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American Foreign Service Association MARCH 1980: Volume 57, No. 3 Officers and Members of the Governing Board ISSN 0015-7279 KENNETH W. BLEAKLEY, President ANTHEA S. DE ROUVILLE, Vice President FRANK DIMOND, Second Vice President GALEN FOX, Secretary D. LARRY INGRAM, Treasurer Letter from the Ogaden JONATHAN L. SPERLING, AID Representative SEAN KELLY 6 FRED M. SHAVER, ICA Representative MATTHEW P. DALEY, JOSEPH N. MCBRIDE, ROBERT H. STERN, State Representatives The Foreign Service and Presidential SPENCER KING AND CHARLES WHITEHOUSE, Control of Foreign Policy Retired Representatives NATHANIEL DAVIS 8

Journal Editorial Board Black Saturday: The Burning of Cairo JOEL M. WOLDMAN, Chairman ARNOLD P. SCHIFFERDECKER J. WESLEY ADAMS 15 JAMES F. O'CONNOR NEIL A. BOYER HARRIET P. CULLEY GEORGE S. DRAGNICH Epitaph for Ali WESLEY N. PEDERSEN DAVID A. COHEN FRED GODSEY 18 The Letter Staff JANIS BENSON 20 ROBERT M. BEERS, Executive Director WILBUR P. CHASE, Counselor Berlin 1937-39 SUSAN HOLIK, Counselor J. B. DONNELLY 27 CECIL B. SANNER, Membership and Circulation

AFSA Scholarship Programs LEE MIDTHUN Letters to the Editor 4 Journal Editorials 22 SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor AFSA News 23 ROBIN JENKINS, Editorial Assistant Book Essay MclVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction White House Years Martin F. Herz 30 Advertising Representatives Bookshelf 33 JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, 521 Fifth Ave„ Suite 1700, New Foreign Service People 46 York, N.Y. 10017 (212) 683-3421 ALBERT D. SHONK CO„ 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq„ London SW1 01-834-8023/9. International Representatives. Cover: Market, Gaborone, Botswana, by Verna Motheral

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in annually. Retired Active Members—Dues are $40 annually for members foreign affairs, published eleven times a year by the American Foreign with incomes over $20,000; $25 annually for less than $20,000. Associate Service Association, a non-profit organization. Members—Dues are $25 annually. All dues payments include $6.50 allo¬ cation for the Journal and AFSA News, per AFSA Bylaws. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, the For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (11 issues); $7.50; two years, International Communication Agency, the Agency for international De¬ $12.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annu¬ velopment or the United States Government as a whole. ally for overseas postage. Microfilm copies of current as well as of back issues of the FOREIGN While the Editorial Board of the JOURNAL is responsible for its general SERVICE JOURNAL are available through the University Microfilm Library content, statements concerning the policy and administration of AFSA as employee representative under Executive Order 11636 on the editorial Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 under a contract signed October 30, page and in the AFSA News, and all communications relating to these, are 1967. the responsibility of the AFSA Governing Board. ® American Foreign Service Association, 1980. The Foreign Service Jour¬ Membership in the American Foreign Service Association is open to the nal is published eleven times a year by the American Foreign Service professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington D.C. 20037. Telephone (202) persons having an active interest in, or close association with foreign 338-4045 affairs. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional post Membership dues are: Active Members—Dues range from $52 to $104 office. citizens of demonstrated ability and however, do their mistakes have to often distinguished records to ambas¬ be shielded from public knowledge sadorial positions. Indeed, until World indefinitely. And this brings me to The Case Study War II most of our chiefs of mission my suggestion. came from this source. Among con¬ THE “CASE STUDY” of a politi¬ temporary examples of such appoint¬ Why not assemble a file of case cally appointed ambassador in ments one can cite Ambassador Mans¬ studies of this kind—of ambas¬ your January issue by the anony¬ field in Tokyo, Ambassador Goheen in sadors whose performance can mous author with the Orwellian New Delhi and Ambassador Wriggins teach lessons in what to avoid? I do pseudonym “Winston Smith” per¬ in Colombo, persons whose selection not have in mind creating a petuates the hoary myth that all as chiefs of mission even the most “Chamber of Horrors” but a dis¬ chiefs of mission who didn’t shoul¬ career-minded of foreign service pro¬ passionate examination of acts of der their way up the FSO ladder fessionals can hardly criticize.’’ omission and commission of chiefs have been bumbling dolts frustrat¬ of mission, objectively observed by ing the legitimate ambitions of our professionals who are qualified to evaluate what they saw happening skilled and sensitive corps of pro¬ More Case Studies before their eyes. Such a file of fessional foreign service officers. case studies could teach future Well, I accepted three ambas¬ ONE OBSERVATION and one rec¬ practitioners and students of sadorial appointments during the ommendation with respect to foreign affairs a great deal about Kennedy and Johnson administra¬ the highly important article, “Polit¬ the “conduct and misconduct of tions and I met a lot of dedicated, ical Appointee: A Case Study” by foreign affairs.” talented men and women and also a Winston Smith in the January is¬ While I would have preferred to fair number of stuffed shirts and sue. see AFSA assemble that file, I can damned fools. And the latter in¬ The observation: Some readers see that this would put our associa¬ cluded both career people and may wonder whether it is “loyal” tion in an invidious position, for politicals. for a DCM to have written so some might suspect that the infor¬ In retrospect and on balance, I’d frankly about his chief of mission. mation was being assembled for say the Foreign Service is fortunate Is it not part of the Foreign Service “political” purposes. So I offer the to have an infusion of what we then ethos that the Number One must be dispassionate academic sponsor¬ called “non-career professionals” supported and sustained under all ship of our Institute for this pur¬ from time to time if only to stir up circumstances? In bringing clarity pose. the bureaucracy, question outdated to this question, it may be useful to Anyone who has case study ma¬ policies and write messages that read what Winston Churchill has terial similar to the article, “Politi¬ don’t all start with the classic, self written (Their Finest Hour, cal Appointee” in the January protecting “while.” Houghton Mifflin edition, page 15) issue—whether it relates to a polit¬ about being Number One: Clearly, no one should be ap¬ ically appointed or a career chief of The duties and the problems of all mission—is invited to send it to the pointed who isn’t at least as well persons other than number one are Institute for the Study of Diplo¬ qualified as the average career am¬ quite different and in many ways more macy, School of Foreign Service, bassador. But that’s not too hard. difficult. It is always a misfortune when Georgetown University, Wash¬ Thinking of some of the “political” number two or three has to initiate a dominant plan or policy. He has to con¬ ington, D.C. 20057. We are already ambassadors who were my col¬ assembling material that is de¬ leagues from 1961 to 1966—John sider not only the merits of the policy, but the mind of his chief; not only what signed to teach what makes the per¬ Bartlow Martin, Ed Reischauer, to advise, but what is proper for him in formance of some chiefs of mission Phil Kaiser, Lincoln Gordon, Bill his station to advise; not only what to more effective, or less effective, Mahoney, Adlai Stevenson, Carl do, but how to get it agreed, and how to than that of others. We have no Rowan, Chester Bowles, Jim Loeb, get it done. ... At the top, there are bias in favor of career officers, as Ken Galbraith, Bill Blair, Bob great simplifications. An accepted demonstrated by our publications Good and so many others—I sus¬ leader has only to be sure of what is about great feats of diplomacy per¬ best to do, or at least to have made up formed by Ambassadors David pect that the officers who served his mind about it. The loyalties which with them would not compare them centre upon number one are enormous. Bruce and Ellsworth Bunker. It is unfavorably with their career coun¬ If he trips, he must be sustained. If he not necessary that the case study terparts. makes mistakes, they must be covered. material identify the chief of mis¬ That’s why 1 find the “Winston If he sleeps, he must not be wantonly sion by name. While we look for Smith” article both gratuitous and disturbed. If he is no good, he must be material of this kind primarily for irresponsible—even if this extraor¬ pole-axed. But this extreme process teaching purposes, it is possible cannot be carried out every day; and that it might eventually also be of dinary case he describes could be certainly not in the days just after he accepted as factual. use in determining what are the de¬ has been chosen. sirable qualifications for appoint¬ WILLIAM ATTWOOD There is, in other words, a higher ment as chief of mission. New Canaan, Conn. loyalty than the one owed to a MARTIN F. HERZ EDITOR’S NOTE: Early on in the article Number One who is “no good.” I Director of Studies at issue, the author remarks "From the think it would be unwise and also Institute for the very beginning, US administrations quite improper to declare open sea¬ Study of Diplomacy hare routinely reached outside the son on every incompetent political ranks of government to appoint private appointee ambassador. Neither, (Continued on page 45)

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CITY STATE

FORD EXPORT DIVISION COUNTRY ZIP refugees takes place far to the south—in Ethiopia’s Letter Sidamo, Bale, and Harar provinces. Bale and Harar, which border directly on Somalia, can be visited clandestinely by journalists. This general area from the Ogaden is known as the Ogaden, and it is mostly under the con¬ SEAN KELLY trol of the Western Somalia Liberation Front (WSLF)—a guerrilla organization with headquarters in Mogadishu. Far the past year, Somali refugees have been pouring There is a bad joke making the rounds in East Africa across the border from Ethiopia at the appalling rate of more than 1,000 a day. Ethiopia denies this, accusing the Somali government of deliberately inflating the fig¬ ures. But the exodus is being closely monitored by “Ironically, it was Tanzania’s Julius United Nations refugee officials. UN statistics are avail¬ able, and the camps are there for anyone to see. When I Nyerere who introduced the OAU was in Somalia in November, more than twenty such resolution that declared the camps existed—most of them close to the border with inviolability and integrity of those Ethiopia. By now, the figure is probably more than thirty—as the total number of refugees, housed in camps, frontiers inherited from colonial approaches half a million. UN refugee experts say that an days.’’ additional 500,000 are living outside the camps, having been “absorbed” into the Somali general population. Why have a million people fled Ethiopia? Many west¬ that the WSLF will guarantee any television network ern journalists would like to visit Ethiopia to find out, but good lighting and excellent camera position for first-rate they cannot get visas to do so. It is possible to visit Addis color footage of their next Ethiopian ambush. Not even Ababa in transit. However, no appointments can be made much advance notice is required. There are several such with Ethiopian government officials during such a stay. ambushes a month—and the Somalis seem to be in a In any event, Addis Ababa doesn’t seem to be where the position to set the time and the place. problem is. The military action that is causing the flood of Sidamo province borders on Kenya, and many of its Seun Kelly, FSIO, frequently writes for these pages. He is now refugees pass through northeastern Kenya, under cover stationed in Nairobi with VO A. Previous posts have included Addis of darkness, on their way to Somalia. They are, for the Ababa, Mogadishu, Lusaka, Lagos and Bangkok. most part, not Somalis. In Ethiopia, they are called Gal-

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 las, but the people themselves prefer to be called Oromo. Later, the Italians fought the Ethiopians in the Ogaden, There is an active Oromo Liberation Front. The Oromo and then the British fought the Italians. Today, the area is refugees are accepted into Somalia. Many of them are an Ethiopian free fire zone, a vast testing ground for vari¬ farmers, and have already been moved into settlement ous types of Soviet military equipment, pitted against projects along Somalia’s Juba river. These agricultural each other. The Somali guerrillas are equipped with projects, farmed by refugees, have begun raising food for Soviet AK-47 assault rifles, land mines, and anti-tank Somalia’s burgeoning refugee population. rockets. They say that they capture all of these from the In visiting the refugee camps, one is struck by the fact Soviet-equipped Ethiopian army. that their population consists almost entirely of women The ambushes occur when the Ethiopians attempt to and children. When one asks where the men are, the resupply their forward garrisons. Some of the Ethiopian answer is invariably the same: army outposts in the Ogaden do not have airfields capa¬ “Dead.” ble of handling transport aircraft—so they have to be Or, “He is fighting in the war.” (Continued on page 35) Not much public attention has been paid to the war since the Somali regular forces retreated from the Ogaden in 1978. But the shooting continues, and the conflict has now become a protracted guerrilla struggle across Ethiopia’s entire southern frontier. There is no question but what the various liberation fronts are being aided by the Mogadishu government. The Somalis virtually admit this. Just as the Ethiopians now concede the help they are getting from Cuban, East German, and Soviet military forces. The Ogaden is a sandy wasteland that has been fought over, sporadically, for the past hundred years. One of Africa’s earliest nationalists, Sheikh Mohammed Abdul¬ lah Hassan, fought the British there for more than twenty years. London called him the “Mad Mullah.” He warned the British government that the sun was very hot in the Ogaden, and all they could expect from him was war— nothing else. Picasso Stayed Here. If we wanted to name drop, | our insurance department we could boggle your mind. through its Annual Govern¬ Because for decades, Security ment Service Floater. Storage has been Washington’s j Decades of this kind of favorite place to store valu¬ efficient, personal service, and ables. And when it comes to a dedication to quality, have FSO valuables, the Govern¬ made Security an FSO moving ment will cover all expenses, and storage expert. And that’s providing special arrangements | why anytime you need depend¬ are made in advance with your able service, it’s good to know transportation officer. Security is there. Silver, jewels, stamp and coin collections, and rare books are protected in Security’s vault. Temperature controlled areas are available for $pturitj) $toragp (Jornpanj) maximum protection and preservation of furs and off-season wardrobes. And paintings in our Art Room of UJashingfon MAIN OFFICE: receive the same storage treatment as paintings in 1701 Florida Avenue. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) 234-5600 MARYLAND: one of Washington’s largest museums. Bethesda-Chevy Chase. Marlow Heights, White Oak In addition, hundreds of your colleagues use VIRGINIA: Alexandria, McLean

