Here Tough Rules and Commercial Thinking Are Always Lurking Under

Case study on the performance in editorial work Supervized by Catherine Schwartz Introduction

« Art is higher than reality and has no direct relation to reality. To approach the spiritual in art, one will make as little use as possible of reality, because reality is opposed to the spiritual. We find ourselves in the presence of an abstract art. Art should be above reality, otherwise it would have no value for man.» — Piet Mondrian

Don’t be fooled by the dry and cold aspect of art history. We are often fooled to think that designers evolve in a cold world where tough rules and commercial thinking are always lurking under. Though it might be true, it is also filled with creatives willing to share a feeling or a thought. It is not mouvements that shaped thoughts and artists, but the creatives and rebels who fought their way to create and share their views and opinion of their world. Design evolved a lot in the last 150 years, more than could be expected from a society leading more and more towards a digital and calculated world. Arts became a part of everyday life as functionning tools and display to better understand, hear, or discover the complex world we share. Designers all over the world tried to break free and rebuilt over and over again a way of seeing our relationships to another through everyday life. Where we live, how we live, where we go, how we are going to go there, whith whom, with what, how. Design comes from a place mixing utility and aesthetics, bringing back spirituality or bringing order to an already existing chaos. Designer perform and capture performance, and that is the essence of their work. What led to today’s graphic design Printing process and typefaces.

From the mid 15th century This mass printing habit to the early 18th century, doesn’t come cheap. The typography began gaining newly developped printing public relevance: printing process are farther and press quickly developed farther away from the art different techniques and fully forms they were, where produced typefaces emerged. perfection and technique are From woodblock to digital keys to accomplish the goal printing, through many expected. While old technics techniques like movable like engraving or silkpress type, offset, engraving, printing are still seen as an thermography, photosetting, art form; largely a lot of the silkscreen, inkjetor, different, often local, ways flexography and letterpress of printing are starting to everyone was starting to want diseappear. Though it is to use print. important to note that some With new printing press designers defend their local technologies, new typefaces printing process. In Lyon, a emerged. First calligraphic lot of artists and designers typefaces, than blackletter, use a silkscreen printing serif, and sans serif as labor method to print, for exclusive and titling. Onto more modern art or even for some typefaces like script, pixel, simple tracts for political or and decorative; exclusively entertaining agendas. for titling. And in our world, five century later, print is everywhere and is used on a global scale.

6 7 Graphic Design from 1850 to 1920.

Industrial and craftsmanship From Arts & Crafts to always operated in different Dadaism, it is really circles. Between 1850 and interesting to see how arts 1920 their relation to the became so much invested social and economical world in society. As it started from drastically changed. This an aesthetic will to please changement was led by a and admire, through the handful of movements in craftsmen and artists it design. Beginning with Arts became something involved, & Crafts, to Art Deco and going so far as being an anti- Art Nouveau these worlds war outcry. With Dadaism, started to get away from applied arts overstepped the their intended meaning: to marks, the abstract sense of bring beauty and pleasure humor they displayed and to the world. With Bauhaus, this mouvement broke every this idea culminated. The rules and allowed the public mouvement sought to to consider art fully outside create a new world through of an only aesthetic form. design. From architecture, Nowadays, it is considered to furniture, a whole way normal to see art and design of life was breathed out in everyday life and most of the school. From there, particularly in commentary movements like Futurism about the society we live in. and Dadaism continued to We can only thank the 170 provoke the status quo in arts years of art history behind and started to break ground us that allowed protest to not rules set by fine arts. only be written or spoken but It was the beginning of visually seen and felt. applied arts.

8 9 The Bauhaus mouvement.

