got out of order all of a sudden. of savannah, especially the monkey and lemur living in using amusement facilities. said she would become a She prepared necessary parts abundant ecological system tropical forests. American vulture, Among them are a facility for poet following in her father’s and tools and began to remove including the fauna and flora rhea, grassland deer and llama, a guessing the properties of animals footsteps who had worked as a a large tyre. She was not sure in savannahs they have not kind of camel, can be seen in the and plants including their names, writer. Her classmates thought whether it was frozen, but the seen with their own eyes, the section of the South American an appliance designed to have a she would be an excellent screws were so tightened up characteristics of specific areas continent which is inhabited by strength contest by measuring embroiderer as she was good at that she could not unscrew it. and the habitation of typical many unique animals including the strength of animal and embroidery. She was hungry and all her species of animals and plants. marsupial and sloth. visitor, and a studio called “My But she became a driver beyond body began to freeze. Jong Yong Thae, head of the In order to give viewers more animal friend” where one can everyone’s expectations. She had to collect broken academic research office of detailed information about have a composite photograph And not a driver of a luxury twigs and light a fire alone. the Natural History Museum, animals and plants, researchers taken along with an animal he or car, but of 10- and 20-ton heavy- Tears welled up and she was said that they have divided added cave and marine display she loves. duty trucks. not sure whether it was because display sections into those sections and put on display a A variety of study methods Her mother Yun Ju Ok is of the smoke or impatience. of American, African and variety of models and stuffed have recently been introduced, said to have worked as a bus But she started repairing the Australian continents, created specimens, so as to show fauna including “animal hunting” conductor from her girlhood. lorry and managed to finish it at the same environment with each in relevant sections in a three- using virtual glasses and Once Yun Hui saw the daybreak. And she soon left for continent and arranged exhibits dimensional way. amusement facility. many red stars, each of which the construction site. in such a way as to give a better “The children’s study and signifies 50 000km accident-free “After finishing the work, I understanding of food chain of experience room gives not only By Ri Sung Ik PT travelling, on the bus in which her was too exhausted. But I was mother worked as a conductor happy with confidence that I and asked her, “Mom, do you can do anything by myself,” earn red stars?” She then told her recalled Ri Yun Hui. that she would obtain many red In 1997 Chairman Kim Jong Il stars when she grew up. gave thanks to her for having After graduation from middle worked as a heavy-duty lorry school, she really entered a driver for decades. truck drivers training school Later, she volunteered to and became a driver. drive a 20-ton truck. She first drove a Sungni 58- When the construction of model lorry. Ryomyong Street began in The girl who drove her lorry 2016, she carried more freight to the construction sites no than other drivers and helped

KIM HYOK CHOL doubt attracted the attention of them repair broken trucks by Part of the animal ecology hall at the Natural History Museum. the people and with the freight giving her spare parts and tyres she carried apartment houses unsparingly. And she trained rose one floor after another in over 20 drivers. EDUCATION the construction sites. Highly commended as a She drove a Jaju-model heavy- central meritorious person of duty lorry three years after. socialist patriotism, she is said Digital solutions applied to foreign She felt fatigued and tired to have driven her trucks over after driving all day long, but a long distance which is the worked hard till late at night to equivalent of the trip round the language learning maintain her vehicle and grasp earth 25 times. Lecturers at Pyongyang also helps improve their speech student can listen to a certain the state of its engine. And she University of Foreign Studies through its extensive database part of the model recording for tried to know more about the By Pang Un Ju PT have developed engaging containing information about several times or record his own education support programs. changes of intonation according pronunciation and compare it the programs for improving After executing the program, The English pronunciation to situations and sentences with the model one, said Ri Ju students’ interpretational and the users can select the study support program informs which are hard to pronounce Chol, PhD, associate professor conversational abilities. speaker’s nationality between students of the physiological correctly. and developer of the program. In the early education of Korean and foreigner according mechanism of speech organs and In the section for the changes The English reading English interpretation, the to what type of interpretation accurate positions of the tongue of intonation in different assessment program helps studies in teaching methods they would do as well as the and shapes of the mouth. It situations, for instance, a improve their skills to read focused on giving students a speaker’s sex and hair and skin different styles of texts such as theoretical understanding of colours and the scale of the news report, speech and novel. interpretational skills, said meeting. They can also choose One sentence can be read Cha Ryong Nam. In the recent among virtual situations, which differently according to their studies, however, more attention might help them develop the styles, said lecturer Yu Son Hui. has been paid to enhancing ability to modify changes in the This program provides example practical