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 7 THE FOREIGN SERVICE AND PRESIDENTIAL CONTROL OF FOREIGN POLICY

NATHANIEL DAVIS

Adlai Stevenson used to tell the stop at the water’s edge.” In fact, rest and go step-by-step through story of the man in the front and contrary to this justification, the rationale. Is the State Depart¬ pew in church who got to his feet there are important ideological dif¬ ment unique in its practice of plac¬ and prayed: “Oh Lord, use me! ferences between the Republicans ing professionals in a considerable Use me, oh Lord ... in an advi¬ and Democrats in foreign affairs. proportion of assistant-secretary- sory capacity!” There are those in Moreover, the ambition of profes¬ level jobs in Washington? It is true the United States Foreign Service sionals for key jobs causes them to that the State Department has more who might rise to make the same regard political appointees as inter¬ presidential appointees who are prayer. Should America’s profes¬ lopers, and to oppose or sabotage career officers than other depart¬ sional diplomats think of them¬ both their superiors and adminis¬ ments, but the practice is not selves as a principal source of pol¬ tration policies. Any effective pres¬ unique. At the present time there icy advice to the president? There ident and administration must, are half a dozen jobs at the assis¬ are those, in contrast, who think therefore, end the anomaly in order tant secretary level in the Treasury the Service’s true role should be a to assert presidential control in our Department, for example, which dependable instrument of policy democracy. It should become stan¬ are filled by professionals; and execution. It is a real dilemma. dard practice, says Ambassador there are several in Commerce. As How can America’s career dip¬ Silberman, that all assistant¬ for the military services—and lomats best serve the president in secretary-level jobs be filled with Foreign Service officers tend to our representative democracy? political appointees. In those rare think of themselves as being in a Where, for the Foreign Service, do cases when a professional is never¬ similar kind of disciplined integrity and faithfulness intersect? theless chosen, he should be ob¬ profession—active duty officers Laurence H. Silberman ad¬ liged to leave the professional ser¬ have headed the National Security dressed these questions in a vice and become “political,” and Agency, the Central Intelligence provocative article in last spring’s part of the incumbent administra¬ Agency, and quite a number of issue of Foreign AffairsWhen tion’s team. Such a clearly estab¬ other offices requiring presidential some colleagues suggested 1 try to lished rule would relieve the de¬ appointment. The chairman of the answer it, I was not sure how easy structive tension caused by the pro¬ Joint Chiefs of Staff and the chiefs it would be to write a measured and fessionals’ job hunger, and release of the services—all presidential ap¬ effective response. So much is sub¬ their energies for loyal and effec¬ pointees—have policy functions jective in these matters. In any case tive policy implementation. and influence equal to that of the a commentary is presented here. The first task may be to examine most senior professionals at the With respect to the State De¬ the set of assumptions upon which State Department. There is civilian partment, former Ambassador Sil- the foregoing argument appears to control at the Pentagon, but it is berman’s argument may, perhaps, also true that the secretary of state, be summarized in the following his deputy, and three of the four terms: Within the United States other principal officers of the State government, there is only one Nathaniel Davis is presently serving as State Department adviser at the Naval War Department are political appoin¬ department—the State Depart¬ College. From 1973-75 he was director gen¬ tees. Of the assistant secretaries at ment—where professionals nor¬ eral of the Foreign Service. He has also the State Department, two-thirds of mally hold a substantial proportion served at Prague, Florence, Rome, Mos¬ the incumbents are presently polit¬ of the presidential appointments cow, the Soviet Desk, Caracas, the Peace ical appointees. Corps. Sofia, the National Security Council which are made. Foreign Service Staff, Guatemala, Chile, AF and Bern. Does the Foreign Service really professionals justify this anomaly This article is a reply to Laurence H. Sil¬ justify its eligibility for presiden- through the fiction that “politics berman’s article, "Toward Presidential tially appointed jobs with an asser¬ Control of the State Department," in the tion that there are no substantive Spring 1979 issue of Foreign Affairs. Am¬ 'Laurence H. Silberman, "Toward Presi¬ bassador Davis felt the article deserved a differences between the Democra¬ dential Control of the State Department," more complete rebuttal than appeared in the tic and Republican parties? Do Foreign Affairs, Spring 1979, pp. 872-893. letters section o/Foreign Affairs. these professionals really think that 8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 ideology and political conviction How can one get a better handle went through McCarthyism and the should have no impact on foreign on the question of whether profes¬ “Loss of China” might believe that policy? Is it true, as Ambassador sionals can serve successive mas¬ those times were just as “parti¬ Silberman suggests, that a clear ters in our American system? One san.” More importantly, perhaps, public articulation of fundamental way is to look at cases. U. Alexis American policy in some areas of foreign policy questions “is terribly Johnson served three times as the the world is usually more “po¬ threatening to the Foreign Service senior professional in the State De¬ liticized” than in others. This has officer because it allows for politi¬ partment, the job now called under been true of East Asian policy dur¬ cal resolution of these is¬ secretary for political affairs. The ing a number of periods, and it is sues”. . . ? I think the answer is first time he served President Ken¬ now true of African policy. This No on all counts. Most profession¬ nedy, the second time President may be an argument for assistant als in diplomacy understand and Johnson, and the third time Presi¬ secretaries to deal with highly accept American democracy better dent Nixon. I have never heard an “political” areas and for profes¬ than the foregoing questions imply. allegation from any quarter that sionals in others. Even in so highly The reality of recent administra¬ politics or party ever marred his sensitive an area as the Middle tions’ ideological and political dif¬ loyalty and effectiveness. Charles East, however, A. L. Atherton, Jr. ferences is so evident that I find it Bohlen’s career spanned the con¬ has managed to serve both Henry hard to imagine many Foreign Ser¬ ferences and crises in US-Soviet re¬ Kissinger and Cyrus Vance. vice officers having failed to per¬ lations from Yalta until President On the other side of the coin, the ceive it. Nixon’s inauguration. Would assertion that political appointees Ambassador Silberman freely America really have been served if are, by the nature of their appoint¬ acknowledges that the world’s U. Alexis Johnson’s professional ment, extensions of presidential other great democracies appoint career had been terminated in 1961, policy and predilection can also be professionals to very senior jobs in when he first became deputy under challenged. In light of the historical their foreign ministries. He also secretary for political affairs, in- record, it is a somewhat idealized agrees that these foreign profes¬ view. One might take the office of sionals manage to serve their polit¬ secretary of state. Cordell Hull was ical masters effectively. 1 am re¬ “Henry Adams noted so ill-attuned to President Roose¬ minded of Dean Rusk’s description velt’s political psyche that the pres¬ of a compliment he once paid to the that the secretary of ident attempted to run the State head of the British Civil Service on state exists only to Department through Under Secre¬ the way that service stays away tary Sumner Welles, behind Hull’s from party politics. The En¬ recognize the back. But that consummate tacti¬ glishman answered: “Oh no, you existence of a world cian, FDR, had appointed Hull for have it wrong. The British Civil political reasons, and kept him Service supports one political party which Congress would on—for political reasons. William at a time.” rather ignore.” Jennings Bryan was appointed sec¬ Then why cannot the European retary of state because of his stand¬ system work here? Ambassador ing in the Democratic Party as an Silberman explains that the separa¬ stead of in 1977? Or Bohlen’s in opponent of the president, and was tion of powers between Congress 1951 instead of 1969? It would seri¬ a most uncomfortable and incon- and the president makes the Euro¬ ously have affected the nature of gruent instrument of presidential pean solution impossible in the the Foreign Service and the quality leadership. Numerous examples United States—implying that our of American diplomacy if none of could be given of lower-level politi¬ senior professionals do not truly our professionals had been able to cal appointments made at the State regard themselves as part of the go on to another suitable assign¬ Department which produced the executive branch. He later vitiates ment when his first assistant¬ same sort of incompatibility with this argument, however, by saying secretary-level Washington job was presidential direction. that the Foreign Service—alone done. Do we not want the Johnsons In discussing the relationship be¬ among the bureaucracies—has no and Bohlens to be able to give pro¬ tween professionals, politicans and constituency and therefore little fessional advice and service to both politics in foreign affairs, one congressional clout. In any case, parties? should consider several questions, British Foreign Office profession¬ Some observers believe that pro¬ including these: (1) Foreign Ser¬ als are also subjected to a multitude fessional diplomats can serve in vice attitudes toward the State De¬ of pressures from elected represen¬ high policy positions in Washington partment’s leadership and vice tatives of the people, from the only in those times when America versa; (2) Service attitudes toward press, from public and private insti¬ enjoys a national bipartisan con¬ presidential direction and the pres¬ tutions, from business and the rest. sensus—to a degree which is not ident’s confidence in the Service: The United Kingdom and the other true today. Others note that some and (3) Service attitudes toward great democracies have govern¬ professionals—like William Castle, policy. Then there is the question mental institutions that are differ¬ for example, in Hoover’s time— whether all or any of these attitudes ent from ours in some ways, but it could probably serve only one are really determined by the pro¬ is difficult to see why our separa¬ party effectively in a policy job. All fessionals’ greed for jobs. It might tion of power makes us uniquely this may be true, although I doubt be appropriate to say a word or two unable to support a professional di¬ that the present time is really a about each of these sets of at¬ plomacy. uniquely partisan era. Those who titudes.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 9 As for the relationship between ident—it might also be useful tends to be proud of his presidential the Foreign Service and the secre¬ to look at perceptions in both direc¬ appointment to the career service tary of state, Ambassador Silber- tions. Ambassador Silberman and even more proud of a presiden¬ man correctly notes that Secretary states that President Nixon had Dr. tial appointment to a high-level job. Kissinger promoted a number of Kissinger bypass Secretary Rogers He tends to regard himself—and do “relatively young and capable and the State Department in con¬ his best to represent himself—as Foreign Service officers” to high nection with the opening to China the president’s man in the bureau¬ positions. Even so, he does not and in other issues because he cratic wars with other agencies fully describe the extent to which didn’t trust the Foreign Service. which have strong constituencies Secretary Kissinger increasingly Perhaps. It is certainly true that and resultant power. The presi¬ turned to professionals in filling presidents have not always been dency is the mast to which he assistant-secretary level jobs as his enthusiastic about the profession¬ wishes and tries to nail his flag. incumbency progressed. At the end als. In fact, most of the world’s As for the third relationship of his tenure every regional assis¬ men of power—ranging from under discussion—Service atti¬ tant secretaryship and all but one of Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt tudes toward policy—Ambassador the other seven assistant secre¬ to Adolph Hitler—have scorned Silberman seems to think that job taryships were filled by profession¬ diplomats as a class; and they have hunger is the determinant of a als. One is led to wonder whether occasionally paid a price later, Foreign Service officer’s policy the secretary didn't find the when the diplomats' judgments on view. We are living in the age of professionals—with a few excep¬ occasion proved right. “worst construction” of the mo¬ tions—more reliable instruments Ambassador Silberman suggests tives of every man in public office, than the political appointees they that it has been the Service’s at¬ and this penchant is increased by replaced. titude toward presidential direction the inherent difficulty of crawling There is another reason why pro¬ that has caused and formed presi¬ into a human being’s head and sort¬ fessionals tend to displace political dential attitudes. This is probably ing out his impulses. 1 am reminded appointees as an administration not true. Presidents tend to like of a professor 1 had once, Ruhl progresses through its tenure in of¬ people they know, people who are Bartlett, who put the problem in fice; and this has been characteris¬ physically close, and people with better perspective. He said he had tic of all administrations, not just whom they are comfortable as “no confidence in psychological the Nixon-Ford one. It become in¬ human beings. Professionals in a explanations of human motives, for creasingly difficult as time goes on governmental department do not ‘who can point as with a wand and to attract top-notch, experienced often have the contact necessary to say what portion of the river of my non-career people for senior jobs. win this kind of trust. Moreover, mind came from yon fountain?’ ” A new administration, particularly the danger of leaks, those long few I doubt that there are many if it succeeds the rival party, can blocks between Pennsylvania Ave¬ knowledgeable observers who generally find quite a number of ) nue and Foggy Bottom, the would argue that ambition for titles highly qualified people willing to “beached whale” appearance of a and ranks is the driving motivation sacrifice their time and alternate fi¬ great bureaucracy, the “bowl of in most professional diplomats’ nancial opportunities. During a jelly”—all these aspects are part of judgments and perceptions of pol¬ second term, or at the end of an the difficulty. But the problem long icy. I do not deny that there is am¬ administration, however, it be¬ antedates the Foreign Service. The bition among Foreign Service offi¬ comes progressively harder to find first Congress after 1787 renamed cers. There is even ambition to in¬ equivalent talent. the “foreign affairs” office of the fluence policy in directions the pro¬ Ambassador Silberman com¬ Confederation the “State Depart¬ fessional believes right. Jobs and plains that Dr. Kissinger’s subordi¬ ment”—to give it something to do offices are not empty vessels which nates, while loyal to him, “had lit¬ after diplomacy, it was hoped, are coveted merely for perquisites tle attachment or loyalty to the Re¬ withered away. Henry Adams and external trappings. They are, at publican administration or to the noted that the secretary of state their best, opportunities to influ¬ president,” and were not “con¬ exists only to recognize the exis¬ ence policy in constructive ways. spicuous” in the presidential cam¬ tence of a world which Congress The substance is at the heart of paign of 1976. This evokes shades would rather ignore. There is some¬ things. of the “positive loyalty” said to thing intrinsic in the tension be¬ This is why Ambassador Silber- have been desired in government in tween America’s political leader¬ man’s proposed solution misdiag¬ 1952-53 and 1972-73. Is there not ship and the foreign affairs profes¬ noses the problem. Politicizing a also a little of the “spoils system” sionals. score of jobs in Washington would in this idea? Moreover, this re¬ As for the Foreign Service offi¬ simply change the boundary line at proach implies that professionals cers’ real attitudes toward presi¬ which the professional hopes to should look behind the relationship dential leadership, I believe that project his policy insights and between the president and his sec¬ Service loyalty and psychological achieve influence. This hope will retary of state. Is this not asking identification with the presidency not be quenched by establishing a the Foreign Service to insert itself are strong—for both good and a few rigid ceiling of jobs denied to him. too deeply into the political pro¬ less noble reasons. For the dip¬ If the cause of the trouble were cess? lomatic professional, as for all really the professionals’ ambition As for the second relationship Americans, the White House re¬ for office, influence and power, one under discussion—between the mains the focus of deep attach¬ should demand the politicization of Foreign Service and the pres- l ment. A Foreign Service officer the entire foreign policy apparatus. 10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 If one doubts that a professional in truly “important” places in the and constitutional difficulties in the State Department can and will 1979-1980 period? it is a small creating two categories of ambas¬ carry out politically established country; but the local influence of sadorial appointments, and remov¬ policies, the assault on profes¬ the United States is great, and the ing the “lower” level from the con¬ sionalism in diplomacy is funda¬ policy issues and hazards are large. stitutional requirement of Senate mental. The importance of an effective am¬ advice and consent, these seem bassador on the scene may prove to greater than Ambassador Silber¬ Former Ambassador Silberman have been greater there than in man appears to recognize. has a second set of proposals, larger countries with stable institu¬ To pass from the practical to the which relate to ambassadorial ap¬ tions and relationships. What about more general level, Ambassador pointments abroad. His solution our relations with England? They Silberman asserts that the distinc¬ here would parallel his prescription are supremely important, but con¬ tion between foreign policy formu¬ for appointments in Washington, in ducted through so many chan¬ lation and execution should be the the sense that he would make the nels—including our president’s lift¬ divide between political appointees number of jobs available to the pro¬ ing the phone—that the magnitude and professionals. Such a clear dis¬ fessionals predictable and immuta¬ of the ambassador’s policy function tinction cannot be made, however, ble. He would establish a quota of would be disputed. Will Tehran be when it comes to an ambassador in 15 to 20 key ambassadorships re¬ among our 15-20 most important the field. Conceivably one could served for political appointees. posts two or three years from now? define all ambassadorships abroad These would be truly “policy- It is a brave man who will claim he as falling within the area of execu¬ level” embassies. The remaining can designate a specific list of am¬ tion, as against senior policy jobs in hundred-odd ambassadorships bassadorships which will be in the Washington. If the system works would be downgraded to become top tier of policy-related and crisis right, however, policy is shaped appointments of the secretary of through a dialogue between our state rather than the president, embassies and the home office. thereby “depoliticizing” them. “One would have to say There is another problem in put¬ One would get around the require¬ ting ambassadorships abroad in ments for presidential appointment that these multifarious professional hands, by and large, and Senate confirmation of ambas¬ views and declarations and putting Washington jobs in sadors, stipulated in Article II 2(2) political hands. This practice would of the Constitution, by relying on a of FDR’s political tend to deny firsthand, in-depth Foreign Service officer’s presiden¬ appointees reflected experience to Washington’s policy tial appointment and Senate con¬ councils and return, at the top firmation as a career officer to those strong level, to the situation existing be¬ cover any subsequent ambassado¬ personalities’ fore the Wriston reforms, when rial post. The psychological ration¬ Foreign Service officers seldom ale would also be the same as for convictions more often came home and Department of State Department jobs. Once the than they projected State officers tended not to go available fruits of office were abroad. clearly defined, and the forbidden the president’s ones identified beyond appeal, As regards ambassadorial ap¬ strategy.’’ pointments, the case-by-analogy to competitive professional ambition, other great states’ practice is even jealousy and the sense of political usurpation would subside; and situations in the middle future. On more clearly in favor of a profes¬ sional diplomacy than in the matter political ambassadors and profes¬ the other hand, it hardly seems sional colleagues would get along practical to shuffle around the cru¬ of foreign office jobs. The nations of Western Europe and the world’s better. cial ambassadorships from month other democratic states appoint In commenting on these propos¬ to month to assure political appoin¬ als, it may be useful to proceed tees in the key places. Besides, this ambassadors of career almost from the immediate practical as¬ would in itself, destroy much of the without exception. The Communist pects to the broader issues. Actu¬ certitude-of-denial on which the states are also moving in that direc¬ tion. ally, limiting political appointments psychological efficacy of the plan is to ambassadorships to a fixed supposed to depend. As in the case of State Depart¬ quota of 15 or 20 has a certain A word or two might be said ment appointments, the issues may ironic attraction for a professional, about the second half of the perhaps be illuminated by real even if the “remainder” available proposal—the downgrading of cases. Take Llewellyn Thompson. to the professionals are the less im¬ most ambassadorships to cabinet- His most celebrated accomplish¬ portant posts. More serious trouble level appointments. Ambassador ments were his contribution to the comes, however, when one tries to Silberman mentions the possible Trieste settlement, the Austrian figure out which 15 or 20 posts are negative effects of second-class State Treaty, and his two periods of politically important enough to be ambassadorships on host-country service as ambassador to Moscow. regarded as policy jobs. Still worse, sensibilities, but then dismisses the In the Trieste negotiations he how does one predict which em¬ problem. He does not mention the served in jobs below the rank of a bassies will fit this category two or possible negative reaction of the presidential appointee—in a crucial three years from now? United States Senate, which might negotiation which one might sus¬ Has Nicaragua been among the be considerable. As for the legal pect would fall in the category of FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 “politically important matters” selflessness in the ranks. One can¬ convictions more often than they which Ambassador Silberman not legislate personal and substan¬ projected the president’s strategy. would reserve for political appoin¬ tive self-abnegation. Among senior Foreign Service offi¬ tees. Thompson was appointed cers, there were those who, like ambassador to Austria by President After the foregoing discussion of George S. Messersmith, saw clear¬ Truman about four months before appointments in Washington ly what Hitler and Nazism stood the elections of 1952. President and ambassadorships abroad, it for, and others of whom the profes¬ Eisenhower kept Ambassador may be useful to turn to what sion can be less proud. Thompson on in Vienna, and all the seems to be the central issue-of- Ambassador Silberman goes on evidence indicates that he served principle raised by former Ambas¬ sador Silberman. Should the dip¬ to discuss American policy toward the Democratic and Republican the Soviet Union. Loy Henderson administrations with equal success. lomatic professional be an unques¬ tioning vehicle of “full support” to was expelled from his Eastern The Austrian State Treaty was an European specialization in the later immense nonpartisan diplomatic his political masters or should he embody free-thinkingjudgment and 1930s, essentially for opposing the success for America and for Eu¬ perceptions of the USSR quintes- rope. President Eisenhower sent conviction, either publicly pro¬ jected or privately expressed? How sentially represented by a political Ambassador Thompson to Mos¬ ambassador, Joseph E. Davies. It cow; President Kennedy retained do integrity and an independent mind fit together with subordina¬ was Davies who lauded the purge him there; and that five-year tour trials after attendance in person, was a model in the history of tion and discipline? This is a pro¬ found dilemma, and many thought¬ who described Stalin’s “kind and American diplomacy. After a gentle” brown eyes, and who noted ful observers have manifested am¬ period of subsequent distinguished that “a child would like to sit in his bivalence about the matter. A service at the most senior policy lap and a dog would sidle up to level in the State Department, Am¬ Foreign Service officer who repre¬ 2 sents himself and his own convic¬ him.” Like William Dodd, Loy bassador Thompson was sent back Henderson did stand for principle. to Moscow by Lyndon Johnson. tion alone, either in Washington or abroad, is by that very act under¬ Then there was the episode of Should that career never have Patrick Hurley and the China come about, because professionals mining his claim to be a profes¬ sional instrument of his constituted hands. In discussing this case, Am¬ cannot be trusted in our democracy bassador Silberman appears to with truly important tasks? political masters. (One should also note that a politically-appointed suggest that Hurley’s action of Turning to the other side of the ambassador cannot be a free agent “ignoring—indeed, of persecut¬ coin—that is, the claimed advan¬ either.) On the other hand, practi¬ ing—the old China hands” can be partly explained, and perhaps tages political ambassadors bring to cally nobody wants a senior dip¬ the president and nation—it is by lomat to be without penetrating partly forgiven, because an earlier no means certain that the appoint¬ judgment, moral courage and a unrelated set of recommendations by Hurley on policy toward Iran ment of close presidential intimates sense of principle. Practically no¬ was wrongfully buried by the State has tended to turn out well. Such body would advocate the idea that ambassadors have often found Department's hierarchy. Hurley the ideal professional should be like was the US ambassador who char¬ themselves frustrated, and caused a disposable, waxed-cardboard car¬ frustration, when they have tried to ton into which one can pour con¬ acterized the Chinese Communists harness their personal relationship tent and substance at will. as like Oklahoma Republicans, with the president to their diploma¬ Ambassador Silberman uses a with guns, and went on to say: tic purposes. Moreover, they have number of examples to expose the “The Communists are not in fact Communists, they are striving for not been very consistent in project¬ issue; and appears to fault the pro¬ ing the president's inclinations, and fessionals on both sides of the democratic principles,” attempting their fortunes have sometimes not to achieve a government “of the ledger. He cites the case of Ambas¬ people, for the people, and by the been closely tied in practice to sador William E. Dodd as an exam¬ 3 those of the administration. In any people.” ple where a political appointee took Where does all this leave us? case, political ambassadors are an admirable moral stand against usually appointed for a wide vari¬ Most of these historical cases are Hitler, and contrasts this with the complicated, ambiguous and dif¬ ety of reasons other than close prevailing attitudes in the Foreign ficult to judge fairly. For each polit¬ friendship with the president— Service of the 1920s, 1930s and even when large political contribu¬ 1940s which he says were to be ical appointee who took a moral tions have not been a factor. sympathetic, to some degree, to stand, one could probably find a As for the claimed psychological “dominant trends,” such as “ac¬ professional; and for each who benefits of assured job denial in de¬ commodation with fascism.” One ducked one, a counterpart might be fusing the professionals’ ambitions, can readily agree that Dodd's stand found. Neither professional ap¬ it might be worth pointing out that was admirable. There were other pointment nor political appoint- other agencies in the foreign affairs political ambassadors of Franklin 2 Joseph E. Davies, Mission to Moscow, field such as AID and ICA have Roosevelt, however, who took (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1941), p. been virtually excluded from am¬ considerably different positions. 357. bassadorships until quite recently One would have to say that these without the envisaged beneficial ef¬ multifarious views and declarations 3 Russell D. Buhite, Patrick J. Hurley and fects in terms of image, presidential of FDR’s political appointees re¬ American Foreign Policy (Ithaca Cornell U. and public confidence, or monastic flected those strong personalities’ Press, 1973), p. 201.

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. March, 1980 ment guarantees courage. Whether counterproductive. Heaven knows, man goes on to link this quality they be political appointees or pro¬ Ambassador Spruille Braden de¬ with insensitivity to change. Is it fessionals, I dare to hope that our fended our values in Argentina, al¬ really true that a patient person is national leaders may want men and most to the point of becoming Juan less perceptive to change? There is women of standing, strength and Domingo Peron’s domestic chal¬ no logical connection. Lyndon character to represent us—people lenger in that country’s presidential Johnson once said: “While the in Moscow, for example, like campaign of 1945. But US ambas¬ lightning is crackling, and the thun¬ Averell Harriman and Charles sadors do not generally win elec¬ der rolling.—the grass is growing.” Bohlen. I also hope they want pro¬ tions in foreign countries; and The alert professional, who has fessionals of the sort of inner- Peron was highly successful in stir¬ been there before, should be at motivated integrity which will in¬ ring his people’s emotions against least as able as the political appoin¬ evitably find expressions in a pol¬ “American interventionism” and tee, who has just flown in, to note icy view—not gray, faceless shad¬ the Colossus of the North. We have subtle changes in the contours of ows of implementation. Martin been living with the results in the garden—or the growth of Luther said it: “Heaven is not for Buenos Aires for over a generation. poisonous plants in the jungle. But geese.” An ambassador can become so there is a related question. Does emotional and tilted—either for or the professional viscerally preserve fter touching on the central di¬ A against the host country—as to be¬ an “intellectual and psychological lemma between courage and in¬ come ineffective. This kind of “to¬ investment in past policy,”5 which tegrity on one side and discipline tal tilt” has occurred more often, I translates itself into the “com¬ and subordination on the other, fortableness of continuity?” In this Ambassador Silberman presents a believe, among political appointees regard, one might look at the his¬ kind of essay on the congenital than among professionals. tory of US China policy in the weaknesses of the professional 1950s. The political assistant secre¬ American diplomat. These include tary, Walter Robertson, was the over-identification with the host “One should remember bastion of “continuity” in those country’s interest; debilitating cau¬ that American envoys in times—not the professionals of the tion; insensitivity and resistance to Foreign Service. It was politics change; lack of initiative and com¬ the 1870s may have had which sustained that unchanging mand; and ignorance of American the freedom of action China policy for so long. Besides, life and politics. which comes of poor the transfer of a professional assis¬ There is no question that there tant secretary or ambassador can at are professionals who desire to communications; but least ensure a new look at things. avoid “unpopularity with the na¬ they also had rather Ambassador Silberman suggests tion or group of nations in which that senior diplomats lack initia¬ the officer specializes.”4 Clientism less to do. What tive, decisiveness and the execu¬ is undeniably a diplomatic disease. they—or America—said tive sense, in part at least because Sometimes the effort not to rock they have had limited opportunity the local boat can also be at the ex¬ and thought was rather to develop these traits as they car¬ pense of a “vigorous defense of marginal to the world’s American interests.”5 In this con¬ ried people’s briefcases as junior nection I am reminded of the poem great affairs of state.” officers. 1 am not convinced, how¬ about the worm swallowed by the ever, that junior Foreign Service robin in Don Marquis’s Archy and officers really do have less oppor¬ Do the professionals instinc¬ tunity for seasoning and responsi¬ Mehitabel who, once in the robin’s tively choose caution and fudge? stomach, experiences “the insidi¬ bility than civil servants, junior There may be a grain of truth in the management trainees, or junior at¬ ous process of assimilation” as his old adage that there are old dip¬ torneys in a law office. These com¬ personal identity and individuality lomats, and there are bold dip¬ melt away, and comes “to think parisons are treacherous. There is lomats, but there are no old, bold some “donkey work” in every pro¬ like a robin and not like a worm.” diplomats. Arthur Schlesinger Perhaps this characterizes the pro¬ fession, of course. Moreover, the called Foreign Service officers accountability of official US gov¬ fessional more than the political people “for whom the risks always ernment servants does foster appointee—but I doubt it. I suspect outweigh the opportunities.” Even checks and restraints. This is part that for every assimilated profes¬ my old boss, Chip Bohlen, con¬ sional ambassador there is an of the fact that the nation’s busi¬ ceded that he often hedged, “as ness is important, and officials’ ac¬ example of a political ambassador, careful diplomats do,” in his re¬ like Earl E. T. Smith in Batista’s tions can have a profound impact porting to Washington. Neverthe¬ on the welfare of US citizens, cor¬ Cuba, who was said, at least, to less, when we contemplate Viet¬ have succumbed to clientism. porations and institutions operating nam, the Bay of Pigs and certain around the world. If not clientism, a bit of discre¬ other episodes, caution may not Ambassador Silberman asserts tion in denouncing one’s hosts is seem all bad. Neither caution nor that “advances in transportation sometimes not a bad thing. Even boldness is a substitute for judg¬ and communications have erased the vigorous public defense of ment, nor the exclusive preserve of much discretion that ambassadors American interests can become either type of appointee. were once called upon to exer- 4 Silberman. op. cit. p. 883. Complimenting the professionals 5 Ibid. p. 883. on patience, Ambassador Silber¬ KI bid., p. 888.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March. 1980 13 rise.” It is true that instantaneous Burke and Bryce. Perhaps the political appointee, for whom an communications facilitate consulta¬ phenomenon is related to the op¬ ambassadorship may represent his tion and referral to Washington. portunity to perceive differences. only chance to leave a modest mo¬ But somebody still has to try to un¬ A perceptive diplomatic profes¬ ment in the public life of his coun¬ derstand the world and advise his sional has an extraordinary oppor¬ try. In contrast, the professional is government wisely. Somebody still tunity in his lifetime to compare there to do the best possible job has to establish trustworthy con¬ and appreciate a variety of under the circumstances, whatever tacts and relationships, exert influ¬ cultures—including our own. “Be¬ the circumstances may be. He must ence, act intelligently, and carry on ing in touch,” in the deepest politi¬ expect to be sent on occasion into the essential business of diplo¬ cal and psychological sense, is an situations where success and public macy. We have also seen, more exercise of the mind and spirit, and applause are not in the cards. He than once in Tehran and Kabul in the “cross-cultural-exposure” giv¬ must console himself with the con¬ recent times, that a radio or tele¬ en to a diplomat can provide a real viction that there will be tomor¬ graphic link to Washington is not chance for insight and understand¬ rows, for his country and for him, if all that is required in diplomacy and ing. he performs faithfully and effec¬ foreign affairs. One should re¬ tively. One must confess in hon¬ member that American envoys in It might be useful at this point to esty, however, that the contrast the 1870s may have had the free¬ pass from the foregoing discus¬ described here is real only so long dom of action which comes of poor sion of weaknesses reputedly en¬ as the profession is administered in communications; but they also had demic to the diplomatic profession such a way as to secure the advan¬ rather less to do. What they—or to a brief examination of the posi¬ tages of continuity of tenure, broad America—said and thought was tive qualifications the career dip¬ experience, and the confidence that rather marginal to the world’s great lomat may bring to his trade. This the professional who performs well affairs of state. The quantum jump could be the launching point for an will be upheld. A professional dip¬ in America’s role and respon¬ interminable essay, of course, and lomat’s single and relatively brief sibilities has probably increased the many have been written. The most ambassadorship may also turn out demands made on a US ambas¬ perceptive of them acknowledge to be his only brush with minor sador more radically than the ad¬ that one is dealing with intangibles. immortality, and Foreign Service vances in communication have re¬ Adlai Stevenson, as always, put the practice seems to be moving in the duced his discretion. problem well: direction of “one-shot ambas¬ As for knowledge of America, What a man “knows at fifty that he sadorships” followed by retire¬ Ambassador Silberman sets up a did not know at twenty" boils down to ment. So the distinction may be dichotomy between the profession¬ something like this: The knowledge he fading. al’s knowledge of the world and the has acquired with age is not the knowl¬ Part of “professionalism” is the edge of formulas, or forms of words, unexciting fact that diplomats are non-careerist’s “comparative ad¬ but of people, places, actions—a vantage in understanding the trained to take care. If they are real knowledge not gained by words but by professionals, they report accu¬ United States, particularly if he or touch, sight, sound, victories, failures, she comes to a post with a broad sleeplessness, devotion, love—the hu¬ rately, represent their country’s background in government eco¬ man experiences and emotions of this positions faithfully and carry out nomics or scholarship.’’ This might earth and of oneself and other men; instructions. One of the famous have been valid a few decades ago, and, perhaps, too, a little faith, and a examples of well-intentioned ama¬ when Foreign Service officers little reverence for things you cannot teurism was the conduct of Japan's spent twenty years abroad without see.'7 ambassador to the United States, coming home, waiting for Ameri¬ Does this simply call for matu¬ Nomura Kichisaburo, during the can newspapers to be brought by rity, in diplomacy as in other great crucial months of negotiation prior packet. But Foreign Service offi¬ enterprises? Perhaps, but one can to December 7, 1941. Nomura cers spend half their time in hope for a little more. Practice and failed for almost a month even to America now, struggling with our experience are believed to help in send Cordell Hull’s crucial Four political process—writ large and every other line of work. Why not Point proposal of April, 1941, to seen at close range. Professional diplomacy? Muscles are built by Tokyo, misrepresented its status assistant secretaries must deal with exercise, and the qualities of mind when he did send it, and misled his an emergent and vigilant Congress, a good diplomat needs are also built superiors by describing the Draft testify frequently, talk to the press that way. Understanding discussed between and public interest groups, and ac¬ As noted above, Ambassador Hull and Nomura at the same time cept political and domestic expo¬ Silberman generously acknow¬ as an Amercan offering when it was sure which is greater than that ever ledges that “career diplomats are actually drafted unofficially by experienced by the investment trained to patience, whereas ama¬ both Japanese and Americans and banker or real estate man who be¬ teurs often blunder by seeking to was not wholly acceptable to the comes a political appointee. accomplish too much during their American government. On various relatively short tenure.” The God¬ other occasions he made significant One added thought might be dess of Success—a lady of doubtful proposals without authorization, worth considering. Why is it that virtue and reliability—does hold failed to make proposals he was in¬ some of the most perceptive writ¬ out considerable temptation to a structed to put forward, failed to ing about America has come from report American positions, and the pens of foreigners? One need 7Adlai E. Stevenson, What I Think (New only mention de Tocqueville, York, Harper and Brothers, 1956), p. 174. (Continued on page 38)