The Bauhaus school was But, Mayer was a convinced founded after the first world Marxist and let too much politics war by Walter Gropius, and lead the school. He was asked lasted for 14 years. Gropius was to resign the school in 1930. the first director of the school, Mies van Der Rohe took the marked by the horrors of the leadership of the school, and war, he recruted as teachers the led it towards more architecture. most avant-garde and radical In 1932, the opression from the thinking artists in Europe, in the nazis was too much to handle shining hope of changing the and Mies moved the school to world’s future through design. Berlin to try and save what was The first school was set in left of its students. The efforts Weimar and focused on the came to an halt in 1933, where geometric figures, the shapes. the nazis shut down the entire The war shaped people to see school. Most of the teachers and technology a progessive and students left Germany exporting not destructive. From that idea, the idea of Bauhaus with them Gropius followed William Morris to Chicago and New York. steps and decided to mix fine They wanted to expand the arts and applied arts. In 1926, idealistic message of Bauhaus, faced with a lot of backlash for to handcraft things with enough their libertarian way of life, the perfection that it seemed Bauhaus’s influence mouvements absolutly to better design. school was forced to moved to industrial. But the message got is so huge and so fondemental. It is Their way of pushing Dessau. Gropius then left the lost in the design, notably in the important that no one almost inconceivable craftmenship and art directorship to Hannes Mayer. United States where design took can dislike it. There is to not associate together paid off. The Mayer brought the idea that form root but completely left out the a basic understanding the idea of colors school of Bauhaus followed function, and brought ideaslism of Bauhaus (IKEA or of color and shape, with meaning, and made possible their the prototypes made by the Apple demonstrate that idea). brought down by shapes together to challenge: to think the students to the industry. A step mouvements before, form other shapes. future through design. very important for the school that makes the Stripping down basis that had now a clear objective for their never ending creativity.

10 11 Swiss Design.

Swiss Design, or international mass consuming without the Typographic Style, is idea of a grid or a working characterized by a special analytic system to convey attention to details, the use of the information better. grids and sans serif typeface International Typographic in a technical approach to Design’s most famous design. works are still used today, Following the Bauhaus idea like Helvetica or the subway of « Form follows function » it identities created by Vignelli. approaches design critically Even in motion design the to developp something influence of Swiss Design specific to the message it can be felt. Through the wants to convey. simplest shapes and limited The shapes, colors and use of color, motion designer typography used in Swiss convey their information Design, all borrowed from the effectively and with great Bauhaus era, are seemingly simplicity. simple but they are the result of a thoughtful and complex reflexion of balance. Swiss design had an important impact on the designing world. Introducing infographics and a new way to convey infromations, it led to a revolution in communication. Today it is almost unthinkable to not design a poster for Post-modernism.

After the Swiss Design and is also a place of life. A modernism, many artists tried building, mosoleum or public to find another mouvement, school, represents and says to find creativity. Naturally, something by its design and many artists rejected the idea while the modernist kept of cleaness and conformism it simple with the «less is that came with the preceding more» mantra, it is refreshing mouvements. The designers to see more life coming from kept the grids but made the urban landscape. them more complex to keep It also important to note that their liberty and design the Post-modern mouvement new visual worlds. From witnessed the arrival of the this, a huge revival of old personal computer giving a style like Arts & Crafts creative tool to a lot more and Art Nouveau started. people, thus pushing even Though the mouvement is further the destructive aspect seeable in graphic design, of the mouvement. it was mostly important in architecture. The lack of variety and the blandness of the architecture left by the modernist saw decoration, asymetry and curves make their way back to life. Though the utopian aspect of the modernist is always pleasing with its symetry and cleaness, a house or any other architecture building

14 15 Corporate ID.

After the industrial revolution And though it is vastly began, a new type of known that a corporation corporation made their doesn’t have a soul or values appearance; focused on beyond what the market consumerism. During the 60’s dictates, the public often corporations realized that finds itself drawn to defend or creating a visual identity kept attack corporations through the interest of their consumer the social and political high in the sea of inflowing changes of our time. It is a competition. They started to complex marriage where sell not just their products the corporation needs the but their brand too. With uniqueness and humanity attractive logos, catchphrases of their visuals and brand and visual identity they identity but if they make one crafted every details to mistake there, a big part of appeal to the public without the public might turn on them, worry. First they changed regardless of their products. their identity with the social and artistic times but quickly stopped to keep an identity all ages could recognize through generations. It is interesting to point out how personal the market has become. Now every brand and corporation has a voice it uses in brand comunicating to follow its economical agenda.

16 17 EDITORIAL The job of a designer covers a lot of aspect. Infographics, advertising, . illustration or even typography, and so many more; but what interests us in display of narratives and performance alike is: editorial work. Through the editorial works of old and new magazines, we will be reminded of interesting approaches in graphic design, balancing photography, typography and rules. The choice to disrup the grids or to follow along to create narratives that often set the tone of the magazine.