abilities. psychology when they make readings of difficult sentences According to him, the mistakes while interpreting. so that students can understand international meeting virtual The virtual situation system them correctly and thus grasp environment interpretation developed by Kim Jin Hyok the rhythmical structure of exercise program simulates provides students with first-hand English. various virtual situations such experience of the psychology The program assesses in as an international meeting of an interpreter, interviewer a scientific way the reading by combining 3D images and or interlocutor, so that they can ability of every student during sounds in a multifunctional learn how to adapt themselves lectures and the students can classroom and makes students to different situations in compare their results with those feel the tension of being in a real foreign languages and lead the of classmates and find out their situation and practise different conversation. KIM RYE YONG Lecturers discuss a newly developed teaching support program strength and weakness. interpretational skills on a high at Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies. Some other lecturers developed level. By Kim Rye Yong PT Sat, May 23, Juche 109(2020) Page 7

JAPAN Briefly Phobia about Koreans intolerable Palestine All deals with Israel, the US apanese rightist gangsters Having gone on a rampage and upbringing” system and, clear answer to the question of declared null and void frantically uttered killing Koreans in all parts of as if to follow the example, what is the source of all those Palestinian President Mahmud invective against the Japan in the wake of the great the Saitama city authorities discriminative acts against the J Abbas declared that his country General Association of Korean Kanto earthquake in the past stopped the supply of medical Korean nation. abrogates all agreements Residents in Japan (Chongryon) century, the barbarians have masks to the kindergarten The Abe authorities, before concluded with Israel and the and Korea University in front resorted to the reckless acts of Korean school. As for the clamouring for a dialogue, US at an emergency meeting of of the university on May 10, of national exclusionism such recent riot, dozens of policemen should bear in mind that it is the Palestinian leadership held holding posters and placards as the random shooting at the who came to the scene to put it Chongryon that represents the in Ramallah on May 19. reading “Korea University is a Central Hall of Chongryon and down took no measure, so the dignity and sovereignty of the Protesting against the murderous university”, “Tokyo the act of vandalism at a Korean gruesome atmosphere lasted DPRK in Japan. Israeli authorities’ recent Metropolis, cancel the approval kindergarten in Tsurumi in the for two hours. Such facts give a KCNA announcement of the plan for of incorporation of Korea new century, too. annexing part of the Palestinian University” and others. The ceaseless moves against territory in the West Bank, he The riot, which happened the DPRK and Chongryon in stated that Palestine would stop at a time when an emergency Japan can never be seen merely the performance of its duties situation was declared across as individual acts by some stipulated in all agreements and Japan due to the spread of gangsters. documents it had signed with COVID-19, is another grave It is rather a state-sponsored Israel and the US including challenge to the DPRK and crime which has been openly those on the security issue. Chongryon and a deliberate and committed by the authorities vicious criminal act committed that imbue the whole Japanese Russia under the open patronage of the society with the exclusionism US’ distortion of WWII Japanese authorities. against Koreans in a systematic history under fire In retrospect, Japan has way after setting the anti-DPRK The Russian Foreign taken every opportunity to hostility as a state policy. Ministry released an official discriminate against the Koreans Last year the Abe government statement to denounce the US and to suppress them, regarding excluded the childcare facilities for its distortion of history the Korean nation as a thorn in under Korean schools in Japan with regard to the result of the its flesh. from the “free infant education Second World War. Shortly ago, the White House CHINA-US feathers by conducting aerial said that it was the US and reconnaissance and a missile the UK that defeated fascism, launching drill in the sensitive without mentioning a word Two countries at loggerheads over waters in February and March, about the USSR. and their feud in the cyber field Branding it as a base act of also continues. history distortion, the statement different issues Their clash has been revealed that such attempts were aggravated with the Hong continuously made in the US he Sino-US political with the human rights situation of making groundless rumours”. Kong police’s recent arrest of during the celebrations of the face-off, which has Chinese religionists, sent a letter Referring to the human rights some ten suspects who were 75th anniversary of VE-Day. Tintensified over the to the UN to oppose the election situation in the US, he said that believed to have spearheaded a COVID-19 pandemic with the of the minister of the Geneva- the remarks of individual MPs of violent demonstration without WHO US producing the theories of based Chinese mission to the the US which already withdrew permission. World Health Assembly held “China’s responsibility” and advisory committee of the UN from the Human Right Council Analysts are of the opinion that by way of video conference “conspiracy”, is also going on Human Rights Council. are absurd. the more the US puts pressure The 73rd World Health in the field of human rights. It provoked an immediate Their conflict in the field of on China which it regards as Assembly took place between Recently, the US State and strong reaction from the mass media, which was escalated a strategic