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 Street riot in Cairo, just prior to the revolution. Black Saturday: The Burning of Cairo

J. WESLEY ADAMS

Those of us who lived through stores, banks, movie houses, liquor marching, and by late summer trol¬ the event knew it as Black stores, dozens of foreign business ley cars, buses and automobiles Saturday. Some will remember it as houses, night clubs and many were being toppled and burned. To “the day that Shepheard’s smaller shops. A dozen foreigners avoid mob entrapment all of us be¬ burned.” Most readers will have and an unknown number of Egyp¬ came adept at scanning a street be¬ long forgotten it, their memories tians were killed. Martial law and a fore entering. dimmed by three wars which fol¬ curfew were imposed. The gov¬ Crowd frenzy peaked in riots lowed in the Middle East, by Viet¬ ernment of Nahas Pasha fell. King which surrounded the unilateral nam and by current happenings in Farouk himself was to be exiled in denunciation by the Egyptian gov¬ Iran. The burning of Cairo, on exactly six months. ernment in mid-October of both the January 26, 1952, was, however, Black Saturday was triggered by Canal and Sudan treaties. Plate unique in its trauma, a watershed in events in the Suez Canal Zone two glass windows in the TWA office modern Egyptian history, if not in days earlier. It had its roots in were smashed. Graffiti on walls that of the whole Middle East. Egyptian hostility to the British and buildings proclaimed: “Get The fires began shortly before military presence in the Canal out, you dirty British!” Rioters noon. By nightfall the center of Zone, authorized by the Anglo- penetrated Shepheard’s Hotel. Cairo was a glowing inferno. Not Egyptian Treaty of 1936, and also Perhaps fearing that mob fervor only was Shepheard’s Hotel, per¬ to the British role in the Anglo- was directed not solely at the haps the most fashionable hostelry Egyptian Sudan as the effective British—corruption of the Farouk in the whole of the old British em¬ administrator of the area, through regime was openly alleged and the pire, a crumbling hulk; some 450 its Sudan service, under the Con¬ Wafdist Government was a con¬ other establishments were burned dominium Agreement of 1899. This stant object of cartoon satire—the out. Included were department hostility had surfaced shortly after government ordered an end to World War II and was later articu¬ demonstrations; but not before a J. Wesley Adams, now economic consultant lated in the slogan, “Evacuation dozen Egyptians had been killed. A to the Middle East Institute, was second secretary at the embassy in Cairo at the time and Unity of the Nile Valley.” police cordon was thrown around of the events described in the article. Sub¬ In the first months of 1951 we in an area four blocks square, fronting sequently he served in India, Pakistan, Lon¬ the American embassy heard ru¬ on the Nile corniche, which con¬ don, and as DCM in Baghdad and Amman. mors that “trouble was brewing.” tained the British and American Photographs by Jack Grover By mid-year the students were embassies, the Semiramis Hotel FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 1 5 and the Fulbright and UN offices. ish troops had corralled a large Saturday—we fdtered out into At this point elements of reli¬ group in an isolated structure. They largely deserted streets—the em¬ gious fanaticism and general xeno¬ had given the Egyptians 24 hours in bassy police guard had vanished— phobia began to surface. Inventive which to surrender—or else. The and headed for our respective militants painted out the English guerrillas, according t'o later Egyp¬ homes. Only Ambassador Caffery, letters on auto licenses, leaving tian reports, had telephoned the a few senior officials and the only the Arabic. Merchants, fear¬ minister of interior in Cairo, Serag marine guards remained. ing reprisals, did the same with eddin Pasha, inquiring what to do Late that afternoon Ambassador their neon and other signs. Rumor next. “Stand fast,” he reportedly Caffery was to demonstrate both spread that the gates and apart¬ replied. They did and upon expiry his courage and his renowned pro¬ ments of foreigners were being of the ultimatum some 40 were fessionalism when he drove across marked in anticipation of a day of killed when the British leveled the town to call on King Farouk in reckoning. building. Abdin Palace and to counsel him to Because my wife, Frances, was Cairo newspapers of January 25 call out the army to stop the burn¬ director of the Fulbright program in gave no hint of these events but the ing. By about 5:30 p.m. first ele¬ Egypt, we were provided a special next day the lid was off. Headlines ments of the army stationed in bar¬ insight into developments on cam¬ screamed news of the “massacre.” racks near Heliopolis, northeast of pus. Fulbright professors, report¬ Alarmed at the headlines, I phoned the city, arrived in midtown Cairo. ing disruptions and cancellation of our dentist to call off a 10 a.m. ap¬ The delay in their despatch was oc¬ classes, were particularly unhappy. pointment at his midtown office for casioned, according to subsequent Fulbright students, a part of the my older son, Tommy. At the mo¬ gossip, by Farouk's concern that campus scene, were told of bombs ment, he had said, all was quiet their loyalty be ensured. Unfortu¬ and grenades being hand-crafted in nately, they arrived just too late to university labs. Some of these prevent the destruction of the Smith Book Store, British-owned, same students, habitues of bazaar coffee shops, where they sought “Coming off the Kasr el largest in the Middle East. improvement of their Arabic, Nil bridge, we were Every officer and employee of commented on the absence of hos¬ the American embassy on that day tility towards Americans, surpris¬ waved down by a will have a different story to tell of ing in view of the Egyptian resent¬ soldier who pushed his ensuing events. We had ourselves ment of our hasty recognition and scheduled a musical evening for subsequent support of Israel. Some pistol in my face, his that day, one in a series of record of their colleagues had even es¬ hand shaking.” concerts we had put on for friends, caped angry confrontation on buses Egyptian and Western, who liked and elsewhere by asserting, “I am classical music. It was to be a an American” (as distinct from Mozart program in honor of downtown; but he agreed that cau¬ British). Even so, most Americans Mozart’s birthday (on January 27). tion was in order. Although doubtful that anyone were skittish about the angry mood At about 11 a.m. our Egyptian they perceived. My wife had her¬ would come, we proceeded with employees reported that fires had self been surprised by a mob which plans for the concert, I myself started downtown, about a mile had surged out from the Soviet em¬ scouring neighboring back alley northeast of the embassy. Soon we bassy, near our home, following a stalls, still open, for last-minute all observed black smoke billowing demonstration of fraternal solidar¬ supplies. into the sky. I phoned my wife at ity in front of that embassy. With From time to time we joined her Fulbright office a block away. other residents on the roof of our our young son, Danny, she had She had already heard the news sought safety in a side alley. apartment, the Horus House in and was about to drive to the Zamalek onGezira Island, to watch During January the Cairo press Museum of Modern Art, several the progress of the fire across the carried daily stories of “happen¬ blocks toward town, to collect two river on the east bank. Paul and ings” in the Suez Canal Zone. works of art we had purchased at a Willa Parker were fellow residents. There, Egyptian “guerrillas”—in show which had closed the previ¬ Our regional treasury attache, Paul civilian garb but believed to include ous night. This she did, although, was in Tehran that day. Other resi¬ soldiers detailed from the Egyptian as it turned out, the museum was dents included Clark Davis, army—were constantly harassing not touched. An auto showroom American engineer who directed British troops, with casualties across the street was put to the construction of the Suez fertilizer mounting on both sides. torch. plant, and Sarnia Gamal, then the On Friday morning, January 25,1 During the rest of the morning an most famous of Egyptian “belly” was in Ambassador Jefferson Caf- atmosphere of “no panic” pre¬ dancers, recently married to fery’s outer office when the British vailed in the embassy. Perhaps we “Shep” King, scion of the famous ambassador, Sir Ralph (“Rafe”) reasoned that the fires—whose na¬ King Ranch family of Texas. We Stevenson, appeared and was ture and extent we did not then had had drinks with them on New ushered into Caffery’s office. Later truly comprehend—were just Year’s day and he would sub¬ we learned that Sir Ralph had come another in the chain of events we sequently book her on a tour of to report on “developments” in the had, until then, successfully American night clubs. They were Canal Zone the previous day. In weathered. Carrying on till normal later divorced. pursuit of Egyptian guerrillas Brit- closing time—2 p.m. on a Assured by phone that the con-

16 FOREIGN SE RVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 wife of a Fuibright agricultural ex¬ pert, he being that day out in the country. All their clothing and money, left in their room, was lost. Friends donated emergency cloth¬ ing for them. Some luncheon guests, including our engineer friend, Clark Davis, had escaped into the back garden, scaling the back wall when night fell. After Shepheard’s we wandered the nearby streets to observe the complete gutting of the big depart¬ ment stores, two of the fashionable Swiss-owned Groppi restaurants and the Barclay’s Bank, a stone and masonry building whose roof had collapsed into its spacious lobby, causing several deaths. In the Turf Club, another citadel of empire, eleven persons were burned to death, including our col¬ league, the deputy Canadian trade commissioner, who had gone there cert was still “on,” some twenty dinner or party guests occasionally for lunch. Some club members and overnighted with their hosts. guests filtered in throughout the guests had escaped out back win¬ evening, the first to arrive being the Monday it was back to our em¬ dows. Others, seeking to flee the bearded artist, Sagini, an Egyptian bassy, now guarded by soldiers, front entrance, were driven back of Italian antecedents whose two their machine guns sweeping the into the building by the mob to sub¬ pieces my wife had that morning gate. In mid-morning, hearing from sequent death. Rioters had placed rescued from the museum. He had an American businessman that it the club’s canary, in its cage, atop a walked through the burning city was “all right” to go into town, pile of furniture and burned the lot. and north across the Fuad al Awal Frances and I set out to see the During our walk we learned how bridge to our home. wreckage. Only after we had left gasoline had been used to fuel the The concert over, Frances and I did the ambassador direct that em¬ fires. Commandeered gasoline drove several of our guests home bassy personnel stay out of down¬ trucks were driven through the and then proceeded to follow town for a few days. city, their contents drawn into Alfred Haddad, our Lebanese pro¬ Most shocking to see were the buckets and sloshed under the steel tocol officer, to his home in Garden remains of the old Shepheard’s, shutters of shops, normally brought City, near our embassy. Coming off colorful oasis for generations of down as a protection against riot. the Kasr el Nil bridge, we were travelers to upper Egypt and the One match did the rest. Some im¬ waved down by a soldier who Far East. No more would its palm- aginative store owners saved their pushed his pistol in my face, his studded lobby and colonnaded cor¬ shops by throwing coins into the hand shaking. Fortunately, Alfred, ridors be filled with the bustle of street, distracting the arsonists. observing what had happened, Nubian and Sudanese servants, stopped his car and shouted to the garbed in red tarboosh, gold braid While the burnings demonstrated soldier, confirming that we were all and flowing robes. From across the the mindless fury of a mob run right, that we were Americans! street we saw not even the shell of amok (making us forever fearful of Fowering his pistol, the soldier a building. Grotesquely, the arch¬ mobs—anybody’s mob) they also waved us on. We turned around way of the main entrance still revealed the breadth and depth of and sped home. stood, its inscription, Shepheard’s hatreds abroad in the city. These Sunday we all stayed close to Hotel, seeming to taunt the ar¬ included the British, other foreign¬ home, fraternizing with neighbors sonists. Otherwise, only two of ers, the rich, the Farouk regime, and exchanging stories with news¬ three of the transverse brick walls and “sin, sex and debauchery” as men and businessmen who had remained upright, a hall carpet represented in the cinemas, liquor ventured into the city. “Thank God dangling from one and flapping stores and the Badia night club, a the army remained loyal,” was the gently in the breeze. The stone and noted belly dance hall, the first es¬ general consensus. With a nearby masonry building had completely tablishment put to the torch. British colleague we listened to an collapsed, incinerated in the heat of Subsequent government investi¬ hourly broadcast from his embassy the gasoline-fed flames. gation failed to reveal—at least reporting on missing British citi¬ Rumor had it that several hotel publicly—any organized planning zens. Martial law had been im¬ guests had been killed, but this was of events. Few were tried or posed late Saturday, followed by a never confirmed. Guests Ernie punished. The fact that the com¬ 5 o’clock curfew which was only Hill, then of the Chicago Daily mandeered tank trucks were con¬ gradually relaxed over succeeding News and his wife, Terry, escaped veniently available suggested an weeks. During early curfew days out the front entrance; as did the (Continued on page 37)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 1 7 "The heroes, the saints and sages—they are those who face the world of perfect flavor, delicate body and superb aroma, must be brewed by a alone."—Norman Douglas dark-skinned native of Turkey, Morocco or other exotic land. Any coffee house having such a man was assured of an elite clientele. So / V it was that Ali became the coffee brewer and server in the most popular cafe and baron Vaci Street JXMT in Budapest. Of course the management could never permit him to be called Lun¬ sud Goode, so he was given an em¬ broidered vest, a red fez, complete with tassel, and a new name, Ali—a name shared with the adopted son of Mohammed and all of the pro¬ fessional coffee servers in Hun¬ gary. But there was only one JXILH American Ali in Budapest. Ali was quick to learn, and he soon became a bartender, in addi¬ ^ S tion to his coffee duties. He also learned Hungarian and eventually married a Hungarian girl. He was FRED GODSEY well-known in Budapest and, as the years passed, worked in many dif¬ We buried Ali on a gentle hill¬ to stage exhibition bouts. The ferent bars, night clubs and cafes. side in the Old Cemetery in venture failed, however, and he Shortly before World War II, he Budapest, Hungary on a misty au¬ was stranded in Paris without became the chief bartender and tumn day in 1947. So far as I know, enough money for food. He de¬ coffee man in the Bristol, one of his grave is marked only by a sim¬ cided to give up boxing for some Budapest’s finest hotels. ple stone slab bearing his real name other branch of show business. We reopened the American con¬ and the dates: He met a Hungarian promoter in sulate in Budapest in the summer of Paris who was putting together a 1945 amid the debris left by the traveling vaudeville show. Ali second World War. I was a young LUNSUD J. GOODE couldn’t sing or act, but as a boy he consular officer assigned to issue Born 1893 had danced in the streets of Boston passports and repatriate those Died Oct. 13. 1947 for coins, so he was signed on and American citizens who had been billed as a famous American tap trapped by the war in Hungary and It’s not an appropriate epitaph for a dancer. As he once told me, his act who wished to return to the United hero. Of course Ali would be the first to scoff at such a claim, for he was never a real threat to Fred As¬ States. Ali was one of my first cus¬ taire, but he could do a fairly good was a modest man. tomers. He and his wife—they had buck-and-wing. no children—had spent the war Ali was a black man. He grew up The troupe opened in Budapest. years in an internment camp in in the slums of Boston, where his The show was a failure; the theater Budapest. He was about 52 years parents died when he was about ten canceled the contract, and the years old. He never knew exactly old, and his wife a few years promoter disappeared without pay¬ younger, when I met them in 1945. when or where he was born. He ing. This was in 1930. America was He still had his old American learned to fight in the streets and still deep in the big depression, and passport, and the consular files ver¬ alleys and in his early youth be¬ Ali decided to stay on in Budapest ified his story and his claim to came a boxer. He never made the and look for a job unconnected American citizenship. I gave him a Big Time because he was too short with show business. new passport and explained that we and had no professional training, In those days, a black person could issue a visa to his wife when but he made a living of sorts in the was a rarity in Budapest, and racial they were ready to leave for the early years of his manhood by fight¬ discrimination against negroes did USA. ing preliminary bouts along the not exist in Hungary. On the con¬ After the war, Hungary was oc¬ East Coast. trary, Ali’s color landed him a job cupied and controlled completely Sometime in the 1920s, Ali went on his very first try. His new by the Russian military, and the to Europe with a couple of fighters employer, the owner of a cafe, be¬ communist party was already be¬ lieved for several years that Ali was ginning plans in 1945 to take over a Moor from Morocco. the government. Almost every day Hungarians have an abiding, un¬ crowds marched past the consulate Fred Godsey was in the Foreign Service from 1942-1951 and served in Budapest from shakable belief, learned in the cra¬ carrying red flags and banners read¬ 1945-50. He now lives at Vogelsberg 15, dle and certified by the great cafes ing, “Down with America! Death 7591 Obersasbach, West Germany. in Budapest: A good cup of coffee, to Truman! Long Live Stalin!”

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 Russian soldiers were murdering, which he always wore when not on my answer would be, or whether he raping and looting nightly in duty at his bar, and he tried hard to suddenly realized that it was a Budapest. look unworried. question which only he could an¬ I urged Ali to hasten his depar¬ “Mr. Consul, I had a visit last swer, I shall never know. Before I ture for the United States before a night from some people. They want could speak, he turned toward the communist government was to make trouble for me. They want door and said, “Well, maybe I can formed which would have the me to march in a communist parade work something out.” power to prevent his wife, as a tomorrow afternoon. Can you get That was the last time I saw Ali. Hungarian citizen, from leaving the me and my wife out of here? We’d The next morning, about 11 country. But he said that his life like to go as soon as possible.” o’clock, Ali’s wife came to the con¬ savings had been stolen when Rus¬ The communist union had sent a sulate and told me that he was sian soldiers had looted his apart¬ delegation to request Ali to be on dead. He had taken a few pills dur¬ ment. He had reopened the bar and hand the next day at 4 o’clock in ing the night for chest pains. A few cafe of the Bristol and wanted to minutes later he had died—of a get some money together for living the afternoon. He was expected to heart attack. A doctor had already expenses while he looked for a job march through the main streets of in the United States. He had no Budapest at the forefront of a signed the death certificate, she known relatives and had decided to mammoth communist parade. said. go to New Orleans. Moreover, he would be carrying a “I didn’t know that Ali suffered The summer passed, and each large red-lettered sign. The sign from heart trouble,” I told her, month of 1946 saw a gradual after expressing my sympathy and strengthening of the communist assuring her that the consulate rule in Hungary. I received fre¬ would assist in arranging a funeral service. quent visits from Ali at the consu¬ “There was no way we late or saw him occasionally at his She blinked back her tears, bar. Each time he would flash a could get Ali’s wife on a handed me a small bottle and wide grin and say, “Just a few plane or out of Hungary looked straight into my eyes. more weeks now, Mr. Consul! Just “These are the pills like Lunsud a few more weeks and we’ll be so quickly. She would took,” she said. “I didn’t show ready to go.” need an exit permit them to the doctor. Lunsud took By mid-1947, the communist from the communist several of them. It was a heart at¬ campaign of terror had reached a tack.” new peak. The secret police and government.’’ “Of course,” I said quickly, as I the Russians in Hungary were ar¬ saw the red skull and cross bones resting and murdering suspected on the little bottle. “Of course, it “enemies of the people” in was a heart attack.” Budapest prisons. No Hungarian would read, “Death to Truman! And it is so recorded officially in family was immune to the midnight Down with America! Long Live the records of the American consu¬ knock on the door which could Stalin!” late in Budapest. mean death or deportation to the As a well-known American in The communist parade that af¬ Soviet Union for slave labor. The Budapest, Ali’s participation in ternoon was about like most of huge communist concentration such a denunciation of his country them are. The same old monoton¬ camps around Budapest were being would be a great coup for com¬ ous, stupid drivel. Nothing spe¬ filled with people, many of whom munist propaganda. cial. Ali’s funeral was supposed to had just two years before been lib¬ “I told them that I’d let them be a simple one, as he had no reli¬ erated from the Nazi camps in know by noon tomorrow,” he said. gious affiliation. But as the coffin Germany and Poland. “Of course they made it clear that was being carried by a few friends All of the professions, trades and if I say no, they will never let my to the grave, a group of Hungarian labor groups in Hungary fell under wife leave Hungary—they will put gypsies suddenly appeared. They the rigid control of the communist her in a concentration camp.” carried their musical instruments party—a control which eventually I immediately checked with the and followed the coffin all the way included Ali’s profession. A trade consular officer in charge of visas. to the open grave—playing slow, syndicate of bar and coffee house There was no way we could get mournful, beautiful gypsy music. employees was formed, and Ali had Ali’s wife on a plane or out of Hun¬ They had come, uninvited but most to join or lose his job. gary so quickly. She would need an welcome, to give Ali a rare honor in He continued to delay his depar¬ exit permit from the communist his last rest. They considered him ture for the US. government. as one of their own. When I relayed this piece of bad A few months after the funeral, I knew that Ali was in trouble the news to Ali, tears came to his eyes. we sent Ali’s widow to the United moment he stepped into my of¬ He brushed them away with the States to live with friends in the fice. It was a cool October morn¬ back of his hand and stood up. midwest. How she got out of com¬ ing, but there were drops of sweat “Well, Mr. Consul, what should I munist Hungary in those difficult on his forehead. He was wearing do?” he asked. days is not important now. We his little white American sailor hat, Whether he was afraid of what simply carried out Ali’s wishes.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 1 9 “This is my letter to the world, impetuous Susie, tell her how won¬ derful it was to hear her voice, but, That never wrote to me,—’’ —Emily Dickinson really, just pick up and fly to Europe? My goodness, she was up to HERE in commitments. And with Peter serving on the faculty at the university. . . Come without him, Susie had said. She couldn’t do that! “Where’s that notepaper? Oh, heavens. . .” She searched through the desk drawer. “I have to straighten up this mess. Oh!” At the back of the drawer she found an envelope. Slowly she took it out and read the address: Mr. and Mrs. Peter Trevor Rosengatan 5 Stockholm, Sweden Dated June 10, 1962, the letter had been from her parents and written just before they had set off on vaca¬ tion. She turned the envelope over. She had used it to write a list on all those years ago: dentist buy yarn and bag, pattern JANIS BENSON laundry