Here will be visible: Dazed Magazine, L’Uomo Magazine, i-D Magazine, Esquire Magazine, Vogue Lagazine, Graphis Magazine, FUSE Magazine, The Face Magazine, Harper’s Bazaar, Ray Gun Magazine, Hero Magazine, Friese Magazine. By pentagram: Ten Ten magazine, Billboard, Brown, Dance Ink, h magazine, lmu magazine, MIT Technology Review, No Man’s Land, Rumble, Yes&No magazine. Font&Photos.

FUSE Magazine (top right) distinguish itself in its drastic approach to layout. Clean and with big contrast, it prefers to evoke the typeface in itself to better showcase it afterwards.

Here we can see different approach to layout. Graphis Magazine (on left) choose to emphasize on photos Ray Gun (bottom right) deconstructs and brings a chaotic approach blending both aspect of typography and and the use of typography through photography, while maintaining a minimalist human approach. photography into something messy but still legible, while maintainig a clean, readable aspect. Texts&Grids. on itself; emphasazing feeling more than story. Layout of texts and images can be tricky. These in an interesting design layout. i-D and Ray Gun (right) text, and in Ray Gun’s case superposing even more text doesn’t take too much or little space while remaining magazines made sure the text is readable and photo chose a more chaotic aspect, superpositioning image and

The FACE (top left) and Ray Gun (bottom left) used superposition with a primary color and horizontal/ vertical text; while Dazed (top right) and Esquire (bottom right) played on the lines drawn by the articles. Photography&Storytelling.

The alliance of simple characters or words and multiple photographs can really help convey a story. Tweaking characters to echo the photographs like in Vogue (bottom left). By using the space of the board or a few words scatterred in HERO. Or immersing the reader with the use of full photo series, echoing each others without words. Pentagram.

10 10 Magazine, MIT where impact is needed. Simple but terribly effective. Cleaness in a Cleaness business world business the MIT Technology Review and Ten Magazine we can see narratives of a more The unusual use of the two pages as a whole and not seperated adds a depth to the tight grid. mathematical approach. Simple columns and the use of big photography lettering To appeal to an already coded world, one must think of how this world works. Here with both Creativity and the rebellious aspect of complex grids

A complex grid doesn’t have to be messy or bland. Here with Billboard Magazine (left) and Brown Magazine (right) we can see that informations can be convey by emphasizing and highlighting the important part of the information with color. They also chose to keep the chaotic energy by superposing photos and text to let the empty space empty . Simplicity to break the expected

Yes&No Magazine (top left, right page) displays an intertesing deconstructed aspect of the grids of display. Through a narrarive where they either extented their grid, or simply chose a curved grid they show that editorial work can also be led by the grids that leave some space to create. Like followig shape or lines through the page.

Dance iInkt (bottom left) keeps a rather usual grid, but with color and placement refreshes the look of its editorial choice while keeping simplicity and cleaness. experiments. is stillenjoyable through the keeps tidyandthe readability supposed, buteverything Nothing iscontrolledlike aspect ofthepicturetheyshow. contrasting greatlywiththemessy message inaveryplainway, clear butthere,theyshowtheir In Rumble,thesameaspectis words written. seems moreimportantthanthe message. Thevibeofthelayout on aspectmorethanefficencyof pages usessensitivityandplays grids. NoMan’sLand’sdouble to desconstructionofcontrolled different yetverysimilarapproach Rumble (bottomrow)display No Man’sLand(toprow)and who experimentsthemost.Here, with themostcreativefreedom Of course,itisoftenthepiece Noise and the creative freedom of experiments Typography photography linked to perform Nizar Kazan.

Swiss designer Nizar Kazan a lot of important names follows the tradition of Swiss proclaimed that we couldn’t Design in his typeface. With do anything better from then grids, mathematical and on. Today, Helvetica is a rational thinking, he created typeface that is so used that it something legible when small can be recognized by a lot of and bold, when used as a persons. It is really interesting titling typeface, he named it to find young designers after his city: Lausanne. retake Helvetica’s legacy and It was already used by the design typefaces that follows MoMA for their exhebition its lead while taking different Toward a Concrete Utopia, steps and breathing a new life Playboy France’s redesign, in sans serif, with legible and and Rook supply. clean typefaces. Following the tradition Lausanne comes from the inspiration of Helevetica, and yet seems to feel fresher and different. The perfect rounds for ‘O’s used by Kazan and it’s perfect use of mathematical thinking compliments perfectly the communication preffered and renews the old by the subtle use of color chosen, not to disturb the perfect balance of the typeface. When Helvetica was created,

38 39 Paula Scher.