rival, the stronger May 18 and 19 drawing Department ambassador for Chinese side. by a Wall Street Journal article the reaction of China would be representatives and heads of international religious freedom in A spokesman for the Chinese insulting China which resulted in and that the Sino-US strategic state and government of over a meeting said that China arrested foreign ministry described the deportation of correspondents, confrontation and conflict would 190 countries and regions of the many religious people on the the US State Department is getting ever fiercer with get more and more serious. world including the DPRK. pretext of their beliefs, while some ambassador’s remark as a frame, continuous faultfinding. At the conference participants Republican senators, finding fault branding him as an “expert in The US ruffled China’s By Min Chol PT called for strengthening international cooperation and for this year stressed the need unity in the efforts to prevent COMMENT for constitutional revision to the spread of COVID-19. specify the existence of the Self- The recent meeting was Defence Forces and on April reportedly held by way of video The world of difference in facing 21 presented an offering to the conference for the first time in Yasukuni Shrine, the spiritual history in the light of the spread symbol of militarism, together of novel CoV infection. up to the past with high-ranking officials as

part of the spring sacrificial erman President to atone for its wrongdoings well over a hundred years ago EU rite. F r a n k - W a l t e r as a war criminal state. Such and occupied the country by US blamed for anti-WHO Japan rebuilt the “territory GSteinmeier said that a high-minded behaviour of force of arms in the early 20th behaviour and sovereignty exhibition memory never fades away and Germany which admits and century and sucked the blood of A spokesman for the European hall”, which stores documents we cannot get rid of our past and apologizes for the evil doings the Korean people for over 40 Commission at a news briefing justifying its wild territorial that it is not a shame to admit the of the past even today arouses years. on May 19 denounced the US ambition, in a scale seven times responsibility but to deny it at a sympathy of the international It also occupied a large part for threatening to permanently that of the previous one and is wreath-laying ceremony held in community. of the continent including stop the fund-raising for the building up the capacity of the Berlin in commemoration of the However, in sharp contrast to China and killed lots of World Health Organization Self-Defence Forces, ruffling 75th anniversary of the end of that, there is one brazen-faced innocent people and even and to withdraw from it. the feathers of neighbouring the Second World War on May country which does neither committed such a heinous Now is the time for joining countries. 8. compensate nor even apologize unethical crime of robbing efforts rather than pointing If the island nation disregards Some 80 years ago, Nazi for its bloodstained past, but invaluable cultural heritage an accusing finger at others the warning of the international Germany started World War II rather praises it and whets the elements and assets. or weakening multinational community and persists in plunging about 80 percent of sword for revenge. It is the height of moral cooperation, he said, adding evading the settlement of the the world population into the It is none other than Japan baseness and impudence that international cooperation and past crimes and dreaming the ravages of war. During the war, that had inflicted enormous Japan persistently denies such solidarity are the effective and pipedream of becoming the many people lost their lives damage on the Asian peoples, heinous crimes, evades the practical methods for winning “leader” of Asia, it would or became crippled for life. clamouring for the Greater East responsibility for liquidating victory in the fight against the only meet an irreversible self- Since then, Germany has made Asia Co-prosperity Sphere. the past and tries to realize its epidemic. compensation for the damage It had spotted Korea as an old pipedream. destruction. to the victims of the war in outpost and supply base for Japanese Prime Minister the pyongyang times several stages in its efforts invading the Asian continent Abe in his New Year message By Song Jong Ho PT Page 8 Sat, May 23, Juche 109(2020)

REFEREE RELIC Man honoured with elite Chilsong Gate showcases referee of AFC ancient architecture in Korea “Choe Kwang Hyon is a including the preliminaries and job from the beginning. Though referee who works hard to raise qualifiers for the 2019 AFC Cup he had thought he was well his qualifications,” said O Il and the game between Mongolian versed in football rules, he faced Son, staff member of the DPRK and Tajik teams belonging to lots of unexpected problems to Football Association. Group F in the second-round solve in the pitch. And then one Choe is a referee of the Asian regional preliminaries of day, he learned a bitter lesson DPRK Football Association the 2020 FIFA World Cup. that made him keenly aware of working at the Naegohyang It is not known whether he the importance of refereeing. women’s football club. Having was influenced by his footballer In a game at the national served as an AFC elite referee father, but he had loved soccer premier league in 2015 he since last year, he is recognized since childhood. He learned the misjudged a situation and failed as a fair, enthusiastic and sport at Kaeson Juvenile Sports to give a penalty kick, which young promising referee by School and started his career at completely changed the overall the personnel of the AFC the then Pyongyang sports club game situation, bringing about a and football fans for his high at the age of 17. result different from forecasts. physical fitness, keen judgment He became a referee in 2014 This prompted him to try SONG TAE HYOK and quick decision-making. at the