“Mom!” know? Come on. It’s been almost a Her hands, still holding the letter, “Susie! Honey, is everything all year and I miss you. Dave and I dropped to her lap. Eighteen years right?” What a shock to hear her were talking last night and he said ago, but she remembered clearly. voice. A long-distance call from ‘get her to come. Call her up’—so I Brussels. did.” Everything was ready for the “Yes, Mom. Everything’s “Susie, this call must be costing birthday party. The long pine great. The baby hasn’t come yet you a fortune. I’ll think about it, table was set with gay “Happy and I’m fine. But I miss you. Mom, honey. Really l will. But if I did Birthday” paper plates and nap¬ please be here when it comes, it’s come it couldn’t possibly be till kins. There was a long blue runner going to be soon, I know. Billy next month. Really, I’m so commit¬ in the center of the table with danc¬ came early and it was so nice to ted here.” She laughed. “You’d ing boys and girls in Swedish cos¬ have you with me. Can you think we were still in the Foreign tumes printed on it. The birthday come?” Service.” cake, in the shape of a castle, stood “Susie, darling, you’re not next There was a pause. Then Sue on the runner. door any more. I mean, Brussels is said, “OK, Mom. Think it over. Mary stepped back and admired a little far from Virginia.” But sometimes you just have to the effect. It wasn’t to be a big “Mom, it’s a hop, skip and jump. throw caution to the wind and act party since Johnny was only two. You’ve traveled enough before, on impulse. Sometimes you put The guests would be her other chil¬ heaven knows. Come on!” things off till it’s too late.” dren, Mike and Sue, Peter and her¬ “Well, darling, 1 don’t know. I’m “I’ll think about it, honey. I self, and a Swedish couple they’d on the church planning committee, really will. Give my love to Dave often gone sailing with. She looked you know. We’re right in the mid¬ and little Billy.” happily around the big dining room. dle of organizing our spring fair— “ Bye, Mom. . .” The clear June afternoon sunshine program, rummage sale, all that Peter and Mary Trevor were re¬ streamed in through the long win¬ sort of thing. Then, I go to the hos¬ tired Foreign Service. The years of dows. They had been right to pital twice a week to help out. And, living abroad and traveling long dis¬ choose red curtains and rug to set anyway, Dad couldn’t possibly get tances were behind them. They’d off the modern Scandinavian pine away.” raised three children who were now furniture. “Mom, I'd love to see Dad, too, gone their separate ways. Mike and They had lived in the apartment but right now 1 want YOU, you Sue married, and Johnny a senior almost three years. Peter had given in college. Sue had married a up teaching at the University of Foreign Service officer herself and Minnesota and joined the Foreign Janis Benson, who wrote “The Burgundy was living in Brussels. The Trevors Service. Economic officer in Canal by Small Boat'' in the Joumal/or Oc¬ saw their sons fairly often but Stockholm was his first post, and tober, 1977, is a Foreign Service wife who has accompanied her husband on assign¬ hadn’t seen Sue since she moved to they both loved it. At first they had ments in Stockholm, Paris, The Hague and Belgium. Mary smiled as she went been hesitant about living in an now Nairobi. to her desk. She would write dear, apartment in downtown Stock-

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 holm, but it had proved a wonder¬ hungry! Let’s go to the table.” them. They had all been looking ful location. They had settled in, The party was a success. Johnny forward to the first home leave in had a baby, got a barn flicka to help had a happy birthday and got him¬ August. Now . . . Mom and Dad, with the children, bought a boat, self completely covered with cake in their early 60s. Dead. Both of and managed to candle and torch icing to the delight of the other them. The clock ticked on and their way through the long, dark children. Afterwards the grown¬ Mary wept for a long, long time. winters. ups went to the living room to or¬ Finally Peter said, “Darling, I’ve Mary heard Kristina laughing ganize the weekend. At 9 o’clock, arranged to take home leave in two and talking to the children as she with the summer sky still bright days. I've booked our flight and got them tidied up for the party. over the city, Leif and Anne-Britt everything is taken care of. Can we Leif and Anne-Britt Jansson would left, carrying a tired little Margarit. be ready?” come at 5:30. She hoped Peter Kristina took the children and “Yes, we’ll be ready.” The tears would be able to get away from the tucked them into bed. Mary did the were over for the moment. “You’d embassy on time so dinner could be dishes and Peter helped. He better call the Janssons, and we served at 6:00. After the birthday seemed oddly quiet. When every¬ have things to decide. I’ve got to cake, the children would go to their thing was in order, he took Mary’s make a list.” She went to the desk rooms with Kristina and the adults hand. and on a used envelope wrote: would plan a weekend boat trip. “Mary, let’s sit down a minute.” dentist That would be fun. Leif and “Just let me kiss the kids good buy yarn and bag, pattern Anne-Britt were good company night, first,” she said. laundry “Let it go, Mary. Please.” arrange Kristina An odd disquiet filled her. Some¬ black hat thing was wrong, but what? Peter pack (toys, black dress) had been his charming self during “Shall we take Kristina?” asked ‘‘On the plane Mary was the party. He’d planned the boat Peter. trip as if everything were perfectly “1 don’t know. It might be a grateful for Kristina normal. Now he was different. good idea. I might not have much who kept Johnny with Subdued and very serious. time to think about the children. her the whole flight. They sat together on the sofa. Yes. Let’s ask her now.” She saw the church tower and tiled The next morning Mary had a She wished the plane roof tops etched against the lumin¬ dentist appointment at 9 o’clock. flew faster. She ous sky. The clock on the mantel Kristina had been asked if she struck 10:00. would like to go with them and had couldn’t get there fast “Mary, I got a call today. From called her family in Husqvarna. enough.” Washington. Your uncle called the They said all right. Mary finished at department. There’s been an acci¬ the dentist, then went to the yarn dent. Your mother and father shop and bought a crochet pattern . . . were in an accident.” she had seen to make a suit for Sue. Mary went cold. “Peter. How She had been admiring a sewing and their children liked playing are they? Oh, Pete!” and her hand bag in the hemslojd shop and went with each other. The sea charts clutched her throat. there to buy it for the trip. Her were lying in the living room, ready His face was grave. He held her mind was working very clearly as to be pored over after dinner. Little hand very tightly. “They’re dead, she methodically went down her Johnny at two was already a good Mary. Your mother was killed in¬ list. Black hat. She found a small- sailor. He’d even fallen overboard stantly. Your father died a few brimmed cotton knit hat that would once in a peaceful harbor and had hours later in the hospital.” be easy to pack. She knew she was paddled around on his back looking She heard the clock ticking softly not expected to wear black but it iike a fat orange turtle in his thick as the brass pendulum swung to was necessary to herself. She life-vest. Mike, who was six, and and fro. It had kept steady time for bought a few color books and Susie, five, both liked boats. her father when he was a boy. It crayons and a bag of plastic sol¬ At 5:30 on the dot the buzzer had stood on the ledge in the diers to slip into her carry-on bag to sounded from downstairs in the kitchen of his boyhood home. It keep the children entertained dur¬ lobby. Mary pressed the button. continued its steady swing. Her ing the flight. “Hej! Come on up!” father was NOT dead. Her mother When she got home it was almost It would be the Janssons. True was NOT dead. Impossible! noon. Anne-Britt was in the Swedes, they always arrived punc¬ Three years before she had left kitchen giving the children their tually. Too bad Peter hadn’t made Minnesota where she had spent lunch. Peter had taken Kristina to it home early. Darn him. two weeks with her parents, and the embassy for a visa and a vacci¬ It was a good hour before he put joined Peter in Washington. They nation. As yet Mary hadn’t told the in his appearance, and Mary was a had seen her off at the airport. Her children why they were leaving. little miffed. No one else seemed to mother had cried and hugged her She would save that for the plane. mind, though, and the children two grandchildren. Her father had Mike and Sue might remember were having fun with five-year-old got on the plane with them and their grandparents, but three years Margarit Jansson. carefully tucked little Sue and Mike is a long time in the life of a small “Oh, well,” sighed Mary, kissed into their seatbelts. That had been child. Sad—-sad. Loving grandpar- Peter and said, “OK. Everybody’s the last time she’d seen either of (Continued on page 41)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 2 1 foreign Scnice . journal

THE AGONY IN TEHRAN CONTINUES

As this issue of the Journal goes to press fifty of our tage saga it had to be when the so-called Foreign Minis¬ colleagues have spent more than 100 days as the ter of Iran denounced the action of our Canadian friends prisoners of a gang of militant revolutionaries in Tehran. as being in violation of international law. Hopes for their safe and early release fluctuate from day Now, as we await the return of the rest of our col¬ to day, depending upon which TV newscast one hap¬ leagues, we must reflect on the prospect of this kind of pens to be viewing. Nevertheless their prospects of re¬ thing happening again somewhere else. Today it seems turning home appear to be steadily improving so at this that we in the Foreign Service face new dimensions of writing there may be grounds for thinking that it's at personal danger. To be sure, Foreign Service life has least possible that our captive associates and friends always entailed certain risks. The 121 names on the may be reunited with their families by the time this copy AFSA memorial plaque in the Diplomatic Lobby of the of the Journal reaches you, the reader. Department bear testimony to that fact. But as the days The one bright shaft of sunshine illuminating an of captivity lengthen for our colleagues, our thoughts otherwise gloomy international horizon was the brave should move to ways to counter such extreme hardship and daring action of our Canadian neighbors in making in the future, while our hearts and prayers remain with possible the escape from Iran of six of our people. If them in Tehran. there is any humor at all to be found in the entire hos¬

FOR SURE, SOMETHING TO CHEER ABOUT

We are pleased to note that after negotiating and cerns. The two subcommittees also adopted a long¬ pressuring for more than a year on the full range of standing AFSA proposal when it approved language issues connected with the new Foreign Service Act, we stating that the “position of chief of mission should saw major changes which we have long advocated in¬ normally be accorded to career members of the Service, corporated into the bill at a February 7 joint mark-up though circumstances will warrant the appointment, session of the Fascell and Schroeder subcommittees of from time to time, of qualified persons from without the the House International Relations and the Post Office career. Contributions to political campaigns should not and Civil Service Committees. Our most important vic¬ be a factor in the appointment of an individual as a chief tory was in the subcommittees’ legislation of full pay of mission.” parity at option 1, the highest level substantiated by the Additionally, even before bill went to mark-up, the Hay Associates study, but which had been stalled by executive branch acceded to the AFSA demand to OMB for some time. The amendment, introduced by provide standby pay alleviating the burden for many, former FSO Jim Leach (Iowa) will raise pay as follows: especially Staff Corps and Communicators, who are O/R/RU-3 and FSS-1 equal to GS-15; O/R/RU-4 and often under the functional equivalent of house arrest. FSS-2, equal to GS-14; O/R/RU-5 and FSS-3 equal to Similarly, AFSA pressure has brought the department GS-13; O/R/RU-6 and FSS-4 equal to GS-11; O/R/RU-7 to formally press for lifting the restriction on post hard¬ and FSS-5 equal to GS-9; O/R/RU-8 and FSS-6 equal to ship differential. GS-7. The Leach amendment also provides for 14 steps This was only the first mark-up session at subcommit¬ in each class, important new bonus for Staff Corps per¬ tee level in the House and sustained work will be re¬ sonnel. A “grandfathering” provision will protect against quired as the remaining twelve chapters of the bill are pay losses. Personnel at the O/R/RU-6 and FSS-4 level marked up, reported to full committees and sent to the after 6 months would be reviewed for promotion into a floor of the House. Parallel action on the Senate side, new class equivalent toGS-12. where so far the foreign relations committee has exclu¬ Both subcommittees adopted most of AFSA’s other sive jurisdiction, will only be slightly less arduous, and recommendations pertaining to first 3-Vi chapters of the conference action compromising likely House-Senate bill marked up. AFSA has lobbied staff and members difference will be almost inevitable. The entire process intensively to ensure that they fully appreciate our con¬ may well run into the fall.

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 UPDATE ON THE HOSTAGE SITUATION

As this is written, the hostage bers were invited guests. As mentioned above, at this writ¬ situation drags on with little change 7. AFSA prepared a leather- ing the hostages are still being held in the conditions the hostages face, bound album transmitting on behalf in Tehran. The United States gov¬ although the impact of the ordeal of the Foreign Service an expres¬ ernment cannot take military action on these brave officers undoubt¬ sion of our deep gratitude to the to obtain their release without seri¬ edly increases with the passage of people and the government of ously endangering their lives. The time. While there appear to be Canada for their role in enabling six United States can undertake dip¬ hopeful signs, there still is no real of our number to evade capture in- lomatic actions to make the Ira¬ prospect of their early release. Tehran and eventually to escape nians pay for their transgressions When faced with the initial crisis, from Iran. The album was signed but if such actions are to be really AFSA took a series of actions re¬ by the six individuals involved, by effective, they must be supported sponding to the critical situation in Secretary Vance, by the family worldwide. The United States in which fellow foreign service per¬ members of the remaining hos¬ fact is enjoying an unprecedented sonnel found themselves. Posts tages, and by almost 2,000 persons measure of worldwide support, and have already been notified of many in the Department. that support is the best hope the of these actions, but here is a re¬ 8. AFSA Headquarters has dis¬ hostages have. Therefore, any ini¬ capitulation: tributed thousands of bumper tiatives that build such support and 1. AFSA called a general stickers saying “Free the Hos¬ mutual understanding on the basis employee meeting in New State on tages” with the assistance of banks of the hostage situation are still to the day Iranian students marched and credit unions, and they have be encouraged. Reporting on such in protest. Ken Bleakley spoke to a been accepted by the public with local initiatives and expression of large assemblage in the lobby of the enthusiasm. support at posts around the world Diplomatic Entrance. 9. Many other actions by indi¬ continues to be most welcome. 2. AFSA wrote a letter to Presi¬ vidual Board members and AFSA dent Carter, urging restraint in collectively could be cited. One DIPLOMATIC PASSPORTS FOR dealing with the Iranian situation, cable from Munich congratulated AID and copies were sent to all presi¬ us, and we appreciate it. It reads as The department’s bureau of con¬ dential candidates. This letter em¬ follows: “Ken Bleakley and sular affairs is to be commended for phasized that getting the hostages AFSA/W doing splendid job in the the longstanding review of the safely out was the primary consid¬ crisis. Keep up the good work.” criteria under which diplomatic eration and that careless state¬ While the Board is doing its best, passports are issued. As a result of ments might only inflame passions its members are also keenly aware the bureau’s recommendations, and jeopardize lives. In general, that there is much more we could and with effect from November 28, public figures have acted in accor¬ and should do. 1979, certain categories of AID as dance with AFSA’s recommenda¬ Perhaps the main story however well as other foreign affairs agency tion. is what the AFSA chapters have personnel are entitled to diplomatic 3. AFSA supported the families done in posts around the world. passports in place of the official of the hostages in the holding of an This was summarized in the Feb¬ passports previously issued to interfaith service at the National ruary 1980 issue of the Journal. The them. As regards AID employees, Cathedral. AFSA informed posts round-up of actions reported from all AID Foreign Service personnel around the world of this event, and 36 posts indicated religious ser¬ (officers and staff) and their de¬ urged that chapters sponsor similar vices were held in 18 countries, ex¬ pendents have this entitlement if religious observances. pressions of support by national they are serving abroad. Second, 4. AFSA supported an open air leadership in 11 countries, major all AID Foreign Service personnel ceremony at the Lincoln Memorial publicity generated in 10 countries, serving in AID/W, but whose work which was attended by several messages to the Iranian Govern¬ requires overseas travel on official thousand people. Statements were ment from seven, expressions of business, can be issued diplomatic made by State department and sympathy to the hostage families passports. Last, AID non-Foreign other public officials. Music was from five, recommendations for a Service personnel, Grades GS-14 provided by the Marine Corps tougher stand from seven, and rea¬ and above, who are required to Band. soned expressions of support for travel abroad on official business, 5. AFSA wrote letters to 150 United States policy from five. A are also entitled to diplomatic leading corporate and membership number of posts which reported passports. For further information, organizations urging support for were not included in the round-up AID personnel serving overseas the campaign to free the hostages. simply because the messages were should refer to State cable 000757 6. AFSA sponsored a luncheon received late. Other posts probably of January 2, 1980. AID personnel at the Foreign Service Club on failed to fully inform Washington. serving in Washington are directed February 5 at which approximately In any case the record, however in¬ to the Department Notice dated fifty of the hostages’ family mem¬ complete, is impressive. January 7.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 23 WITH FRIENDS LIKE JODY. . . REPORT ON ICA Dear Mr. Powell: every right to expect that the ad¬ The USICA Standing Committee According to an account by ministration which we so loyally headed by Fred Shaver January 17 Jeremiah O’Leary in the Washing¬ and competently serve will not stab met with AFSA President Ken ton Star, February 6, 1980, you us in the back. Bleakley and counsel Sue Holick stated, in defense of Muhammed The crisis of today will, inevita¬ for an intensive luncheon discus¬ Ali, the following: “He’s been very bly, pass and equally inevitably, sion designed to make AFSA more positive over there. . . He’s not new ones will arise. At that time as meaningful to USICA personnel. going to deal with questions the in all times past, the president and The main topic of the discussion way somebody in the Foreign Ser¬ the nation wili look to its Foreign was the Foreign Service reform vice for thirty years would. That’s Service professionals as the only legislation but it also provided an why he’s so effective. credible source of objective anal¬ opportunity for the Standing Com¬ We understand your statement to ysis and guidance in the foreign af¬ mittee to sensitize the AFSA Board mean that 30 years of dedicated fairs field. To ensure that such a to problems of the people in the professional service renders one corps of dedicated professionals Agency. incompetent to serve the national continues to exist demands, at a As one Standing Committee interest and fully expect that the minimum, that the Foreign Service member put it, the danger to public will interpret your statement not be used as a “whipping boy.” USICA within a proposed unified in exactly that way. Such gratu¬ In short, you owe us an apology. or uniform Foreign Service will be itous and unjustified calumny dis¬ KENNETH W. BLEAKLEY similar to that faced by Mexico honors our heroic dead and insults President versus the US. “State Department the many thousands of Foreign American Foreign is big and it does not think about Service men and women who, over Service Association us, but we think about us,” he said. the years, have walked in harm’s In light of the continuing tragedy Another member observed that it way in the service of the United in Tehran, we offer an ironic foot¬ is difficult to sell AFSA to USICA States. note for Mr. Powell’s considera¬ officers, because AFSA is per¬ At this very moment, Foreign tion. In keeping with the Foreign ceived as a “company union.” Service officers remain prisoners in Service tradition of informed judg¬ Still another problem with a sin¬ Iran. Scant weeks ago our people ment and professional assessment, gle Foreign Service, pointed out a risked immolation in Islamabad Bruce Laingen, our charge in luncheon-meeting participant, is and, in May, on Foreign Service Tehran, correctly predicted the that by the very nature of its work, Day, it will once again be our sad consequences of admitting the shah USICA has greater need to get an duty to add names to the plaque to the United States for medical officer back from the field—for which honors the men and women treatment. Subsequently Mr. Lain¬ home leave or R & R in the US— of the Service who have died in the gen and 49 other Americans have than does the Department. service of the nation. We have had considerably more time than Bleakley noted that AFSA had never expected special praise, the rest of us to reflect on how dif¬ suggested some 80 changes in the medals or emoluments for our ef¬ ferent the US position in Southwest bill, taking into consideration forts. Indeed, we have never re¬ Asia might be today had his advice specific AFSA concerns. But he ceived any. We do, however, have been heeded. also made the point that a single Foreign Service would have a bet¬ ter clout in Congress and that it IDCA UPDATE (?) would be in a better position to demonstrate distinctions between In the five months of its exis¬ new studies, papers, and proce¬ its needs and the needs of the Civil tence IDCA’s performance has dures evoke a sense of deja vu for Service. been something less than spectacu¬ anyone having experienced previ¬ There was a general agreement lar. The field has not been hearing ous changes in AID'S administra¬ that more frequent sessions be¬ much about IDCA, and one is led tion, and one wonders whether this tween the AFSA Board and to speculate whether IDCA has fledgling bureaucracy has any USICA personnel are advanta¬ heard much about the field. Take, genuine rationale for its existence. geous. Bleakley, Shaver and coun¬ for example, the matter of IDCA It is interesting to speculate on sel Holick also agreed to look into staffing: of the twenty-one (AID- what alternative development the legal possibilities of disseminat¬ funded) appointments to date, only activities—either through AID or ing news about the work of AFSA one Foreign Service officer has experienced and reputable volun¬ in USICA to show, as one of those been included (most of the others tary agencies—could have been fi¬ present put it, “what you do for being “outside hires”). Readers nanced in place of IDCA’s adminis¬ us.” may be assured, however, that trative budget. The AID Standing there has been no shortage of high- Committee will doggedly, albeit level Administratively-Determined perplexedly, continue its enquiry (AD) appointments, with eight ap¬ into what IDCA can possibly be pointees currently pulling down doing (or not doing). Stay tuned for salaries of AD-15 and above. As far the next installment of— JOIN AFSA as IDCA’s substantive activities “Armchairs in Space! ” (OR ENCOURAGE OTHERS TO JOIN) are concerned, the familiar rustle of