Netflix released in 2017 a the urban life of New York documentary serie on design. City helped her convey Each episode focuses on these changes on print. As the personal view of well a painter she keeps in mind regarded designers. In a certain boldness in her their 6th episode, we follow work. Mistakes are assumed American designer Paula and turn into happy little Scher through her views on accidents. She encourages design and how the influence and helps designers break of graphic design evolved through and create something with its city, more particularly they might have not thought in New York where she works. of, before starting the project. She walks us through the A refreshing sight in graphic choices she made and how design where the harsh she evolved into the begining competition only gets harder of graphic design. as the access to the tools With her, we explore the idea to create become more and of bold fonts and Helvetica more accessible. in the Big Apple, as well as the less applied side of art through her gigantic painted maps where she can let her creativity take a break once in a while. The whole episode is a memory looking back at the begining of her career where she talks about breaking the rules and how her views of

40 41 Fatih Hardal.

Turkish designer Fatih much present, with grids and Hardal designed a typography at the center of serie for an exhibition the piece. The experimental on the Typographische photography leaves a noise Monatsblätter. and texture to the work, we The Typographische are drawn to the mouvement Monatsblätter was one of and disturbances it radiates, the most important journals and while coming closer to successfully display the small informational the Swiss Design to an lines reveal themselves. international audience. The balances of hierarchy Hardal and his serie fit in informations, and visual perfectly in the spirit of the tricks Hardal used are a great journal. Often it was young throwback to the journal that designers who designed introduced the world to the the cover, that went on to Swiss Design and the New become famous designer like Wave. Wolfgang Weingart or Emil Ruder. Somewhat we can almost guess the modern aspect of Fatih Hardal’s work, the typography isn’t left untouched like many Swiss Design piece of the time. As the photography and typography collide and bend together the essence of Swiss design is still very

42 43 Viktor Naumovski.

Macedonian photographer for a perfect eye-catching and Viktor Naumovski creates truly mind changing approach strange, surreal and often to fashion and narrative in dream-like narratives. His photography. stories are often controversial The real disturbing aspect and unravel under a uneasing isn’t really in the photo or feeling as the visual impact. the estrange subject of it, Working with fashion but truely in the narrative designer like Gucci and Louis portrayed with enough Vuitton or big magazines subtlety that nothing stands like KingKong Italia and out. Every element of its Vogue Italia, he sets up the films and shoots are linked, perfect balances between and every choice and hazard contemplation and lo-fi made are indessociable. aesthetics. There, no need of a clever His upcoming feature typography visual to help film Standing In The Sun, convey a feeling or a note. about boys growing up in a The message is heard, nation in transition through mysterious enough to keep westernization. The trailer the reader interested and reflects on a control of the simple enough so they can norm and the disturbing turn the page. aspect of an alien life perspective. The work of Naumovski is what makes strict editorial work stand up so much. The choice of an artist with clear and defined narratives makes

44 45 Denisse Ariana Pérez.

In her serie Albinism, performance displayed by Albinism Dominican the models really guides photographer Denisse Ariana the eye. They all displayed Pérez decided to go against a certain pain and calm. the usual way of documenting Through it, the photos feel the condition and the violence like paintings. The narratives linked with albinism in East and the performance Africa. Instead she chose to together makes us want to depict the condition through go further and discover what the theological theme of lies beyond for the subject rebirth and purification. The we admire. Denisse Ariana evangelical rebirth in the Pérez balanced composition, muddy water of a river with angle and narratives just well the subject in pure simple enough to interest us but not white. too perfectly to let us yearn The force of the image for more. she created speaks loud. Pérez, through her wish of presenting the beauty of things hidden, has realized the portrait of beautiful contemplative narratives. Though they don’t speak much, these narratives help seek more from the photographs and through them the eye is found lost in a dream-like study. The resonance of the

46 47 Ck Chiwai Cheang.