recommendation of the hard by taking it as his three- The Chilsong Gate in Moran Hill, Pyongyang. He demonstrated his ability in DPRK Football Association. point principle as a referee to The Chilsong Gate located in around outside the gatehouse. different international matches Refereeing was not an easy be conversant with the rules, to Moran Hill of Pyongyang was Its wider middle section attain physical fitness as high as the northern gate of the keep of highlights the centre and is players’ and to be proficient in the Walled City of Pyongyang floored with wooden boards. foreign languages. As a result, during the Koguryo Kingdom The building with a monolithic he qualified as an international (277 BC-AD 668). ceiling commands an extensive referee in 2016 and an AFC Koguryo constructed the view and is decorated with elite referee in 2018. gate as it built the Walled morutanchong, or a moderate “Every referee has their City of Pyongyang in the mid- form of traditional decorative eye on such large-scale 6th century and the present painting. The gatehouse is international games as World gatehouse was rebuilt in 1712. comparatively small in size, yet Cup and Olympics. The most The name of the gate derived compact in structure and goes important principle the referees from the meaning of a northern well with the complex structure should uphold is impartiality gate in the direction of the at the lower part, so it looks which constitutes a main ideal Great Bear. The gate consists dignified. of football. Regarding it as my of the embankment which is The Chilsong Gate is iron rule, I’ll apply myself to the extension of the walls and located at a low point along improving my ability as referee,” the gatehouse on it. The walls the northern wall of the keep, said Choe Kwang Hyon. on its both sides were erected a place which was difficult Chief referee Choe Kwang Hyon (third from right) poses to pass each other at intervals for enemies to attack and before a regional preliminary match at the 2019 AFC U-19 By Song Jong Ho PT men’s championship. of about 10 metres and the gate advantageous to defenders was constructed horizontally to inside the wall. CERAMICS connect the walls. During the 1592-1598 Imjin The end of one side of the Patriotic War in the period of walls projecting beyond the feudal Joson dynasty (1392- Koryo porcelain shines through in front of the gate was fortified 1910), it was a major battlefield to serve as bastion. The orderly in the battle for retaking the embankment is built of faced Walled City of Pyongyang from medieval craftwork stones and has an archway. Japanese invaders in January There are battlements and 1593. Among the cultural heritage in motif. Decorative patterns the gatehouse on top of the Today, the Chilsong Gate is of the Korean nation is Koryo portray various subjects such as embankment. The gatehouse under good preservation and porcelain which is unique in figures, animals, plants, nature, is a single-eaves gabled house serves as a destination of lots of colour, motif and shape. symbols and letters. 7.38 metres long and 4.36 holidaymakers. In the period of Koryo, the first To create these patterns, metres wide. unified state in Korean history such carving was adopted as Tapering pillars stand By Yun Ki Song PT that existed between 918 and grooving, relievo, openwork 1392, people further developed and engraving, pictorial art the ceramic workmanship of using brushes and applique. The SCENE their ancestors. decorative patterns produced by Koryo porcelain is classified free sketches depicting life and Spot famous for into celadon, white, black, regular designs added artistic brown, crimson and other value to Koryo porcelain. ceramics according to the The porcelain is diverse and piney forest ground colours and into original in shape. It comes in embossed, intagliated, pierced, cup, jar, plate, kettle, pot and There is Songdan where the The locals started to plant thick-patterned, inlaid, makeup PAK CHANG BOK others according to the variety forest of pine, national tree of pine trees in the area south of the and other ones according to Celadon pieces from the of container, and articles of the DPRK, is seen growing Songjong Stream in 1643 and in ornamentation. period of Koryo. the same variety also come in along the seashore in Songjong- the area north of the stream in It occupies a pre-eminent mountains. different shapes. ri of Riwon County, South 1661. After all, the pine trees position in the world medieval Describing Koryo celadon, Ri Koryo porcelain was widely Hamgyong Province. formed a coastal windbreak in history of craftwork for the high Kyu Bo, an illustrious poet of exported to foreign countries, It is also called Songjong in 1728. artistry. Koryo, wrote, “When it flickers, having a marked impact on the the meaning that pine trees that The pine forest, which had Above all, it is prominent in it emits jade light, and it is as development of their pottery. look like arboreal tree form a seriously been damaged during colour. Out of various colours clear and bright as crystal”, while It is said that the people of the thick forest and it is well-known Japanese military rule in the of Koryo pottery, celadon Ri Saek, another literary man of Song dynasty of China lavished for the scenic beauty. past century regained its looks ranks first. The colour is soft, Koryo, wrote, “The shining jade praise on Koryo celadon, Though the pine forest now after Korea’s liberation. subtle and graceful and is often is reflected on the blue sky, and describing it as the “most presents a spectacular sight in Today, Songdan serves as a likened to the azure of the the sight of it seems to make celebrated thing in the world”. the area, there was not even a holiday resort for working people. clear sky or the emerald of the even my eyes bright”. young pine tree till the first half stream flowing through deep Koryo porcelain is also unique By Choe Yong Nam PT of the 17th century. KCNA

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