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 AID POSITION ON 1979 F.S. ACT people in the field. The decision to maintain the five-day week for all Notwithstanding the professed pointed at management’s negative AID/W employees does not hide desire of the administrator, AID is reaction, and will continue lobby¬ the fact, however, that manpower far from becoming the “best ing strenuously in support of the resources are not well managed, agency in town.” In a decision Act. and that it is unlikely to make little more reminiscent of the Triangle (2) Restricting AD Appointments to difference to the field whether all Garment Factory than modern late GS Positions: Management wants AID/W support staff maintain a twentieth century organization, to be able to make Administrative¬ five-day week or whether some AID management is opposing cer¬ ly-Determined appointments with work a longer four-day week. It is tain provisions of the draft Foreign respect to Foreign Service as well doubtful whether adoption of Assistance Act which would better as GS-designated jobs in AID/W— “flexitime” will be found to have working conditions for AID something which the Standing reduced AID/W productivity; and Foreign Service personnel. The Committee feels would be contrary it certainly could be beneficial to AFSA/AID Standing Committee to the intent of the Obey Amend¬ employee morale. The AID Stand¬ supports the proposed Act and ment. AFSA/AID has proposed al¬ ing Committee argued that maxi¬ has made three specific proposals ternative language in the draft Act flex would promote morale without for inclusion in the Act to which would restrict AD appoint¬ adversely affecting individual pro¬ strengthen the career concept of a ments to GS-designated jobs, and ductivity, and we are sorry that we qualified Foreign Service. (1) believes that it has a strong legal lost out on this round. Perhaps, Commissioning: After thirty years case. It may even prove necessary when maxiflex has been adopted by of the agency’s existence it is not to resort to legal action in order to more federal agencies and its ef¬ unreasonable for AlD’s Foreign protect Foreign Service positions fects become better known, we will Service employees to want their in AID/W. be in a position to re-introduce this conditions of service regularized, (3) Restricting 631(b) Appoint¬ proposal. along the lines which have bene¬ ments to the Senior Foreign Ser¬ fited their colleagues in State and vice: AFSA believes that this pro¬ CORRECTION ICA (USIA) for many years. posal would protect the agency’s In Willard L. Beaulac’s article, Commissioning, as provided in the professional integrity to some ex¬ “Nicaragua,” in the February draft Act, would allow AID tent, by closing another door on Journal, a typographical error on Foreign Service employees a mea¬ those underqualified political ap¬ page 37 changed the sense of Am¬ sure of equality with their other pointees who have been streaking bassador Beaulac’s remarks. The Foreign Service peers, provide cer¬ into the agency in recent years. passage should read: tain financial benefits, and elimi¬ Under the AFSA proposal, Section “Joining with Latin American nate their vulnerability to RIF. 631(b) appointees would be re¬ countries in such an enterprise Foreign Service personnel would stricted to the 5% of Senior Foreign would meet with strong criticism not, of course, enjoy the same se¬ Service set aside for that purpose. (and also with high praise) in the curity as their GS colleagues in re¬ Readers will not be surprised to United States as well as in many spect of tenure, since the Act learn that AID management op¬ other countries, not only because provides for selection-out on the poses the AFSA language, since of doctrinaire opposition to Ameri¬ basis of time-in-class or unsatisfac¬ this would, inter alia, prevent man¬ can intervention but because, given tory service; but at least the agement from making political ap¬ the scarcity of practicing democ¬ jeopardy posed by RIF would be pointments at the FSR-3 level. racies in Latin America, some gov¬ eliminated. The AID Standing AFSA continues to argue that ernments that might be willing to Committee takes the position that management is not making effec¬ cooperate have already been the all Foreign Service officers with tive use of its existing manpower, objects of as much, and in some skills likely to be in continual de¬ and that many present FSR-3 s and cases more, criticism for violations mand would be commissioned; this lower grades can perform as well or of human rights than the Somoza would include generalists as well as better than outside hires and politi¬ regime has been. . .” technicians (and generalists-cum- cal appointees, if they are given the The substitution in typesetting of specialists). opportunity to do so. The AFSA/ security for scarcity was the error. Readers may be surprised to note AID language would also serve to that AID management has opposed protect a number of higher-level A MESSAGE TO AFGE: commissioning, chiefly on the basis jobs for which a large group of qual¬ Please check your records. The of its administrative and manage¬ ified FSR-ls and FSR-2s are avail¬ United States Information Agency ment implications and the adminis¬ able. was recently reorganized and re¬ trative workload likely to be en¬ MAXIFLEX named, and is now commonly re¬ tailed (e.g. determining criteria for AID management has rejected ferred to as the “United States In¬ entrance examinations, etc.) The the maxiflex proposal previously ternational Communication (no AID Standing Committee believes endorsed by the AID working “s”)Agency.” that the twenty months which the group, despite the overwhelming Your February 1, 1980 “message Act makes available for initiating support for the proposal by AID to the Foreign Service” (nice term, procedures would provide suffi¬ employees. To be perfectly fair to that) is wrong on other counts, too. cient time to devise a well- management, this was a complex But at least get the name right. thought-out commissioning sys¬ issue which entailed determining And tell Ken Blaylock. He hasn't tem. The committee is disap- how AID/W could best support its gotten the word either.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 2 5 PAY PARITY AMENDMENT DRAFT BY MR. LEACH OF IOWA the Foreign Service Schedule shall (Technical Revisions Will Follow) have 14 steps each. The step in¬ creases for steps after step 10 for Section 421. The Foreign Service Schedule and between these rates each FS class shall be equal to the Schedule. and the rates of the General average amount of the other step (a) There shall be ten classes of Schedule. Pay shall not be paid at increases in each of the respective salary rates as prescribed by this any rate prescribed by or pursuant classes. section for members of the Service to this section that exceeds the rate (c) For purposes of transition to a who are citizens of the United of basic pay for level V of the ten class schedule, all persons em¬ States and for whom other salary Executive Schedule established by ployed as of the date of enactment rates are not provided by this chap¬ subchapter II, Chapter 53, Title 5 who hold the personal ranks listed ter. The president shall adjust the of the United States Code. below will be converted as follows: rates of the Foreign Service (b) Each Foreign Service class FSO/R/RU-3 and FSS-1 to FS-1 schedule at the same time and by will have 14 pay steps. The first ten FSO/R/RU-4 and FSS-2 to FS-2 corresponding percentages as he steps of the FS classes shall be FSO/R/RU-5 and FSS-3 to FS-3 adjusts the rates of the General identical to the ten steps of the GS FSO/R/RU-6 and FSS-4 to FS-5 Schedule described in Section 5104 Schedule for the grades linked as FSO/R/RU-7 and FSS-5 to FS-6 of Title 5, United States Code. follows: FS-1 with GS-15; FS-2 FSO/R/RU-8 and FSS-6 to FS-7 When adjusting the Foreign Ser¬ with GS-14; FS-3 withGS-13; FS-4 FSS-7 to FS-8 vice Schedule, the president shall with GS-12; FS-5 withGS-11; FS-6 FSS-8 to FS-9 preserve the relationships estab¬ with GS-9; FS-7 with GS-7; FS-8 FSS-9 and FSS-10 to FS-10 lished by this section among the with GS-6; FS-9 with GS-5; and (d) Within six months of the date various rates of the Foreign Service FS-10 withGS-4. The ten classes of enactment of this Act, all persons employed as of the date of enact¬ AFSA CONTINUES INQUIRY ment who hold the ranks of FSO-6, Readers of the article concerning Pakistan] . . . , the [former] . . . ad¬ FSR-6, FSRU-6, and FSS-4, and treatment of an USAID/Islamabad vised that the proposal was being fa¬ who have been accorded career secretary in the February issue of vorably considered, but there would be status, shall be considered by a the Journal (p. 28) will be in¬ a problem concerning secretarial ser¬ Foreign Service Selection Board terested to have the following in¬ vices as no ready TDY replacement for promotion to the rank of FS-4 formation provided .by AID Man¬ was available. It was agreed that some on the basis of merit and the needs agement, which was not available alternative arrangement would be de¬ of the Service. when the last issue went to press. vised by the Mission Director to allow (e) The secretary shall insure that Ms. X to visit the US . . This informa¬ appropriate weight is given in the This is contained in a letter to the tion was given to Ms. X at the time the Chairman of the AID Standing AID/W cable was received in Is¬ systematic classification of Foreign Committees, and has been edited, lamabad. The Mission Director assured Service positions to job factors re¬ with names and references to Ms. X that if she desired visitation, it lating to service abroad and to specific cable numbers deleted: would be granted and secretarial needs compensation practices followed We would like you to know that all of would be met in some other manner. by private American entities with us are most impressed with the profes¬ Ms. X indicated that visitation did not respect to their American citizen sional manner in which our Foreign appear necessary at that time. employees overseas. Service colleagues in Pakistan and their After two weeks had passed and the dependents conducted themselves dur¬ press of work had reduced [sic], Ms. X ing the recent crisis. They acted in the requested that TDY be considered, and highest traditions of our service and are leave as an evacuee was granted by the to be commended. In particular, we are Mission Director. NEW TREASURER impressed with Ms. X [name deleted] We would like to address generally On January 4, 1980, Larry In¬ who, on Nov. 22, 1979, after already the actions which you urge the Agency to take: First, we believe that the entire gram was nominated and approved going through a harrowing and trau¬ by the Governing Board to assume matic experience, elected to remain at Mission acted in an exemplary manner, Post to assist the Mission Director and, accordingly, we are reviewing the the duties of treasurer, to replace along with a number of other officers. extent of both individual and group Dale Coleman who resigned from On December 3, 1979, approximately contributions. Secondly, review of the AID. Ingram has been with AID two weeks after the initial incident, total circumstances surrounding the since 1966 and has served in AID/W received a cable [number de¬ travel request for Ms. X does not indi¬ Bolivia, Guatemala, Panama and leted] proposing AID/W consultation of cate “gross mistreatment” by any indi¬ Colombia. He is currently assigned Mission personnel, including Ms. X. vidual. At best, such supposition is to AID’S auditor general staff in The proposal appeared to be con¬ only speculative . . Washington. ditioned on the availability of a TDY In sum we know that the past few months have been particularly stressful Ingram was born in 1937, a secretary to cover in her absence. As graduate of the University of Kan¬ none was available, AID/W notified for many of our Foreign Service col¬ USAID/Pakistan on December leagues, not only in Pakistan but else¬ sas and has done graduate work in 1979 . . . that Ms. X’s travel was not where. We will continue to make every the Washington area. He is a cer¬ authorized. effort to respond to their needs in a tified public accountant and a It should be noted, however, that in a prompt and compassionate manner . . member of several professional telephone conversation on December 5 AFSA will be pursuing its in¬ societies. Ingram is married to the between the Asia Bureau [title of offi¬ quiries on this matter in collabora¬ former Gladys Soavedra of LaPaz cer deleted] . . . and [USAID/ tion with AID Management. and they have three children.

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 Charge Prentiss Gilbert, port, beachcombing in the South the Nazis, the Jews, Seas, recuperating at Edith Cavell’s Belgian sanitorium on the and the American Embassy eve of the German invasion, catch¬ ing a glimpse of the Mexican Revo¬ lution. Gilbert returned to Roches¬ ter in 1916, got an M.A. in English, and established the university’s ex¬ tension school. Medically barred from overseas duty, Gilbert ran a military intelligence office in Wash¬ ington from 1917 to 1919. There he met his wife, Charlotte Gilder, a War Department translator, and got a State Department invitation to set up its postwar system of in¬ formation gathering and evalua¬ tion. Gilbert’s operation, a forerunner BERLIN of the national intelligence esti¬ mates of the Cold War period, did not last, but his hard work led in 1925 to his assignment as assistant 1937-1939 (often acting) director of the in¬ fluential division of western Euro¬ pean affairs. Success in various minor transactions with the League of Nations during the ’20s promp¬ ted his appointment in 1930 to head a crypto-embassay in Geneva. For J. B. Donnelly the next seven years, Gilbert han¬ dled the day-to-day relations with the league though, to appease the When Prentiss Bailey Gilbert col¬ time as one of the first casualties of isolationists, his rank was merely lapsed at his desk in late February the second World War. consul. In October 1931, he be¬ 1939, he had headed the American Gilbert took an unusual path to came the only American ever to sit embassy in Berlin more than half of Berlin. Immediately after graduat¬ with the Council of the League of the months since his appointment ing at 15 from a Rochester, New Nations, as part of Secretary of as counselor in mid-1937. At first, York, high school in 1898, he took State Henry Stimson’s futile effort Gilbert tried to deal rationally with part in the Philippine campaign at to end the Manchurian crisis. His the Nazi regime and its allegedly the side of his father, a sometime handling of politically touchy legal campaign against the Jews. regular army officer, federal offi¬ league issues and his renowned By the end, in the aftermath of- cial, and classics instructor. He training of young Foreign Service Crystal Night, Gilbert was working took bachelor’s degrees at the Uni¬ officers made his transfer to Berlin day and night to help the Jews and versity of Rochester (Philosophy, in August 1937 popular with dip¬ to watch for war. Then he himself Class of 1905) and at Yale (English, lomatists and journalists alike. fell victim to Adolf Hitler’s ter¬ Class of 1907). A few years’ work Gilbert’s tasks were to steady the roristic diplomacy. Generally over¬ for a mining company financed Gil¬ ambassador and to improve the looked in four decades of the bert’s “retirement” at the time of embassy reports. Since 1933 the closest scrutiny of the record of life when he thought he could best ambassador had been Professor American relations with the Nazis enjoy it. From 1910 to 1916 he William Dodd, of the University of during the diplomatic prelude to the wandered around the world, work¬ Chicago. A Wilsonian Democrat Holocaust, he was mourned at the ing as a barber in a Nicaraguan who had received his Ph.D. at Leipzig before the Great War, Dodd had become so anti-Nazi that he and the regime were now barely in touch. Finally, Secretary of Dr. Donnelly has taught at Washington and lecturer in political science at Chatham Col¬ State Cordell Hull and Under Sec¬ Jefferson College since 1969 after service as lege) live with their two daughters in Wash¬ retary Sumner Welles staved off a an Air Force intelligence officer, Baltimore ington, Pennsylvania. Sun reporter and book reviewer, govern¬ This essay is based exclusively on inter¬ public German protest by confiden¬ ment aide and college administrator. He has views and correspondence with veterans of tially promising an early replace¬ degrees from Johns Hopkins (English litera¬ interwar diplomacy and journalism; on ca¬ ment. ture), Georgetown (political science) and bles, dispatches, letters and diaries depos¬ Doctor Dodd was in the United the University of Virginia (history). Cur¬ ited in the National Archives and the manu¬ rently working on aspects of the Paris Peace script collections of various libraries and on States talking against Hitler when Conference of 1919 and the San Francisco published collections of American, British the new counselor arrived in Berlin Conference of 1945, he and his wife (visiting and German diplomatic papers. August 4, 1937. So Gilbert quickly FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 27 became charge for the first of two ing the rally the real government of critical periods before his death. Germany would be in Nuremberg Fifty-three, he seemed to be in and not in the Foreign Office show¬ good health. He was slightly under case in Berlin. A year later, neither six feet tall, weighed 180, was the department nor the public ob¬ stoop-shouldered because he jected to the Nuremberg appear¬ habitually kept at least one hand in ance of Ambassador Hugh Wilson, his pocket, had a strong-jawed pro¬ who likened the Nazi get-together file with sad-looking eyes, and a to a kind of college reunion. One of full shock of light hair. Charlotte, Gilbert’s successors, Charge Alex¬ much younger, had a universally ander Kirk, would have attended in pleasing personality, a handsome September 1939 had Hitler not appearance, and was fluent in called off the show. Gilbert had to French and German. The childless weather a brief outcry from home Gilberts were close to the leading but he was strongly supported by American foreign correspondents the American newsmen in Berlin. in Europe, men and women who They featured the last-minute tim¬ had covered Geneva when the ing of his acceptance and stories were there and who now downplayed his low-keyed appear¬ helped Gilbert to become oriented ance in Nuremberg. (Hitler’s to Berlin and its headlines. Gilbert speech was, for him, relatively Press Release, February 25 further had the help of a veteran The Department of State regrets to apolitical. Gilbert stayed in the consular network and three young announce the sudden death at nine background or on the diplomatic Geneva alumni who, like the news¬ o’clock last night, at his post, of Mr. train, spending most of the few Prentiss B. Gilbert, the American papermen, had preceded Gilbert to Charge d’Affaires ad interim at Berlin. hours there with an old friend, the Berlin: Foreign Service officers The Secretary of State today made Chinese envoy.) James Riddleberger, Jacob Beam, the following statement: Soon, the British and French “I am deeply grieved at the death and Henry Leverich. of Mr. Prentiss B. Gilbert, the Charge ambassadors were consulting Gil¬ The new charge would soon need d’Affaires ad interim of the American bert about another matter of pro¬ all the support he could get from Embassy in 'Berlin. For twenty years tocol and high politics: how to treat Mr. Gilbert had been a highly valued the press and from his staff because member of the Department of State Italian dictator Benito Mussolini’s the dean of the Berlin diplomatic and the Foreign Service. In all of three-day visit to Berlin in late Sep¬ corps, French Ambassador Andre his assignments, he rendered outstand¬ tember. Sympathetic embassies ing service to his Government. In his Franfois-Poncet, and, predictably, untimely death, our Foreign Service flew their flags during the entire the new British Ambassador Sir has lost one of its most distinguished visit, as if Mussolini were head of Nevile Henderson, wanted to ac¬ officers and our Government a loyal state. Anti-fascists, of course, and efficient public servant.” cept Hitler’s invitation to lead the The American Ambassador to Ger¬ wanted the democracies to ignore corps to Nuremberg in early Sep¬ many, Mr. Hugh Wilson, made the fol¬ the extravaganza altogether. Gil¬ tember 1937 for the annual Nazi lowing statement: bert split the difference and the “/ am indescribably shocked to hear Party rally. Hitler, perhaps less of the death of Prentiss B. Gilbert. other non-fascist embassies fol¬ hated in the West that fall than be¬ We have been closely associated in lowed: according to custom, he our work for more than a decade both raised the American flag the middle fore or subsequently, promised that in Geneva and Berlin. during the corps’ brief visit he “He was a man of genuine ability, a day, for Hitler had declared it a na¬ would deliver a non-controversial really acute observer, of high intelli¬ tional holiday. speech in his capacity as head of gence, and deeply impressed with the Frau Bella Fromm, an anti-Nazi satisfaction and responsibility of a life state. Additionally, while diploma¬ of public service. We shall miss him columnist for the prominent Ulls- tic attendance at previous Nurem¬ badly.” tein press and warm admirer of berg rallies had signified Nazi sup¬ Dodd, later wrote that Gilbert’s port, Hitler announced that this These tributes to Prentiss Gilbert ap¬ two compromises with the regime year members of the corps would peared in the April, 1939, American had made him the subject of be welcome regardless of political Foreign Service Journal. “amused comment” in Berlin. If viewpoint. as support, the department’s lead¬ so, Gilbert and his aides and press Ambassador Dodd protested to ers ignored Dodd and others and let friends were unaware. He did President Franklin D. Roosevelt Gilbert go: “better a charge than an notice that German officials, de¬ and to the press. The State De¬ ambassador” was their maxim. spite pleasing him by objecting to partment ostensibly left the choice Gilbert felt he had been forced to his late acceptance of Hitler’s bid¬ up to Gilbert who, after lengthy follow the influential French and ding, were now more approach¬ discussions with Ferdinand Mayer, British ambassadors to Nurem¬ able. Gilbert decided to capitalize the outgoing counselor, decided to berg, but he did believe that an in¬ on this situation during his remain¬ go along with the rest and accept vitation by the head of state to a ing days as charge by seeking a Hitler's invitation. He did not re¬ reputedly official occasion could showdown interview with Her¬ spond until the last moment in not be declined if relations were to mann Goering. order to give Washington every remain intact. He believed that dip¬ Hitler’s cohort was at the peak of opportunity to pull him out. But, lomats should maintain good con¬ his popularity, especially with hearing nothing from President tacts with those in power until the those who wanted Goering to re¬ Roosevelt and interpreting silence moment of war. He knew that dur¬ place Hitler or, at least to curb his 28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 excesses. Gilbert planned to be Germany on November 10, 1938, Europe he had corresponded with blunt with Goering, having already altered the tone of diplomacy in one of his successors as head of the observed that the Nazis respected Berlin, as the record of Gilbert’s Western European desk in Wash¬ nothing more than blunt frankness. final months illustrated. ington, Jay Pierrepont Moffat, in He was going to focus attention on While still a young man, Gilbert personal letters which were de¬ the crude activities of the American had quit his family’s church to pro¬ signed to supplement the formal Nazi movement. Goering would be test discrimination against immi¬ cables and dispatches. From told that only a few thousand grants. From the beginning of his November 1938 on, Gilbert’s let¬ Americans out of the total popula¬ Berlin days, Gilbert criticized the ters to Moffat, an epitome of the tion sympathized with Hitler’s re¬ Nazi campaign against the Jews. Foreign Service Old Guard, be¬ gime, whereas most Americans But while first charge he discussed came more and more anguished to were becoming increasingly alien¬ the subject with the objectivity he the point of exhaustion. ated by the Bundist uproar. Gilbert had been sent to Berlin to provide Berlin’s leaders vied with each would warn Goering that the because the embassy was con¬ other by the day to issue anti- United States could turn com¬ fronted with legal rather than lethal Jewish decrees, all supposedly in pletely against Germany, as in situations. In letters to the depart¬ retaliation for the murder of a Ger¬ 1917. Gilbert did get to caution his ment and in conversations with man embassy aide in Paris in early old friend, the Italian ambassador, friendly newsmen, he pointed out November 1938 by a totally dis¬ about the excesses of Mussolini’s that the United States might dislike traught Jewish refugee youth. After supporters in the States. But he Germany’s anti-Semitic laws (de¬ each proclamation, Gilbert would never found out how Goering might signed, he said, “to make Jewish promptly lodge a carefully worded react to Gilbert’s indictment of life as difficult as possible”) but statement: the United States “as¬ Germany’s American policy. Dodd could not abolish them. He confi¬ sumed” that American Jews were returned for two months and re¬ dentially advised Washington that exempted from the latest restric¬ tired on December 29, 1937. some of the American Jews af¬ tion. A file he kept of legalistic out¬ Charge again for more than two fected by one or another of the rages grew until early in January months, Gilbert had his hands full Nazis’ pettier measures were tech¬ 1939 Gilbert announced to the de¬ with the question of Dodd’s suc¬ nically in the wrong. American partment that he was going to lodge cessor. Hugh Gibson, a prominent consuls in various parts of Ger¬ a formal protest with the German career ambassador, turned down many knew this in 1937, Gilbert Foreign Office unless blocked by the Berlin post just before Gilbert said, but sent their cases to the Ber¬ Washington. Sumner Welles was to process his papers at the lin embassy for higher level pro¬ quickly provided him with a stern German Foreign Office. Then, to tests with one or both of two mo¬ departmental note to deliver, but Gilbert’s initial disappointment, tives: (1) they pitied the Jewish vic¬ Gilbert ended up more depressed Hugh Wilson, another veteran tims of any Nazi action what¬ than before. The charge was in¬ Foreign Service officer, was con¬ soever; (2) they wanted to protect structed to declare that the Nazis’ firmed. their own careers from eventual racial and religious persecutions Wilson, minister to Switzerland stateside criticism by invariably were “alien to our principles of life for many years, had been Gilbert’s taking the most anti-German stance and conduct.” By emphasizing the nominal superior at Geneva. The possible. Gilbert fortunately was word “principles” while discussing main reason they had not got along aided by Raymond H. Geist, an old his presentation with a newspaper well there was that Gilbert did not hand who had helped to rebuild friend, Gilbert was showing his fit smoothly into what Wilson Austria after the Great War. They sense of irony. And, as he feared, called a “pretty good club,” the appeared at the Foreign Office in Gilbert got from the Foreign Office Foreign Service. Only the fourth one Jewish emigration tax case de¬ a pointed lecture on anti-Semitic departmental officer transferred spite their belief that, however un¬ and anti-black practices in the into the tightly-guarded service, just the law, part of their underly¬ United States. Gilbert had a Yale degree but no ing case was weak. Gilbert also The one time Gilbert ever got to social distinctions and no private made representations for a see Goering while charge also came income, and had the added disad¬ Jewish-American news agency de¬ in January 1939 during the futile in¬ vantage of having been often and spite his knowledge (which he kept ternational mercy mission headed highly praised by Drew Pearson secret from the Nazis) that the by the prominent American attor¬ and other critics of American agency head had violated both ney, George Rublee. Goering and foreign policy at the expense of German law and an agreement other so-called Nazi “moderates” Wilson and his friends. among Berlin foreign correson- briefly appeared to offer through Wilson and Gilbert nonetheless dents by putting Berlin datelines on Rublee an escape for some of Ger¬ worked together well in Berlin after stories covered there but actually many’s Jews in exchange for ran¬ the ambassador’s takeover in filed in London. som terms which were escalated at March 1938 until his departure in When he became charge again in every twist in the Byzantine negoti¬ mid-November to report to the wake of Crystal Night, he was ations. Rublee was allowed to think Roosevelt in the wake of Crystal still saddled with much of the 1937 he was making headway until his Night. This latest of the world routine, for a substantial part of the unofficial contact with the Nazi shocks of 1938, the Nazis’ coordi¬ Nazi oppression of the Jews re¬ hierarchy, Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, nated lynching and arrest of Jews mained legalistic, though of course was dismissed. Gilbert was pes¬ and destruction of their synagogues more and more grotesquely so. simistic throughout the grim pro- and other property throughout Ever since Gilbert arrived in (Continued on page 42) FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 29 lose the opportunities at hand to¬ some of Kissinger’s exploits, and it day. contains occasional sidelights that Book Essay Since this was an informal and will be especially poignant to mem¬ unscheduled meeting, Kissinger bers of the Foreign Service who Too Much, Too Soon had not prepared himself for it. have lived through those MARTIN F. HERZ However, he had the advantage of periods—but it is more chronicle being a historian, and of having than history, more narrative than WHITE HOUSE YEARS by Henry Kis¬ made a detailed study of Soviet- philosophy. It goes without saying singer. Little, Brown & Company, American relations well before that nevertheless it is must reading $22.50. being appointed to his new posi¬ for every practitioner of foreign af¬ On February 14, 1969, shortly tion. fairs. after being appointed the presi¬ “I told Dobrynin that the Nixon Let us return to the Kissinger- dent’s special assistant for national administration was prepared to Dobrynin colloquies. The per¬ security affairs, Henry Kissinger relax tension on the basis of reci¬ sonal connection of course became attended an official reception at the procity,” he reports having re¬ an important element in Amer- Soviet embassy in honor of Georgi sponded. “But we did not believe ican-Russian relations, to the de¬ Arbatov, head of the Soviet insti¬ that these tensions were due to triment of the line of communica¬ tute that specializes on the study of misunderstandings. They arose tion that led through the American the United States. from real causes, which had to be ambassador in Moscow. This was (Let us stop here for just a mo¬ dealt with if real progress were to viewed by Kissinger as a great ad¬ ment. The Soviet Union has an of¬ be made. Dobrynin’s mention of vantage. On a number of occa¬ ficial institute analyzing the United the 1959-1963 period as a lost op¬ sions, for instance, he handed the States of America, headed by a portunity, I pointed out, was bound Soviet ambassador the “talking man who has become a specialist in to sound strange to American ears. points” that had been drafted for explaining America to the Russian That was, after all, the time of two approval by President Nixon, leadership and in arguing the Soviet Berlin ultimatums, Khrushchev’s showing even the handwritten case in terms that are most effec¬ brutal behavior toward Kennedy in amendments the president had tive with Americans. The United Vienna, the Cuban missile crisis, made. “This,” he writes, “had the States has no similar institute and the Soviet Union’s unilateral advantage of avoiding misunder¬ studying the Soviet Union. End of breach of the moratorium on nu¬ standing while authenticating that I digression.) clear testing. If the Soviet leaders was speaking for the president. “I said hello to Arbatov, mingled sought an accommodation with the Dobrynin took copious notes, a bit,” Kissinger reports, “and was new administration by these stopping now and again to ask for beginning to beat my retreat when a methods, crises would be unavoid¬ an explanation.” junior Soviet official tugged at my able; more ‘opportunities’ would The procedure had the disadvan¬ sleeve. He asked whether 1 could be lost.” tage, however, that the American spare a few moments for his chief.” Dobrynin smiled, Kissinger re¬ position was conveyed to Moscow Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin had ports, and conceded that not all through the intermediary of one not hosted the affair because he mistakes had been on the American more Russian, who presented was in his apartment, suffering side. American views in a Russian man¬ from the flu. As one reads the record of this ner, whereas the American ambas¬ Receiving Kissinger in a dressing little episode, one cannot help sador in Moscow would have pres¬ gown, Dobrynin during that first wondering how many of our secre¬ ented them in an American man¬ meeting established an easy per¬ taries of state—or even senior ner. It is true, of course, that the sonal relationship, talking in terms Foreign Service officers—could American ambassador would not of history and broad philosophy and have thought quickly enough back have had the benefit of showing the finding a receptive listener. He told to the period of six to ten years be¬ Soviet Foreign Minister a talking Kissinger that he had been in fore and identified the crises and paper signed and amended by the Washington since 1962 and had ex¬ other key developments which had president, but it would have been perienced many crises. Through¬ a direct bearing on what Dobrynin easy for what he was saying to be out, he had maintained a relation¬ was trying to tell Kissinger. First authenticated by the White House ship of personal confidence with conclusion from reading the first in any supporting conversations in the senior officials; he hoped to do volume of Kissinger’s memoirs: It Washington. It is curious that this the same with the new administra¬ pays to know history. procedural aspect—giving the tion, whatever the fluctuations of The second conclusion is that Soviet ambassador a virtual mo¬ official relations. He stated that this is not, unfortunately, the book nopoly on the presentation of great opportunities had been lost in into which Kissinger has poured his American points of view to the Soviet-American affairs, especially accumulated wisdom about the Soviet government—does not find between 1959 and 1963. He had period which he recalls. Presuma¬ discussion in the Kissinger book. been head of the American division bly another book will do that at a Perhaps he was never willing to of the Soviet Foreign Ministry dur¬ later time. White House Years is an face the fact that there could be a ing that period, and he knew that invaluable record, a compendious question about the procedure. Khrushchev had seriously wanted interpretive chronicle, an indis¬ The special relationship made it an accommodation with the United pensable reference work, a fas¬ easier, in any event, for negotia¬ States. The chance had been lost cinating bill of particulars against tions to be conducted through a then; we must not, Dobrynin said. bis critics, a plausible exposition of special channel with Dobrynin 30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 even while “official” negotiations been accomplished by Smith and Times found it newsworthy to re¬ elsewhere were bypassed or super¬ Nitze in Vienna if they had had the port in detail that Kissinger had seded, for instance in the case of full backing of the White House.* amended his book in order to an¬ SALT I and the negotiation of the At any rate, it is noteworthy that swer Shawcross, but did not find it quadripartite agreement on Berlin. according to this record, a warning necessary to report the actual facts Others have written differently on issued on May 11 resulted in a posi¬ and arguments adduced in dealing some important technical aspects tive response through Dobrynin on with the charges of the British of the private SALT I negotiations May 12. It is quite certain that the journalistic inquisitor.) I found this which bypassed our delegation, but delegation in Vienna could not one of the strongest parts of the the Kissinger memoirs appear to have received such quick re¬ book, and entirely convincing— have most of the essentials— sponses from its Soviet counter¬ though of course entirely unpopu¬ including the embarrassment to our parts. lar. It is too soon for issues of this negotiators when they thought they One does not have to love Kis¬ kind to be adjudicated. achieved a “breakthrough” in Vi¬ singer to find his book enormously enna, only to be reined in by Kis¬ illuminating about the policy pro¬ As someone who was involved, singer because he thought that the cess, enlightening about his views though only peripherally, in Soviets had, in the private negotiat¬ and opinions, and brilliant in its ar¬ some of the dramatic episodes re¬ ing channel, conceded more. gumentation on certain issues. That counted in the book, I found espe¬ it is controversial goes without cially interesting the account of On May 11 I had a rather blunt conver¬ saying—that is all to the good if the Kissinger’s battles with the bu¬ sation with Dobrynin. The Soviets, I said, might think they could play off controversy is about the merits of reaucracy, particularly state, dur¬ our two channels against each other; his arguments. ing the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971. and indeed, we might have some diffi¬ On the other hand, one cannot The “tilt” in favor of Pakistan is culty convincing the agencies that what expect the people whose positions explained in terms that I wish we Dobrynin had already conceded was in he ridicules or rebuts to come out had been given during the crisis— fact achieveable. But he could not cheering for the author. Barbara that the United States had good doubt that sooner or later the presi¬ Tuchman, for instance, who cannot reason to believe that India, unless dent’s tenacity and my control of the forgive him Vietnam, termed the restrained, was not content with bureaucratic machinery would get mat¬ book “all record, no assessment.” destroying the link between East ters to where we wanted them. The This is not justified. There is no Bengal and Pakistan, but was de¬ price, I told him, would be loss of con¬ fidence in the seriousness of a private, other aspect of the Nixon foreign termined to destroy West Pakistan direct channel. The president’s anger at policy that is assessed in such de¬ as well. what he could only construe as a delib¬ tail as the Vietnam war and negoti¬ We are told here how President erate maneuver to deprive him of credit ations. Perhaps it is not surprising Nixon, “beside himself over press would be massive. I demanded an an¬ that James Reston, also in the New stories that senior US diplomats swer to our proposal of April 26 within York Times, being unable to argue were opposing the president’s forty-eight hours. Otherwise we would with Kissinger in detail on Cam¬ ‘anti-Indian bias,’ called in the shift the whole subject into official bodia, confined himself to the principal officials of the WSAG channels. We would do the same with comment that the author’s explana¬ [Washington Special Action the Berlin negotiations. On May 12 tions of the administration’s Cam¬ Group], He told them that while he Dobrynin brought the answer. The Soviet Union dropped its insistence on bodia policy “cannot convince did not insist on the State Depart¬ the NCA system. even his friends.” It would have ment’s being loyal to the president, been more accurate to say that Kis¬ it should be loyal to the United There seems little doubt that singer has made it much more dif¬ States.” It was one of the emo¬ both the private and the official ficult to maintain some arguments tional comments Nixon later re¬ channel could have been more ef¬ and that, consequently, his critics gretted, Kissinger recalls: “The fective if Kissinger and Nixon had are now better off couching their department was being loyal to the not been so suspicious of their sub¬ disagreements in very general United States by its lights; it hap¬ ordinates and so fearful that they terms. pened to disagree with the presi¬ might be given a share of credit for This is especially true of the ar¬ dent’s policy and it was following success. As for Kissinger’s private guments made by William Shaw- the guidelines of its secretary. As I negotiation with Dobrynin on Salt cross in his book Sideshow, which told Alex Johnson, cables with in¬ I, this reader is left with some Kissinger absolutely demolishes. structions to Keating [then the doubt if the same could not have (Oddly enough, the New York American ambassador to India] to