SomethingMoon is a Macau always complements the designer that specializes visual choices of the studio. in typographic work. Between minimalist work and The studio mixes simple structural aspect, the studio typographic works with the created a unique way to chinese elegance of its present its message. script. The studio doesn’t only do poster, they also make editorial works, web design, typographic identity, illustrations, packaging, and art performance. Acclaimed in the Tokyo TDC Annual Awards and Warsaw’s International Poster Biennal; they are an important part of design, mixing western alphabet with the chinese one. This blending permits an interesting aspect while maintaining both alphabets importance. The work SomethingMoon presents is always balancing the use of emptyness and fullness perfectly. It is always well articulated through the calm colors it uses and the typographyic works

48 49 Rus Khasanov.

Russian graphic designer and Here the performance of photographer Rus Khasanov the mouvement through the develops typeface with lettering is what draws the satisfying gooey textures. eye. The message comes Using the computer’s only second to the textures. generated physics, he lets This is an interesting prospect the colorful 3D textures since we most often don’t bubble and shift to catch the see form be put before perfect moment where the message in publicity and letter he forces them to form brand campaign. Although, looks best. make up brands like NYX or The innovative process of MakeUpForever contacted birefringence gives a very Khasanov, and in his works distinct and aesthetic result for them the textures, therefor with the almost unreal and aesthetics, are used for the digital aspect of colors and message of the brands. textures. Selling the colorful and Khasanov works is original vibrance their product sells. and keeps a very clean and modern aspect fitting perfectly in the graphic design of the 2020’s while setting itself apart with its particularity. This new emergance of motion/ typographic works is more and more common to create readable simple text drenched in aesthetics.

50 51 Kenny Brandenberger.

American typograph The works he creates and designer Kenny is almost perfect in its Brandenberger makes fonts cleaness and because he in movement sliding, and pays attention to all details, spinning off each other. the motion works still as a Inspired by the 60’s and the poster, and in movement. 70’s typographic works, he The satisfying smoothness only lets the shapes move of the animation is well made naturally off of each other, like and the thoughtprocess its seems they were intended behind the layout of the fonts to. Through this inspiration in animation are a really results a serie of work where interesting case where we the motion is rhythm, and can see how Brandenberger the animation flows perfectly deconstructed the original making never ending loops. layout to better build Here again the text strays something suited for the slightly away from it’s original mouvement in intend to give purpose, it becomes more it. of an object that moves and has momentum. The shape of the letters is what is used for the motion dynamic. Like we learned, form follows function, and though Brandenberger’s work display words and sentences it is interesting to see the meaning and the message behind his structural works take a second place.

52 53 Jappari & Obby.

This studio based in Frankfurt real and to be a part of the 3D focused on bringing 2D and structure she is in. 3D together with fashion Through this smart photography. Combining the combination, Jappari & Obby two different medium linked achieved to reach an even with each others, they work better grip on the viewer. with real textures like honey The realism of the structure and spray paint, then scan combined with the vibrant and the lot to implement it again cleaness of the composition in photoshop and Cinema 4D. pushes the photography They look for photorealistic further more, and really impact on the viewer and empathize the whole try to be as precise as performance and narrative of possible while maintaning the picture. the stage-like aspect of fashion photography. In The Future Is Here, they added tubes, plastic and futuristic looking elements on the fashion photography, giving it depth and adding a whole new aspect of the narration given by the model. From a commercial point of view, they compliment what the model is wearing by bringing attention to the difference between flat and 3D aspect. The model both seems to be

54 55 Sam Nixon.

New-Zealander Sam Nixon colors and shapes with the has worked on photography candid look of the model is since his early childhood. enough to drive the viewer He captures moments in through the picture and give a documentary style way his work a more defined and while maintaining a dream- interesting aspect. like, sepia induced glow. The portraiture and fashion photography all come from his attraction to culture and people. From his interest to bond with his subject, he tries to capture an innocent, relaxed look that seems to shine through. The models seem to have more depths and give off different variable narratives. Here the performance of Nixon’s work is more subtle but still present. Just like old poloraids or old photos tend to give a very strange atmosphere, Nixon’s work manages to give us the same atmosphere but with a composition closer to fashion or editorial photography. This blend between controlled

56 57 Lee Whittaker.

Lee Whittaker’s photograp This almost dire situation is a mix between an of taking the right picture at intrusive eye into the life the right time or completely of tight communities and miss the oportunity is subtly a honest look into their palpable in the photographs. lives. In a strange way, the They do not seem ushered photographer manages to by, their liveliness still bleeds bring a sense of fashion through. photography into his work. The cinematic composition he displays shows dirt and life but always seems clean, like behind a glass. Though, Lee Whittaker’s work is personal, the subject trust him at various degrees but all allow him to see the warmth and honesty of their community. The narratives he chooses to display are raw and unfiltered, the subject are often absorbed in their world and all are not shy to show how they feel. Whittaker choose to not be the one conducting the performance but rather choose to capture it at the right time, and in the right place.

58 59 Jori Komulainen.

Finnish photographer The dedicated aspects of his Jori Komulainen’s work in work process is rewarding, portraiture is an interesting in every photo the narrative view of performance in picked up seems personal; fashion photography. His from the person behind to the work often seems to be more one in front of the camera. of a collections of intimate Everything feels sensitive shots of acquaintances and and close to heart, and while really shows the importance Jori Komulainen puts as little he gives to people in his noise and disturbance as he portraits. The collaboration can, so the people he shoots of the use of space and really shine. The performance the fashion display is only here is a beautiful team work second to the photographer. between photographer and Komulainen focuses on model, to show the intimacy team work and finding the of being. right people to compliment his style and vision. He shoots his subject with a documentary-like eye, always keeping in mind the shift people have when a camera is introduced in their environment. While the dynamic changes, he tries his best to conceide and deal with his subject to bring out the people’s closest selves to the camera.

60 61 Annex

62 63 Bibliography. . https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/ https://www.pentagram.com/ https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/jori-komulainen-photography-261119 https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/nizar-kazan-lausanne- https://www.behance. https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/viktor-naumovski-photography-241019 https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/somethingmoon-independent- https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2019/10/ https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/obby-and-jappari-graphic- https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/sam-nixon-photography-091219 https://denissearianaphotography.com/ https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/kenny-brandenberger- Available on: Available Alif Ibrahim, 10. 22. 2019, (2019, 22 October). Lausanne typeface is a product of his analytical design approach. Nizar Kazan’s on: Available graphic-design-221019?utm_source=dailyemail&utm_medium=email&utm_ campaign=intemail Unknown, 02. 22. 2017 (2017, 22 February). Paula Scher Featured in “Abstract” on Netflix. on: Availaible news/paula-scher-featured-in-abstract-on- netflix August). Fatih Hardal. 08. 13. 2019. (2019, 13 Monatsblätter. Typographische The on: Available net/gallery/84128243/Typographische- Monatsblaetter-%282019%29 Thursday). Laura Snoad. 10. 24. 2019 (2019, 24 Naumovski. to the dark and absurd world of Macedonian photographer Viktor Welcome on: Available Ariana Pérez). Date unknown. Unknown (presumed Denisse Albinism I & II. Albinism, on: Available Albinism-Albinism-I 12. 2018. (2019, 12 November 2018). Jyni Ong. 11. SomethingMoon is one of the few designers working in independent publishing Macau. on: Available publishing-graphic-design-121118?utm_source=dailyemail&utm_medium=email&utm_ campaign=intemail Laura Staugaitis. 30. 10. 2019. (2019, 30 October). Marmalade type. on: Available marmalade-type/?mc_cid=86e8034e3e&mc_ eid=d72b266662 Alif Ibrahim. 10. 31. 2019. (2019, 31 October). Kenny Brandenberger’s fluid typographic design is made with machine-like precision. on: Available graphic-design-311019?utm_source=dailyemail&utm_medium=email&utm_ campaign=intemail Alif Ibrahim. 10. 29. 2019. (2019, 29 October). Obby & Jappari stays up to date with the right mix of analogue and digital. on: Available design-291019?utm_source=dailyemail&utm_medium=email&utm_ campaign=intemail Angelos, 12. 09. 2019, (2019, 09 December). Ayala Sepia-infused and cinematic, Sam Nixon turns his lens on the stories of world. on: Available 20. 2019, (2019, 20 November). Angelos, 11. Ayla Lee Whittaker captures the celebration of people, culture and on: Available the world. lee-whittaker-photography-201119?utm_source=dailyemail&utm_ medium=email&utm_campaign=intemail 26. 2019, (2019, 26 November). Alif Ibrahim, 11. Jori Komulainen on the importance of finding right collaborators in fashion photography