*Kissinger argues [p. 816] that if an agree¬ 817), this did become publicly known and which was really his way of forcing an ment confined to ABMs had been known to there was media and congressional pressure issue—not to gamble on a seeming domestic exist, pressure to sign it would have become to accept what Kissinger knew to be less discomfiture whose thin base in America overwhelming; whereas, due to the private than he could get from the Russians. He did Dobrynin, for one, understood better than channel he was able to obtain an agreement not publicly reveal the state of the "private" many of our critics’’ [emphasis added], Kis¬ to limit ABMs and ICBMs simultaneously. negotiations, so that the administration was singer cannot have it both ways-the pres¬ But he reports that when the Soviets cir¬ under the very pressure that he claimed to sure could not have been "irresistible" or cumvented the private channel and pro¬ see as overwhelming—and the White House "overwhelming" if the Soviets knew per¬ posed an agreement for ABMs alone in Vi¬ of course did not yield to that pressure. As fectly well that the president would not yield enna (which they said would be "followed Kissinger correctly points out [p. 812], the to it because it was so "thinly based." The by a freeze on ICBMs to be discussed after Soviets were "sufficiently wary of what was secretary sometimes tries to prove too the ABM agreement was concluded,’’ p. considered as Nixon’s ‘unpredictability’— much. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March. 1980 31 criticize New Delhi took days to be had championed India’s case be¬ rity in giving assistance to the new drafted and cleared; cables to Is¬ cause of Pakistani repression in republican regime. On March 19, lamabad criticizing Pakistan were East Bengal, Kissinger writes— according to Kissinger, the presi¬ miraculously dispatched in two with relevance also to many other dent sent him a note: “I want hours.” situations: Helms to develop and implement a What we did not know was that plan for maximum assistance to on December 10, Kissinger read to If shortsighted and repressive domestic pro-US elements in Cambodia.” the Soviet charge d’affaires “the policies are used to justify foreign mili¬ Haig [Kissinger’s deputy] handed aide-memoire of November 5, 1962, tary intervention, the international this to Helms on March 22, and a in which the United States prom¬ order will soon be deprived of all re¬ meeting was set up on March 23. ises assistance to Pakistan in case straints. In the name of morality we were lambasted for having supported On April 1—over two weeks after of Indian aggression. I warned him the losing side and offended the the coup—the president ordered a that we would honor this pledge.” winner—an interesting ‘moral’ argu¬ CIA station to be established in Was it a bluff? Having attended one ment, not to mention that, historically, Phnom Penh, over the objections of of the WSAG meetings at the time, prudence and equilibrium usually sug¬ the State Department. all I can recall is that it seemed to gest siding with the weaker to deter the me and other State Department stronger. After three years of harass¬ By April 16, fifteen days after a direct representatives totally implausible ment for insufficient dedication to presidential order, neither CIA officer peace, we were now challenged by one nor communicator nor equipment had that the United States would inter¬ yet moved. While Nixon hated giving vene. liberal columnist with the mind- boggling argument that war could not direct orders, he could be brutal if suf¬ Did the Soviet Union believe that ficiently aroused. He called in Helms, always be considered an evil because the United States might intervene sometimes it was the instrument of his deputy General Cushman, Haig, and me ... to register his outrage at to save West Pakistan? “Our change. . . weakness on the ground forced us There is in America an idealistic tradi¬ the procrastination and defiance of his to play a bold game,” Kissinger tion that sees foreign policy as a contest instruction. As a sign of his displea¬ sure, no State Department representa¬ writes. “When the weak act with between evil and good. There is a tive was invited to the meeting. Nixon restraint it encourages further pres¬ pragmatic tradition that seeks to solve ‘problems’ as they arise. There is a le¬ gave a twenty-four hour deadline for in¬ sures and brings home to their op¬ troducing a CIA officer and com¬ ponents the strength of their posi¬ galistic tradition that treats interna¬ tional issues as juridical cases. There is municator. He added a vindictive slap tion. I had no illusion about our as¬ at state. Since state had protested that sets; but sometimes in situations of no geopolitical tradition. All the strands of our international experience ran the small size of our embassy was one great peril leaders must make bold¬ counter to what we were trying to ac¬ of the obstacles, Nixon ordered one ness substitute for assets. ‘We are complish on the subcontinent in the au¬ State Department official to leave running a tremendous bluff in a tumn of 1971. Phnom Penh to make room. situation in which we are holding “Once again,” Kissinger recalls, no cards,’ I told Haldeman on De¬ Kissinger’s “geopolitical” ap¬ “we beheld one of the wonders of cember 11, pleading with him to get proach is essentially the same as the modem state, the relative in¬ the president for once to insist on the balance of power policy. As I ability of leaders to dominate their some discipline in our govern¬ have written on another occasion, bureaucracy or to cut short its ment.” And what if the bluff had it is entirely misguided to associate powers of endless exegesis. The been called? him with Metternich, because of twenty-four hour period was con¬ When Mrs. Gandhi finally of¬ the book he has written about that sumed in further dithering. It was a fered an unconditional cease-fire in statesman. If there is any nine¬ full week before another presiden¬ the West, Kissinger remarked that teenth century European statesman tial explosion finally brought re¬ there was “no doubt in my mind on whom Kissinger’s approach sults.” The reduction of embassy that it was a reluctant decision re¬ might seem to be patterned, it is not personnel was never implemented sulting from Soviet pressure, which Metternich but Castlereagh. because events overtook the presi¬ in turn grew out of American insis¬ dential directive. tence, including the fleet move¬ In the intervening period, not ment and the willingness to risk the A theme running though the var¬ only did no American arms or summit. This knowledge stood us ious chapters of White House supplies flow to the Lon Nol gov¬ in good stead when Vietnam Years is the plaint that the presi¬ ernment, but the United States exploded four months later. It was dent, again and again, proved pow¬ government painfully arrived only also Chou En-lai’s judgment, as he erless against the prejudices of the at the interim decision to supply later told Bhutto, that we had saved entrenched bureaucracy, which is captured Communist rifles to the West Pakistan. The crisis was over. seen—contrary to the stereotype so embattled Cambodians who by that We had avoided the worst—which often depicted by liberals—as quin¬ time had been under relentless is sometimes the maximum states¬ tessential^ liberal. This comes Vietnamese Communist attack for men can achieve.” through in discussions of Vietnam, a month. The news of that decision I am deliberately choosing the also Cuba, and rather vividly in leaked to the New York Times, Indo-Pakistan war of 1971 to quote connection with Cambodia. which ran the story under the some points made by Kissinger Prince Sihanouk was overthrown byline of William Beecher. “Nixon which might appear less plausible on March 13, 1970. Contrary to the exploded. Leaks infuriated him in when cited in the context of Viet¬ views of critics like William Shaw- the best of cirumstances; this one nam. Looking back on the moralis¬ cross (or Anthony Lewis), the ad¬ seemed to him a clear attempt by tic arguments of his critics, who ministration did not react with alac¬ the bureaucracy to generate con- 32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. March, 1980 gressional and public pressures bark on the shoot-on-sight war that against any assistance to Cam¬ Hitler had to tolerate because by bodia. To make matters worse, at Bookshelf then he was bogged down in Rus¬ about the same moment Nixon sia’s vastness and was no more found out that the signal equipment anxious than Roosevelt himself to and CIA representative that he had engage in an all-out declared war. ordered to Phnom Penh on April 1 Professor Bailey, one of our and again on April 16 had still not Shoot-on-Sight War most eminent diplomatic histo¬ been sent. rians, and Captain Ryan, a former He flew into a monumental rage. On HITLER VS ROOSEVELT: The Unde¬ deputy historian of the Navy De¬ the night of April 23 he must have clared Naval War, by Thomas A. partment, are also the authors of Bailey and Paul B. Ryan. The Free called me at least ten times—three The Lusitania Disaster, the much- times at the house of Senator Fulbright, Press, $12.95. where 1 was meeting informally with praised volume that unravelled the Franklin Delano Roosevelt was mystery of that tragedy of World members of the Senate Foreign Rela¬ an aristocrat, a Harvard graduate, a tions Committee. As was his habit War 1. In preparing the present when extremely agitated he would bark member of the Eastern Establish¬ book they used a great amount of an order and immediately hang up the ment, and a master politician. He material, including recently declas¬ phone. He wanted our charge, Rives, had been assistant secretary of the sified British documents, the log of relieved immediately; he ordered Mar¬ navy during World War 1 and was the U-652, and the recollections of shall Green fired; on second thought his quite familiar with the larger world US naval officers, that earlier writ¬ deputy Bill Sullivan was to be trans¬ outside the United States. ers may not have had access to. ferred as well; an Air Force plane with Following France’s defeat in Captain Ryan was himself a World CIA personnel aboard should be dis¬ June, 1940, an overwhelming patched to Phnom Penh immediately; War II submariner. He was at Pearl majority of Americans wanted to Harbor when the Japanese struck. everybody with access to the cable help Britain survive and defeat Hit¬ should be given a lie-detector test; a An honest and timely book, general was to be appointed im¬ ler. But a majority also were unwill¬ Hitler vs Roosevelt thrills and en¬ mediately to take charge of Cambodia. ing to send “our boys” to fight a tertains while it also educates. For “In these circumstances,” “foreign war.” Roosevelt managed serious students of World War II writes Kissinger, “it was usually to satisfy them on both scores. and of the continuing struggle be¬ While the country remained offi¬ prudent not to argue and to wait tween democracy and totalitar¬ cially neutral he led them through twenty-four hours to see on which ianism, it is required reading. For the destroyers-for-bases deal, all of us it is a fascinating and re¬ of these orders Nixon would insist lend-lease, naval protection to ves¬ after he calmed down. As it turned warding story. sels that were carrying lend-lease —WILLARD L. BEAULAC out, he came back to none of supplies to Europe, and finally to a them.” While the story is interest¬ shoot-on-sight but still undeclared ing in its own right, it also has con¬ war against Hitler’s navy. siderable historical significance; for Nor did American boys have to Just Desert its shows, in microcosm, how far fight a foreign war. Japan’s surprise removed the United States was attack on Pearl Harbor made the SINAI: The Great and Terrible Wilder¬ from the posture ascribed to it by war that was already going on very ness, by Burton Bernstein. Viking some of its critics—of eager antici¬ much an American war. Montana’s Press, $13.95. pation of Prince Sihanouk’s Senator Burton K. Wheeler, a die¬ Burton Bernstein, a staff writer downfall and alacrity in giving as¬ hard isolationist, concluded that for the New Yorker, made four trips sistance to those who had ejected “the only thing now to do is to lick through the Israeli-occupied Sinai him. To the contrary, White House hell out of them,” and even Col¬ peninsula in 1978, in the company Years shows that after Sihanouk’s onel McCormick’s Chicago Tri¬ of an Israeli guide. This book re¬ downfall the White House was for a bune, which had revealed secret counts his experiences with the time still casting about for ways to United States war plans to an in¬ Bedouins, the monks at St. restore the status quo; but the credulous world, climbed on the Catherine’s Monastery, the IDF, North Vietnamese military action wagon. the UN peace-keeping forces, and against Cambodia made that im¬ Through the long undeclared war the US Sinai Field Mission. As Roosevelt gained his objectives in possible. travel writing, Sinai is readable and part through deception; at times sometimes entertaining. The black The book suffers from the fact revealing less than the truth; at and white plates—many from that 1,521 pages of high-quality times telling more than the truth. archives—are adequate; the line paper were bound into one volume. He was less than candid concerning maps are less detailed than some of It should be have been issued the battle between the US de¬ us would like. Politically, the book boxed, in two volumes. The paper¬ stroyer Greer and the German is pro-Israeli, and the introductory back version should be easier to submarine U-652, in which the chapter on the geography and his¬ read. But whether in hard or soft American vessel was unwittingly tory of the peninsula is weak and cover, it belongs on the bookshelf more the aggressor than the sub¬ uneven. Old NEA hands will enjoy of every member of the Foreign marine was. But the Greer inci¬ encountering Ray Hunt in that “in¬ Service. Nobody has written more dent, as Roosevelt related it in his stant Texas town” that is the base revealingly about our recent his- “rattlesnake” fireside chat, gave camp of the SFM. him the support he needed to em¬ —MICHAEL A. G. MICHAUD