64 Studios and artists.

Designer: Photography: Typographic work: Surrealist painters: A practice for everyday life/ Micaiah Carter/ Ark Studio/ Hans Ruedi Giger apracticeforeverydaylife.com/ micaiahcarter.com/#!/ ark.amsterdam Zdzisław Beksiński Kenny brandenberger/ Teddy Fitzhugh/ Clemens Brück/ Max Ernst instagram.com/ teddyfitzhugh.com clemensbrueck.de kennybrandenberger/ Emi Kaneko/ Good Type Foudry/ Hans Findling/ bryantartists.com/make-up/emi- goodtypefoundry.com instagram.com/hansfindling kaneko/portfolio/ Elias Hanzer/ Jappari & obby/ Jori Komulainen/ eliashanzer.com instagram.com/japparii jorikomulainen.format.com/ Ira Ivanova/ Jugoceania/ Viktor Naumovski/ iraivanova.com jugoceania.com viktornaumovski.com Basil Fournier/ Rus Khasanov/ Sam Nixon/ instagram.com/basilefournier/ ruskhasanov.com samnixonstudio.com instagram.com/bureauborsche/ Lyft Studio/ Olimpia Piccolo/ Rita Matos/ lyft.pt olimpiapiccolo.com ritamatos.com Neubau/ Denisse Ariana Perez/ Serafim Mendes/ neubauberlin.com denissearianaphotography.com instagram.com/serafim.mendes/ P-06/ Jorge Perez Ortiz/ Loris Pernoux/ p-06-atelier.pt/# jorgeperezortiz.com lorispernoux.fr Ori Studio/ Somethingmoon/ V-J Type/ ori.studio somethingmoon.com vj-type.com Siegel+Gale/ Lee Whittaker/ Wang Zhi Hong/ siegelgale.com leewhittaker.co.uk instagram.com/wangzhihong.ig/ Tanaka Soushi/ tanakasoushi.net edition.studio/ edition.studio ` Spin/ spin.co.uk