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 33 Toward Armed Truce JOHN WINCHESTER MACDONALD III 1955-1979 PRESENT DANGER: Towards a Foreign Policy, by Robert Conquest. Hoover Jackie MacDonald knew the Medina, the French of the Sor- Institution Press. wonders of God and man. He hiked bonne, and was studying Spanish in in the Alps of the Principality of Tangier when he died. To Winston Churchill, Russia Liechtenstein, ventured to the for¬ During his uncompleted univer¬ was a riddle inside an enigma bidden city of Harar, and explored sity career, he studied medieval lit¬ wrapped in a mystery. Not so to the coral reef of the Indian Ocean. erature at the State University of Robert Conquest, who has a He prayed in Notre Dame de Paris New York, the Institut Catholique straightforward and uncomplicated and in Father Felix’s chapel in the of Paris, the Sorbonne, and New view of the motives and intentions sahel of Northern Somalia. He had College in Sarasota. He was putting of the Soviet Union. Conquest be¬ lunch in Andorra. He sailed the At¬ the final touches to a dissertation lieves the Soviets are a state man¬ lantic on the SS United States, and on Flaubert’s Madame Bovary. He aged by ideologues bent on walked the gangplanks of a Persian was accepted for further study at dominating the world, who are not dhow in the Gulf of Aden. He saw the Universities of Pau and Perpig¬ prepared “to accept a continuance Robert Louis Stevenson’s “Trea¬ nan, but had not decided where he of the Western democratic order.” sure Island” off the Guinean coast. would go. The Present Danger arises from He drove his prized Yamaha 500 A classicist and a medievalist, the Soviet military build-up and “a from Florida to Maine and back. inspired by two truly great teach¬ policy of advance on the world He knew the beaches of the north¬ ers—headmaster Joseph McPhil- front” while in the West “a cycle ern and southern Mediterranean lips and English professor George of appeasement has set in.” Con¬ coast, both sides of the Atlantic, Staples of the American School of quest exhorts the West to reverse the Gulf of Mexico, and the Indian Tangier—Jackie loved equally the these trends (his specific proposals Ocean. He climbed to the Ac¬ language of Chaucer and W. S. Gil¬ tend to be truisms) and, for the long ropolis and explored the Caves of bert and the language of Moliere haul, proposes a grand confedera¬ Hercules. He knew the sunset of and Beckett. He loved music tion under the leadership of the the Sahara and from Cayuga too—from Bach to Led Zeppelin. United States and Britain (Con¬ Heights, far above Cayuga’s wat¬ He was an accomplished guitarist quest is British). He suggests that ers. He experienced the passion and harmonica player. the best we can hope for with the and anguish of love. Jackie loved the theater and the Soviet Union is an armed truce. theatrical. Tangerines remember —DAVID LINEBAUGH Jackie, 24-year-old son of FSO John W. MacDonald, Jr., died in him for his 1973 performance in The Middle East Tangier on December 10, 1979, as¬ Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for PATTERNS OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP: phyxiated, along with his dog Gas¬ Godot. In that year too—his great¬ Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, by R. Hrair ton, by a faulty butagaz water est—he won the Headmaster’s Dekmejian. State University of New Prize as a senior in Tangier. York Press, $20.00. heater: an accident all Foreign Ser¬ vice families dread. He had Jackie was a dedicated teacher. This book is an excellent, schol¬ planned a Christmas vacation in He started his first full-time job in arly study of political elites in three Geneva with Noelle and his September 1979, a French teacher Middle Eastern countries: Leba¬ brothers Ted and Tim, where his and a member of the distinguished non, Israel and Egypt. These elites father is political counselor. faculty of the American School of reflect in the first case sectarian Tangier—the greatest of American democracy, in the second a “new Born on March 22, 1955, in Overseas Schools. He had always society,” and in the third a charis¬ Ithaca, New York, Jackie wan¬ yearned for respectability, and he matic setting. It is invaluable for dered the earth like a former king of died a respectable man. Ithaca and led the restless life that, Baptized by the Reverend John any student of the Middle East who today, only Foreign Service chil¬ seeks a deeper insight into the S. Maloney at the Church of the dren know. He grew up in Ithaca, Immaculate Conception in Ithaca leadership, both past and present, Zurich, Nice, Paris, Washington, in these three important states. on April 10, 1955, he was buried on Tangier, Tripoli, Hargeisa, Nai¬ December 16, 1979, by Pere Jean- A surprisingly large number of robi, Mogadiscio, Tunis, Tangier the political figures in this 1975 Bernard Hebert, Cure of the again, Conakry, Sarasota and fi¬ Church of Notre Dame of the As¬ study are still in business. While nally, for the third time, Tangier— the tables and diagrams with which sumption in Tangier. He rests in a whence he left for another world. grave overlooking the hills of Tan¬ the book abounds may be over¬ Jackie studied at American gier, which he had called—in a let¬ whelming—and perhaps better Overseas Schools in Tripoli, ter to a girl named “Flo” he wrote suited for a doctoral dissertation— Mogadiscio and Tangier. He was a few days before his death but there is an amazing amount of in¬ caned by British school masters, never mailed—“the closest to a teresting (and usually relevant) in¬ and rapped on the knuckles by hometown I have ever known.” formation in the text. This book French nuns. He had gone through Like all of us, Jackie has long should be a standard reference for the loneliness and self-discipline of been “Waiting for Godot.” Before years to come. The book’s bibliog¬ Calvert correspondence courses many of us, he has found Him. In raphy is first-rate, a useful tool for when no schools were available. the 1960s, he always signed his let¬ any scholar wishing to pursue these He learned to read and count in ters: Peace, Jackie. Thus, peace, areas even more thoroughly. French before he knew English. He Jackie, and a Dieu. —JAMES H. BAHTI learned the Arabic of the Tangier JOHN W. MACDONALD, JR.

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 LETTER FROM OGADENfrom page 7 resupplied by truck. The roads in the Ogaden, particu¬ larly in the south and east, are mostly controlled by the Somalis. One can travel 600 kilometers through the re¬ gion without seeing any evidence of an Ethiopian gov¬ ernment presence—no schools, health clinics, or police stations. “The Ethiopians stay locked up in the towns,” say the Somali guerillas, “Because—when they come out—we shoot them.” Each Somali ambush inevitably provokes an Ethiopian reprisal, from the air. Usually it is a livestock watering area, where there are normally Somalis gathered with their herds. The Ethopians bomb and strafe, using MIGs and American-built F-5 fighter-bombers. The Somalis say they fear the F-5s the most, because they carry more bombs, and are usually piloted by Ethiopians willing to take greater risks than the Cubans flying the MIGs. Some napalm has been used by the Ethiopian air force. Its effect on a small African village can be devastatingly total. In November, several Western journalists were shown the remains of a place called Baku Dawo. There was nothing left but a blackened grove of thorn trees— Style Price REGULAR 1843 .99 scorched beyond any hope of life. Everything else was • Reinforced Toe ashes. ALL SHEER 1194 1.19 Napaiming Baku Dawo was an Ethiopian reprisal—one • Sheer Toe to Waist for the which Somalis have since undoubtedly scored QUEEN SIZE 1178 1.69 their own revenge. Each act thus becomes another link in • Reinforced Toe CONTROL TOP 1359 1.99 an expanding chain of violence that neither side seems • Controls Tummy, Hips, Waist capable of breaking. The conflict develops its own • Sheer Legs momentum: grinding onwards, killing more people, and SUPPORT 1259 2.99 creating more refugees. • All-Day Support Keeps Legs Daisy Fresh Ethiopia’s claim to the Ogaden is based on military • Reinforced Toe conquest, backed up by subsequent treaties with Britain, ALL-IN-ONE France and Italy. The Organization of African Unity, • Panty and Pantyhose headquartered in Addis Ababa, has given further support • Cotton Crotch • Specify: Cream Panty 1535A 1.69 to this claim by agreeing to accept all of Africa’s pre¬ or White Panty 1535B 1.69 independence borders—even though they were mostly KNEE HIGHS • 2 Pairs per Package drawn up by the colonial powers. Ironically, it was Tan¬ • Specify: Sandalfoot 826 1.29 zania’s Julius Nyerere who introduced the OAU resolu¬ or Reinforced Toe 714 1.29 tion that declared the inviolability and integrity of those COLOR SELECTION frontiers inherited from colonial days. “Africa’s borders Bisque (Med. Beige); Spice (Suntan); are so absurd,” he said, “they must be considered sac¬ Fawn (Lt. Beige); Catalina (Coffee); rosanct.” More recently, of course, he sent Tanzania’s Mascara (Black). fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii army across Uganda’s border and overthrew Idi Amin. Z FREE I He has not said much since about the inviolability of “ one pair with every “ Africa’s frontiers. • six purchased Somalia frankly considers Ethiopia to have been a col¬ HYiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinf! onial power, an active participant in the nineteenth cen¬ STYLE Pantyhose tury scramble for territory on the Horn of Africa. PAIRS COLOR PRICE # Height Weight Mogadishu points to Emperor Menelik’s treaties with Britain, France and Italy as proof of this. But where the Europeans have long since permitted self-determination in their former colonies, Ethiopia allows no such right in the Ogaden. 'Add 50^ handling Subtotal To do so would be to invite the process of self- for orders less than $5.00 TOTAL determination in Eritrea, where Ethiopia’s stakes are far greater. Addis Ababa, supported by its Cuban, East J & L INDUSTRIES 200 Hillwood Avenue German, and Soviet allies, is desperately trying to hold Falls Church, Virginia 22046 on to the empire created by Menelik and his successor, Name Emperor Haile Selassie. As Marina and David Ottaway Address - point out—in Ethiopia, Empire in Revolution*—it has

‘Ethiopia, Empire in Revolution, by Marina and David Ottaway. Af- ricana Publishing Company, $22.50 (hardcover, $12.50 (paperback) FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 35 proven to be a hard fight. And one that is not yet over, by $12.00 for the paperback, most readers will have to be any means. determined. The Ottaways lived through the beginning years of the By contrast, ProfessorTom Farer’s War Clouds on the Ethiopian revolution—Marina as a lecturer at Addis Horn of Africa** pulls the reader gently all the way Ababa University, and David as African correspondent through to the final chapter. It is witty, enjoyable-to- for the Washington Post. By early 1977, they realized read, and very thorough. It actually goes well with the that work on their book would have to stop, and they Ottaway book. Although it does not delve as deeply into began smuggling their notes and unfinished chapters out the shadowy complexities of palace intrique in Addis of Ethiopia to avoid having them confiscated. Ababa, it does cast the New Ethiopia against the Later that same year, Ethiopia’s military government background of events elsewhere on the Horn of Africa, ordered all Western correspondents out of the country notably in Eritrea and the Ogaden. Furthermore, it dis¬ within 48 hours. The book had to be completed in cusses the Horn within the context of current US-Soviet Europe. “Thus,” write the Ottaways, “we were able to relations—and even suggests some policy options for span in our analysis a little more than the first three years Washington planners. of the revolution. We hope our work will be of help to But let the reader beware. Professor Farer’s work was those who in the future will be studying the revolution of first published as a paper-back in 1976. Three years later, Ethiopia with the advantage of a broader time perspex the Carnegie Endowment brought the book out in five.” hardcover as a “Second, Revised Edition.” There is a There seems little question about that. The Ottaways’ whole new chapter on the Ogaden war, and a lot of book is, at this stage, vital to an understanding of how the necessary updating in the section on US-Soviet relations. Mengistu Haile Mariam regime got to where it is loday. Look for the later edition. It’s worth the extra six dollars. Unfortunately, the book doesn’t provide much insight as As for the one million Somali refugees, neither book to where the regime is going. But revolutions are notori¬ offers any realistic solution for what is happening in ously difficult to forecast, and it is clear that Ethiopia’s Southern Ethiopia today—let alone the problem in political transformation is far from complete. Eritrea. “Thus far,” writes Professor Farer, “Mengistu One reviewer—an economics professor—found the Ot¬ and his allies offer their Somali and Eritrean opponents taways “prone to journalistic generalizations.” 1 don’t nothing but war or submission.” agree. If anything, their work reads like a third-year uni¬ versity textbook—with little relief for any but the most **War Clouds on the Horn of Africa: the Widening Storm, by Tom J. determined reader. At $22.00 for the hard-cover, and Farer. Second, Revised Edition. Carnegie Endowment, $10.00

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36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 BLACK SATURDAY sert road from Cairo to Alexandria day. As always at such afternoon from page 17 and, losing, had directed his vic¬ affairs, male dress was cutaway tor’s departure from Egypt. A simi¬ with top hat. The wedding took element of planning. The fine hand lar fate befell a junior officer who place on May 6, followed two days both of communists and of the had made advances to one of later by a white-tie soiree at Abdin Moslem brotherhood was sus¬ Farouk's favorites. Palace. Farouk himself “re¬ pected; but no certain findings Every important restaurant in ceived,” giving us all a powerful were reached. Egypt, we learned, had one table handshake. The bride was not Whether or not events were or¬ permanently reserved for the king, present because, it was explained, chestrated in advance and, if so, by should he chance to show up. Imag¬ “she had not yet been presented to whom, two facts emerged from the ine our surprise one night to be all the women of the diplomatic maelstrom: One, Britain’s days in seated at a table next to Farouk, his corps.” Dinner was brought on a the Canal Zone and in the Sudan companion the lovely French gold, jewel-studded service with were limited. British troops de¬ singer, Annie Berrier. Farouk’s table settings to match. For enter¬ parted the Zone in June, 1956. The imported lady friends, it seems, tainment the Spanish dancers, An¬ Sudan became fully independent on were well supplied with jewels; but tonio and Rosario, had been spe¬ January 1, 1956. And two, King it was said that these had to be sur¬ cially imported. Farouk had been dealt a mortal rendered upon departure from the In person Farouk was consid¬ blow. He would bring in a new country. erably more impressive than in government—that of Ali Maher It was during our Egyptian photos. Too bad, we thought, he Pasha; but the army was disgusted sojourn that Farouk picked out for had not chosen to exercise the in¬ and prepared to remove him. his wife the young girl Narriman telligence and wisdom ascribed to Sadek. She had been shopping one him during his early years on the We ourselves were transferred day in anticipation of her marriage throne. to New Delhi, and departed to an Egyptian commoner. Spotting After Black Saturday we never Cairo June 2 on home leave, having her, Farouk had said: “I'll have saw Farouk again. Deposed on July been privileged to witness the end that.” 23, 1952, he departed Alexandria of an era, of monarchy gone awry. We attended the announcement by yacht on July 26 for Italy and On our arrival in Cairo we had been of their engagement made at a gar¬ exile. General Naguib had stepped told how Farouk, fond of motor den party at Zafaran Palace on onto center stage. Gamal Abdel cars, had raced an American by de¬ February 13, 1951, the king’s birth¬ Nasser was waiting in the wings.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 37 THE FOREIGN SERVICE cess; but firsthand experience and serving his country with the effec¬ AND PRESIDENTIAL CONTROL seasoning are probably crucial. tiveness he so clearly has without OF FOREIGN POLICY Moving toward the specific, knowing English. Can one visualize there are readily identifiable qual¬ Ambassador Ghorbal of Egypt or from page 14 ifications for effectiveness in a par¬ Ambassador Evron of Israel conducted important negotiations ticular country. Ambassador Sil- operating effectively through inter¬ in English, alone, without a com¬ berman says Foreign Service pro¬ preters? Diplomacy is a profession mand of the language sufficient to fessionals “need background and of communication and understand¬ ensure that he fully understood knowledge of the host country— ing, and it continues to dumfound what was being told him. Whether including usually the host country's me how low a priority language this tragedy of errors was pivotal in language as well as broad training proficiency is sometimes given in the slide toward war is hard to say. in political theory, economics and US ambassadorial selections. The But amateurism did not help. history." That is a pretty good def¬ people who really count in almost Even though it is hard to prove, inition, even going so far as to every society—and working politi¬ most diplomatic professionals and imply a desirable balance between cal leaders in particular—almost most practitioners in the field be¬ the breadth of experience that pre¬ never have had time to perfect their lieve that there is a corpus of tech¬ vents parochialism and the depth of English. niques, professional skills and knowledge that can bring insight. A If ability to relate to a local situa¬ knowledge that does undergird well-planned and varied Foreign tion depends, as it surely does, on something that constitutes a pro¬ Service experience should be able depth of experience and language, fession—and that these profes¬ to furnish both kinds of opportu¬ the practical fact is that these qual¬ sional attributes can contribute to nity. ities are more likely to be found effectiveness anywhere in the So far as language facility is con¬ among career officers than among world. To put the thing in terms of cerned, I have seen more than political appointees. This is not al¬ personalities, there would be a dif¬ enough ambassadors wandering ways so, of course. David Bruce ference between Llewellyn around diplomatic receptions with and Ellsworth Bunker had depth of Thompson and Maxwell Gluck in interpreters, and curtaining them¬ experience to match that of any any country. The Foreign Service selves off from a country’s life and career officer; and Edwin Institute has made various efforts society. To take an example in Reischauer and Teodoro Moscoso over the years to organize this pro¬ Washington, it is hard for me to had language skills and local exper¬ fessional training—with some suc¬ imagine Ambassador Dobrynin tise to do the same. All these men

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38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 were professionals in a sense no selected to go to posts where they ments and the language-and-area career officer would dispute. are not qualified in terms of lan¬ expertise the appointees bring to guage and area expertise? There them. Ambassador Silberman point¬ are a variety of reasons. One There are other complications edly notes that career profes¬ example might be a career ambas¬ and competing values. A profes¬ sionals “by no means always” sador who is a brilliant administra¬ sional service is a living organism. bring deep knowledge and language tive specialist. It was not his fault Institutional loyalty should flow in proficiency to their posts. He is that access to language and area both directions. An admirable am¬ right, of course. Only about one out training in his formative years bassador may be expelled from his of six of our ambassadors in Eu¬ foundered on lack of budgetary and post as a result of an international rope arrived at their posts with policy support. Another career crisis, and a worthy organization previous professional service in ambassador may be assigned to a does not let such events become to¬ that country or area and a knowl¬ place where he has no experience tally destructive. The Fatin Ameri¬ edge of that language—even though because of Affirmative Action. cans sometimes use a particular more than half of our European That problem too, has its roots in Spanish word about people. They ambassadors are career officers. the past. Other US government say a person is quemado—con¬ The equivalent figure for Asia is agencies involved in foreign affairs, sumed, or burnt up. We have about a quarter. such as commerce, agriculture and burned up a lot of diplomats in the The reasons and imperatives that labor—and powerful constituencies past thirty years. We have forced bear on this phenomenon may be such as the AFL-CIO—have inter¬ the departure from the profession worth trying to describe—and not ests and sometimes proteges within of a worrisome number of our best merely as an answer to criticisms the Foreign Service, for whom Foreign Service officers. When¬ leveled at the Foreign Service. In¬ suitable Foreign Service posts are ever such a person leaves the ser¬ evitably, the considerations that found on occasion. Then there is vice of his country before his time, have to be taken into account cut in the inevitable soup?on of the American diplomacy is weakened various ways. There are many fac¬ politics-of-acquaintance that af¬ in substance and in reputation, tors involved, some genuinely ad¬ fects career appointments too. The quite apart from the millions of dol¬ mirable, some necessary for an ef¬ “wild card” of a political appoint¬ lars spent on the individual’s edu¬ fective diplomatic establishment, ment to a post held by a profes¬ cation and career development. and some merely understandable. sional may also have a cascading Too often, the emotion of the man¬ Why are some career appointees effect on professional appoint¬ agers has been simple relief that

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 39 another vacancy has been created. organization one should strive to of actually fighting. Historically, We are profligate of precious create the conditions that foster great nations have turned to skillful things. these qualities and ensure their diplomacy when victorious war One must recognize that most employment. In the ordering of our was not a ready option. Mettemich decisions come down to a weighing priorities, the maximizing of used diplomacy (and the avail¬ of priorities, and this is particularly effectiveness—personally and or¬ ability of an Austrian princess) to true in the inexorable process of ganizationally—should have first hold off Napoleon in his years of choice inherent in making senior place. military grandeur. After the appointments. The balance is deli¬ In the future we shall be more Franco-Prussian war it was French cate. A few bad choices can impor¬ dependent on good diplomacy than diplomacy and ambassadorial bril¬ tantly affect perceptions and mo¬ in the past for our success and liance (aided by the kaiser’s feck¬ rale, and play hob with an organiza¬ safety. Troubles with oil, the dollar lessness) which ended France’s tion. Many good and necessary and our domestic economic con¬ isolation and transformed the polit¬ purposes can also be served cerns will make it progressively ical map of Europe. We are not in through the appointment process; harder to “throw money” at our such straits yet, but we have need but nothing comes free. foreign problems, and solve or al¬ of wise policy, skillful diplomacy Great and distinguished political leviate them through generosity, and an effective Foreign Service in appointments can enhance Ameri¬ aid or economic power. So far as the years immediately ahead. Dean can diplomacy, just as poor ones the instruments of coercion are Rusk said recently that the solution impoverish it. It is invidious to concerned, we are squirming under to our current predicament may judge our diplomats simply by imposed and self-imposed limita¬ have to come in a kind of bundle of categorizing them. What is ulti¬ tions. The employment of nuclear political-diplomatic military expe¬ mately important is not the parcel¬ weapons, limited conventional dients, like a bundle of sticks, de¬ ing out of posts in Washington and war, covert military action, coun¬ riving strength through mutual rein¬ abroad between career and political ter-insurgency, surrogates-in-arms forcement. The idea is an old one, appointees according to some pre¬ —all these expedients seem to have going back to the Romans (more ordained formula. It is compe¬ taken on a bad name, for us, at felicitously, perhaps, than more re¬ tence. Quality is more important least for a season. So we search for cent adaptations). In any case, we than label. In human beings there is credible means of showing our cannot afford knowingly to substi¬ no real substitute for character, strength, and wonder whether cred¬ tute reeds for sticks in our diplo¬ scope and, ultimately, greatness. In ibility is sustainable without a risk macy any more.

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40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 THE LETTER They send us presents and stuff. ents. The children had been taken, too, but were bewildered and from page 21 Are we gonna see them?” “Children, the reason we’re frightened. Maybe it hadn’t been a ents perhaps not even remem¬ going home is to see them for the good idea, she didn’t know. But it bered. They had never seen last time. They’re dead, you see. had been important to her that the Johnny. She cried again, long and They were killed in an automobile children see them. Important that quietly. Then she packed, trying to accident.” everyone say “Goodbye.” The keep her mind empty, until at last Mike and Sue said, “Oh.” Sue funeral, the family gathering after¬ everything was ready. A few cried, probably because she sensed wards, the weeks that followed had friends telephoned to express sym¬ the sorrow in her mother and it all been seen and felt and lived pathy. She was surprised that she worried her. Mike was quiet a long clearly and fully. Somehow death could stay calm. time. brought life more sharply into The next morning at the airport At last he said, “They’ve gone to focus. the DCM and his wife saw them Jesus, huh?” She looked once more at the off. “Be happy in the memory of “Yes, Mikie.” wrinkled envelope. She thought the good things you shared,” said “Does Jesus have a beard?” about Sue. OF COURSE she Lucy Devin and gave Mary a hug. “Yes.” would go to Brussels. Peter would The children were very excited. “Does God have a beard?” want her to. Obligations which has Going back to the States. Wow! “I don’t know, darling.” seemed so demanding could be del¬ On the plane Mary was grateful “I hope they went to God, egated. The essential thing now for Kristina who kept Johnny with then,” said Mike. “Beards are was to be with Sue when her child her the whole flight. She wished the scratchy.” was born. She wasn’t going to miss plane flew faster. She couldn’t get a grandchild! She was happy, but there fast enough. There were tears in Mary’s eyes. there was no time to lose. If she She took Mike and Sue with her It was years ago, but she could could pack for five in a few hours and said, “Do you know why we’re still remember the sorrow and the that time, she could pack for one in going home so suddenly?” suffocating grief. She could re¬ an afternoon. “No, but it’s fun,” said Mike. member meeting her aunt at the She went to the phone to call Sue “Mike, do you remember airport, and her brother who had and tell her that she would arrive Grandma and Grandpa Miller?” seen the accident. Remember going on the morning plane. She couldn’t “Yea—well, maybe. I think so. to the mortuary and seeing her par¬ get there fast enough. -

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 41 BERLIN, 1937-1939 as well as emptying the premises other Americans, he quoted a Nazi from page 29 whenever possible. At one point, journal’s boast that Crystal Night he and James Riddleberger, the fu¬ was the “introduction ... to final ceedings, but at this juncture he ture director of the Foreign Ser¬ solution’’ of the Jewish question. gave the Rublee mission a momen¬ vice, were holding the office alone. He described diplomatic gatherings tary diplomatic boost by meticu¬ He poured out his feelings at the where the representatives of the lously posing to the Foreign Office turn of the year in lengthy letters to democracies huddled angrily by questions about renewing the talks. Moffat and, occasionally, to Hugh themselves and lowered their Goering decided to answer by con¬ Wilson, now back in America voices only when they knew Nazi tinuing the charade; he appointed awaiting FDR’s next move. As in satraps could overhear their pro¬ another figurehead negotiator who many previous crises, Gilbert tests. He frankly described times then procrastinated until events asked for clues about American when he himself momentarily lost overtook the well-meaning efforts policy. Wilson replied that no one composure. Responding once to a of Rublee and his humane group. knew and added that Gilbert should Nazi who was threatening him with On top of everything else, Gil¬ shorten his traditionally lengthy re¬ the likelihood that Hitler would bert had to oversee the complicated ports by avoiding speculation. Gil¬ break off diplomatic relations with move of the embassy and the con¬ bert fortunately ignored that ad¬ Washington, Gilbert pretended to sulate general into consolidated vice; the correspondence however have reason to believe that Wash¬ quarters. Bureaucratically demand¬ does reveal an ultimate reconcilia¬ ington might well sever ties with ing in normal times and places— tion of the two, Wilson of the Old Berlin first. Gilbert had found “a and Gilbert had a long history of Guard, Gilbert, the mentor of many damned wholesome thing to say” impatience wtih red tape—the of the postwar ambassadors of to the arrogant Nazi. On another move was further plagued by the America’s new global policy. occasion, Gilbert got pleasure out fact that Gilbert was deliberately Whatever he knew or suspected of startling a group of German gen¬ shorthanding himself. If 1938 had of fundamental attitudes about erals with his eyewitness accounts been an exhausting year, Gilbert Jews in the State Department, Gil¬ of the Philippine campaign. Gilbert believed 1939 would probably be bert now described the reign of ter¬ had never forgotten the Army’s use worse. So, during the end-of-year ror in Berlin which was the prelude of water tortures during the inter¬ holidays he spared every man he to the Final Solution. In fact, in one rogation of Emilio Aguinaldo’s could—extending stateside leaves of many reports he sent of Nazi at¬ guerrillas. He told the officers that and arrival dates of new personnel tacks on Eleanor Roosevelt and they might think their soldiers were

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42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 tough. But the Americans “had the ported that substantial numbers of with him: initiative and character to leave Germans were ashamed by the I do not wish the department in any their homes and go to a new coun¬ pogroms, including a top German way to get the impression that I am a try,” and if the army once got going scientist who said he told Hitler so weak fellow who is sending soft notes it would make the Germans “look and with Goering’s encourage¬ or that I in any way whatever condone like lilies.” ment. Even Gestapo agents were the dreadful things which are happen¬ among those known to be shelter¬ ing. I trust indeed that I do not have to Formally recording his “painful assure you on such a point. . . . impression” that the “general ing and feeding the persecuted. His In addition to these harrowing trend is for the lot of Jews in Ger¬ clandestine meetings with Jews and duties (and hearing from Hugh Wil¬ many to grow progressively other opponents of the regime and son about rising anti-Semitism at with men who claimed frequent worse,” Gilbert worried about the home), Gilbert continued his contact with Hitler himself, led him safety of the embassy’s Jewish per¬ lengthy analyses of German foreign to explain that often, on their ad¬ sonnel and the morale of the con¬ and domestic policy. He reminded suls all over Germany who were vice, he tempered his protests. If Washington of what he had said reporting anti-Semitic violence and stated harshly, Gilbert said, the earlier: that he was accredited to lines of panicked Jews forming protest (especially when accom¬ the “wrong government,” the panied by anti-Nazi demonstra¬ each dawn at their offices. He sent Foreign Office, that the Nazis ran all applications for visas to Wash¬ tions and boycotts abroad) often the real government, and that ulti¬ ington as fast as he could and inspired further reprisals at Jewish mately Hitler was the only man expense. If the American position backed a consul’s plea for tempo¬ who made any difference what¬ rary visas as an “urgent emergency were stated blandly enough to ever. Gilbert’s strategy: measure.” He made a point of in¬ avoid arousing the Nazi overseers I do not like pin-pricking. I think we terviewing personally as many of in the Foreign Office, however, should be exceedingly correct in all our the would-be emigres as he could. then “naturally just and humane” relations with this pope and that we When these “desperately unfortu¬ anti-Nazis there “who really want should maintain even a punctilious at¬ nate” people appeared “directly to be helpful” would quietly do titude and then be exceeding firm when before one’s eyes,” Gilbert and his what they could to soften the con¬ the occasion demands. aides could think of nothing but sequences of the latest decree not In his last batch of long dispatches getting “help directly and im¬ only for American Jews but for all in early 1939 he warned that Hitler mediately” to them. targets of the campaign. Gilbert would “most certainly” turn With this objective, Gilbert re¬ pleaded with Washington to bear against Poland, could “easily re-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 43 verse” his anti-Stalin policy, and Several packs of cigarettes a day that he hoped one day to return to would, if he chose, move “unex¬ did not help. He suffered a near¬ the league city to do what little he pectedly” and “explosively” on collapse in January 1939. Gilbert could for peace. His experience in either the foreign or domestic front forced himself back to his desk, but Berlin, he wrote, had reinforced his to rectify his difficult economic a Foreign Office doctor mistakenly preference for “reality however situation. punctured an artery in his diseased small to unreality however preten¬ Gilbert would not find out how leg. The wound would not heal, but tious.” He was buried in Geneva well he guessed about 1939. While he would not rest. He fainted at his on March 3, 1939. counselor, ”he had continued a desk during the afternoon of Feb¬ Gilbert had not averted war: he lifelong hobby by sailing on nearby ruary 24, 1939, before he could sign did not delay the Holocaust. In lakes. Now boating and weekly two long dispatches he had just fact, he became a victim of what poker games with American repor¬ finished. He died of a coronary at 9 the last American reporter to leave ters had to be cancelled. Perhaps o’clock at night, aged 55. Germany in 1941, Howard K. Gilbert would get the chance to A “pall” fell over Berlin's dip¬ Smith, called the “Berlin Blues.” take a walk with his old friend, lomatic and journalistic colony. But at a time and place of unparal¬ John Whitaker, of the New York Condolences were paid by an old leled wickedness, Gilbert per¬ Herald-Tribune. But their views of Geneva friend, Baron Constantine formed his futile tasks with a com¬ the Nazis were so bitter that to con¬ von Neurath, the recently ousted passion which unforgettably im¬ trol their tempers they would each foreign minister who would be im¬ pressed contemporary diplomatists address an imaginary companion, prisoned at Nuremberg for his war¬ and reporters. “McGonicle,” whenever describ¬ time figurehead administration of After innumerable delays, some ing the latest atrocity. To add to the Czechoslovakia. In Washington, choice liquor Gilbert had acquired stress, Gilbert had never shaken where FDR was reading the work in the ’20s from a bootlegger friend the effects of an old army legacy: of Gilbert, the reporter Hull called arrived in Berlin just in time to be he had almost died of the bubonic unexcelled in the Foreign Service, drunk in his memory by the old plague and elephantiasis in the the secretary and Wilson appeared poker gang. One of them, the Trib’s Philippines. Although he did not genuinely griefstricken. He was John Whitaker, looking back later, limp, he had to bandage his swollen eulogized in the New York Times called Gilbert and the legendary right leg each morning and had to and other major papers. Webb Miller, of the Associated rest periodically in hospitals, most Weeks before he died, Gilbert Press, the first two casualties of the recently in early November 1938. had written two Geneva friends second World War.

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44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 LETTERS from page 4 GODS OF WAR—Writer seeks help whose “government” condones a in tracking down names, legends, continuing gross breach of one of Education as PR? illustrations (photos of statues, the few universally accepted tenets paintings, bas reliefs, etc) of Gods of international law, hardly qual¬ THE SHIFT of commercial officers of War of both ancient peoples and ifies for recognition under our or to the Department of Com¬ primitive societies for possible in¬ world standards. merce has generated almost a wave clusion in book. Write: The Scribe If the withdrawal of recognition of self-pity within certain ranks of Press, P O Box 368, San Rafael, approach was behind the De¬ the Department of State. The event CA 94901. cember 12 action why hasn’t it might also suggest the need for FIELDING L. GREAVES been followed up? In any event some searching self-examina¬ Edit or! Publisher why wasn’t the announced action tion—not merely in the department The Scribe Press itself carried out? It took the de¬ but in other foreign affairs agencies partment 22 days, instead of the announced 5, to reduce the accred¬ like USICA. Reducing Official Iranians Would any clear-thinking per¬ ited people working in the various son, for example, dispute the Iranian foreign service offices in statement that diplomacy and trade I’M ENCLOSING a self-explanatory the US to the permitted 35 and to promotion are two distinct func¬ clipping. (EDITOR’S NOTE: The identify them. Furthermore, tions, requiring different kinds of clipping, from the Seattle Times of there’s no assurance that the list organizational support and temper¬ January 6, dealt with the status of “we have now received” repre¬ aments from their practitioners? Is the Iranian diplomats in this coun¬ sents the actual situation. And the it truly adult—or fair—to scapegoat try who were to have left on De¬ Immigration Service seems to have Under Secretary Ben Read and the cember 19. The reporter quoted a little or no idea of the present status director general for a reform long State Department spokesman as of those whose employment in advocated by senatorial heavy¬ saying that “21 [Iranian diplomats] these offices may have terminated. weights like Abraham Ribicoff and have departed or will leave within One may agree with the Christian other champions of strengthened 30 days, 26 have adjusted their ethic of turning the other cheek government backing for US foreign status or requested permission to but, thinking of the hostages in traders? do so.”) This story takes away a Tehran, one wonders whether im¬ The same reflections are sug¬ good deal of the comfort I have de¬ plementing this ethic by talking gested by the creation of the De¬ rived from the president's appar¬ tough but carrying a little stick is a partment of Education. The new ently wise, balanced and judicious fruitful policy, no matter we are cabinet-level agency provides for handling of a bizarre situation in¬ confronting Russians. Iranians or the first time a credible focal point volving unique difficulties. Upper Garbonians. for international educational and I don’t know whether the de¬ As the department spokesman cultural affairs—and for cultural af¬ partment is trying to cover up a says, we do live in a democratic fairs officers, a Foreign Service bungled operation or whether it is country but this story is about offi¬ category traditionally even more trying to hide something which cial Iranians in the US enjoying the acutely disadvantaged than com¬ there is good reason to keep from special privileges which that status mercial officers. For would any one the media. Whatever the explana¬ carries, in startling contrast to the soberly maintain that education tion, it does not make me proud of situation of our official representa¬ should be treated as a branch of the old alma mater. There’s no ex¬ tives in Iran. If we want to impress public relations, as its emplace¬ cuse for bungling an operation an¬ Iran with our unhappiness over this ment in USICA implies? nounced with headline eclat by the situation is there any reason why In the meanwhile, USICA will be president, and if unforeseeable se¬ we should allow such an official the scene of a continuing series of curity factors have appeared, a Iranian to remain here after his of¬ delaying tactics—not only the ploy plausible cover story should have ficial status is terminated, simply of replacing cultural officers with been ready. because he wants to sell a house or “program officers” but “centrality When I read this story I’m not take his children out of school of purpose” and similar bureaucra¬ flooded with supplementary before the term ends? Or, if he has tic pieties. thoughts and questions. What did a valid basis for adjusting his All of course intended to protect the president, or those who pro¬ status, is it “undemocratic” to re¬ tuif rather than serve administra¬ posed the December 12 announce¬ quire him to leave the country until tive logic. ment to him, have in mind? An this adjustment is considered and Even the inevitable must wait its ephemeral expression of concern acted upon in accordance with day! intended to impress the Iranians? A usual procedure? ROBERT BROWN hastily confected bone to be tossed JAMES K. PENFIELD Silver Spring to an insistent press and aroused Longbranch, Washington public opinion? Maintenance of the A Request momentum of our pressure by a series of carefully timed actions WOULD YOU be so kind as to in¬ leading to formal breaking of rela¬ The JOURNAL welcomes the expression of its clude the following brief note tions? The first two objectives have readers’ opinions in the form of letters to the editor. All letters are subject to condensa¬ either as a filler, a reader exchange flimsy validity but the last seems tion if necessary. Send to: Letters to the item, or perhaps in your letters sec¬ logical. A nation in which control is Editor, Foreign Service JOURNAL, 2101 E tion: as diffused as it is in Iran and Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, March, 1980 45 Special Services at South Yarmouth, Mas¬ sachusetts. Mr. Ludden entered REAL ESTATE the Foreign Service in 1931 and Dunedin, Clearwater, Florida & surrounding served at Liverpool, then Tsinan areas. HOMES, INVESTMENTS, etc. HELEN CLARK and various other posts in China, Birth REALTY-REALTOR, 353 Tilden St., Suite A, Dune¬ including as consul general in Can¬ Macfarlane. A son, Matthew Alan, din, Fla. (813) 734-0390, evenings 733-9428. ton, until 1949. He then served at bom to FSOs Lewis and Ann Mac¬ NORTH MYRTLE BEACH, Thinking of a vacation or Dublin, Brussels, Paris, and Dus- farlane on January 2, in Washing¬ retirement home or any investment along South seldorf before his retirement in Carolina Grand strand? For personal service con¬ ton. 1962. He is survived by his wife, tact Bill Dozer (FSO-retired), Sales Associates, Deaths Mayre, of 30 Captain Nickerson Hussey Realty Company, 497 Main Street, Ocean Amory. James Franklin Amory, Drive Section, North Myrtle Beach, South Road, South Yarmouth, Mass. FSO-retired, died on November 30 Carolina 29582, phone (803) 249-4043. 02664 and a son, Rockwell P. Lud¬ in France. Mr. Amory entered the NORTHERN PALM BEACH COUNTY, TEQUESTA and den. vicinity. Homes, condominiums, land, commer¬ Foreign Service in 1948 and served cial. Ask for ALBERT W. POLLARD (FSR Ret) at Bombay, Helsinki, Paris, Bern, REALTOR ASSOCIATE, WILCOX GALLERY OF COVER ARTIST HOMES, 361 Tequesta Dr., Tequesta, Fla. 33458. Frankfurt and Bonn before his re¬ (305) 746-8385; eve. 747-0457. tirement in 1971. He is survived by Verna Motheral, wife of Joe R. WANTED TO BUY his wife, Mrs. Jeanne C. Amory, of Motheral, AID-retired. has exhib¬ JAPANESE WOODBLOCK prints by Paul Jacoulet Plum Tree Cottage, Manor Street, ited at the World Bank, Texas Fine and Hiroshi Yoshida. Write Box “SHK" c/o FSJ, Dittisham. South Devon TQ6 Arts Association, Cultural Arts 2101 E St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. OEX, England. Center, Karachi, and the Korean Washington area parties call 323-9549. Barker. Clifford O. Barker, FSO- Information Center in Seoul. Be¬ STATIONERY retired, died on November 23, in fore retirement in 1972, the FSJ COVER PAINTINGS—as greeting/note cards. Limited edition, superb litho reproduction of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Mr. Motherals served in Manila, Iran, MARIYAM AND LEO SARKISIAN'S orignial paint¬ Barker joined the Department of Seoul and Kabul. ings: Over the Oiani River-Guinea; Chawan Vil¬ State in 1923 and the Foreign Ser¬ lage - Morocco; Anderab River - Afghanistan; vice in 1956. He served at Manila CLUB ART EXHIBIT Cheetahs - Africa; Bororo Herdsmen - Niger. As¬ and Vienna before his retirement in sortment - 10 cards w/envelopes (two prints The walls of the Foreign Service 1961. He is survived by his wife, each, five paintings) $7.50 plus .50 postage. Club are currently graced with the Also available; 10 cards one subject, same price. Mabel J., of 2031 NE 56th Court, Make excellent gifts! Send check to; Leo Sarki¬ Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33308. watercolors of Stephanie Kung sian, 4504 Bestor Dr., Rockville, Md. 20853. Cox. Mildred Cox, wife of FSSO- Stryker, wife of Jerry Stryker, now retired from the Foreign Service. TAX RETURNS retired Earl Blake Cox, died on TAX PROBLEMS, returns and representation. T. Mrs. Stryker’s exhibit consists of November 29 in Washington. Mrs. R. McCartney (ex-FS) and John Zysk (ex-IRS), En¬ both traditional Chinese paintings Cox accompanied her husband on rolled Agents. Business Data Corp., P.O. Box and semi-abstracts with a Chinese 57256, Washington, D.C. 20037. (703) 522- his several assignments in West 1040. Germany and Greece. In addition flavor, all beautifully framed by her SCHOOLS AND CAMPS to her husband of Kenwood House, husband. She held two exhibitions PARENTS. FREE ADVISORY SERVICE. Independent Apt. 208, 5100 Dorset Avenue, in Singapore where she lived from schools, private camps visited and evaluated Chevy Chase, Md. 20015, Mrs. 1974-8 and exhibited two dozen since 1936. Some European programs. For free paintings in W & J Sloane’s “Sa¬ referrals and 283-page EDUCATIONAL REGISTER, Cox is survived by a son, Donald give child’s age, grade, interests, needs, geo¬ Servin of Waitsfield, Vt., a daugh¬ lute to China” last December. One graphical preference and proposed entrance ter, Frances Ann Whittaker of of her traditional paintings ap¬ date. Include $4.00 for Air Mail and handling: peared on the March 1979 Journal VINCENT/CURTIS, Room 219, 224 Clarendon St., Bellevue, Washington, a sister and six grandchildren. cover. The exhibit runs through Boston, MA 02116. March. BOOKS Lilienfield. Henry J. Lilienfield, IF YOU ARE LOOKING for an out-of-print book, FSO-retired, died on January 7 in perhaps I can find it. Dean Chamberlin, FSIO- Washington. Mr. Lilienfield joined SCHOLARSHIP NEWS retired, Book Cellar, Freeport, Maine 04032. the State Department in 1951 and The Oliver Bishop Harriman VACATION RENTALS the Foreign Service in 1955, serv¬ Foreign Service Scholarship for the ADIRONDACK LODGES on Upper Saranac Lake. ing at Bonn, Frankfurt, Munich and academic year 1979-1980 has been Available for two weeks or a month, July through London before his retirement in September. Everything provided for comfortable awarded to Diana Hooper. Miss living in the quiet woods. Please write Bartlett 1966. Since his retirement he had Hooper, the daughter of the late Carry Club, RD 1, Tupper Lake, NY. been active in civic and community Peter Hooper, Jr., is a student of LANGUAGE STUDY affairs in Howard County. He is art and design at the Pratt Institute FRENCH INSTRUCTION for professionals, begin¬ survived by his wife; the former in Brooklyn, N.Y. ning to advanced, by experienced native French Lee Markman, 8657 Reservoir teacher, tutoring group or total immersion. Flex¬ ible hours. Translation services available. Call Road, Fulton, Maryland 20759. two (202) 387-4933. sons. Dr. Lawrence Lilienfield of FOREIGN SERVICE DAY FOR RENT Bethesda and Gerald of Gaith¬ Foreign Service Day, 1980, is FLORIDA PRIVATE HOME RENTAL. Retired FSO of¬ ersburg. a daughter. Barbara Balter scheduled for May 2 and AFSA fering furnished 3-BR home, golf/tennis, ocean, of Baltimore, a sister, 12 grandchil¬ plans its usual post/FS Day brunch available 4-12/5-31, $150/week, no pets/small children. Contact L. Raicht, 632-9453 or write A. dren and four great-grandchildren. for May 3. Further details will be Santiano, 1371 SE Petunia, Port St. Lucie, ELA. Ludden. Raymond P. Ludden, supplied as soon as they are avail¬ 33452 tel: (305) 334-9686. FSO-retired, died on December 12, able.

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