66 Will Burtin: (1960) Seymour Chwast: Marcel Duchamp: hybrid practice. German graphic (1980) (1920) designer known for American graphic French-American Edward Fella: (1990) interrelating design and designer, illustrator, and painter, sculptor, whose American graphic scientific concepts within type designer. Seymour work is associated designer, artist and his exhibits. Chwast has gained with Cubism, Dada, educator. His style of Important Names. international recognition and conceptual art. personal, whimsical David Carson: (1990) for his contribution to the Duchamp is commonly and extremely American graphic fields of advertising and regarded, along with detailed typography Olt Aicher: (1970) inspired by illuminated Michael Beirut: (2000) shapes and colours. designer, art director design. Pablo Picasso and has influenced the German graphic manuscripts, islamic Graphic designer, Neville Brody: (1980) and surfer. He is best Henri Matisse, as one development of much of designer and calligraphy, Baroque design critic and London born graphic known for his innovative Wim Crouwel: (1970) of the three artists modern typography. typographer. He is ornamentation. educator. He designed designer and magazine design, and Dutch graphic designer, who helped to define best known for having the logo for Hillary typographer. His use of experimental type designer, and the revolutionary Louise Fili: (1990) designed pictograms Saul Bass: (1980) Clinton’s 2016 starting work was quite typography. He was typographer. His developments in the Italian-American graphic for the 1972 Summer American graphic presidential campaign. experimental in nature, the art director for the typography is extremely plastic arts. By WWI, he designer recognized Olympics in Munich that designer and filmmaker, Heworked with Massimo and was met with quite magazine Ray Gun, well planned and based had rejected the work of for her elegant use of proved influential on the best known for his Vignelli in 1980. His unfavorable criticism but in which he employed on very strict systems of many of his fellow artists typography and timeless use of stick figures for design of motion-picture work, and his writings, gained a fair amount much of the typographic grids. He has published intended only to please quality in her design. public signage. title sequences, film are clear, concise, witty of attention as an art and layout approach for two typefaces Fodor the eye and not to serve Her work often draws posters, and corporate and intelligent. He prides director for The Face which he is known. and Gridnik, digitized the mind like he wished. on inspiration from her Josef Albers: (1960) logos. himself not on being magazine, the «fashion versions of both are love of Italy, Modernism, German-born American creative, but on being bible». Cassandre: (1925) available from The William Addison and European Art Deco artist and educator Herbert Bayer: (1920) a problem solver and He was also a major French graphic designer, Foundry. Dwiggins: (1930) styles. Considered whose work, both in Austrian and American advises other designers contributor to FUSE, printmaker, painter. American type designer, a leader in the Europe and in the graphic designer, to remember who they which was a publication Known for his publicity Le Corbusier: (1920) calligrapher, and postmodern return United States, formed painter, photographer, are creating the work for. about the practice of posters for l’Étoile du Swiss-French architect, book designer. He to historical styles in the basis of modern art sculptor, art director, experimental typography Nord or, le paquebot designer, painter, and attained prominence book jacket design. education programs of environmental and Lucian Bernhard: and was an avid user Normandie, and his one of the pioneers of as an illustrator and She became known for the 20th century. interior designer, and (1925) of the computer as a typefaces. modern architecture. commercial artist, her strong typographic architect. Student of the German graphic design tool during its Dedicated to providing and he brought to approach, designing Jan Arp: (1915) Bauhaus school. designer, type designer, developmental stages. Chermayeff & Geismar better living conditions the designing of type nearly 2,000 book German-French professor, interior & Haviv: (1980) for the residents of and books some of jackets. Since opening sculptor, painter, poet, Lester Beall: (1950) designer, and artist Alexey Brodovitch: American branding and crowded cities, Le the boldness that her own design studio, and abstract artist. American graphic during the first half of (1930) graphic design firm. Corbusier was influential he displayed in his her work specializes Cofounder of Dada, and designer notable as the 20th century. He Russian-born A big-time player in the in urban planning. advertising work. His in restaurant identity, close to the surrealism a leading proponent was influential in helping photographer, designer identity and branding work can be described food-related logos, and mouvement. of modernist graphic create the design style and instructor who is world, Chermayeff and Theo van Doesburg: as ornamented and packaging. design in the United known as Plakatstil most famous for his Geismar have been in (1915) geometric, similar to Giacamo Balla: (1925) States. Throughout his (Poster Style). art direction of fashion business since 1958. Dutch artist, who the Art Moderne and Adrian Frutiger: (1960) Italian painter, art career he used bold magazine Harper’s They have designed practiced painting, Art Deco styles of the Swiss typeface teacher and poet primary colors and Max Bill: (1980) Bazaar from 1934 to logos for international writing, poetry and period, using Oriental designer and typeface best known as a key illustrative arrows and Swiss architect, artist, 1958. corporations including architecture. He is best influences. He is designer. His career proponent of Futurism. lines in a graphic style painter, typeface Chase Bank, National known as the founder credited with coining the spanned the hot metal, In his paintings that became easily designer, industrial Robert Brownjohn: Geographic, Merck, and leader of De Stijl. term ‘graphic designer’ phototypesetting and he depicted light, recognizable as his own. designer and graphic (1960) Mobil, PanAm, PBS and Mondrian realizes the to describe his various digital typesetting eras. movement and speed. designer. Bill took up American graphic many others. importance of lines. activities. Frutiger’s most famous Peter Behrens: (1925) studies at the Bauhaus. designer known for Their approach to «The line has almost designs, Univers, Mariana Bantjes: German architect and blending formal graphic design problems is become a work of art in Daniel Eatock: (2000) Frutiger and Avenir, are (1990) designer. He was Josef Müller- design concepts with renowned for the itself. The white canvas British graphic designer. landmark sans-serif Canadian designer, important to the De Brockmann: (1940) 1960s pop culture. He amount of collaboration is almost solemn. Each He has worked for many families spanning the artist, illustrator, Stijl and Modernist Swiss graphic designer earned a place at the involved and client superfluous line, each clients on a wide array three main genres of typographer and writer. movement, and was and teacher. Brockmann Institute of Design in involvement in the wrongly placed line, any of types of projects sans-serif typefaces: She is known for often the movement’s is recognised for his Chicago, formerly known process through which color placed without including graphic design, neogrotesque, humanist her custom lettering, leading names simple designs and his as the New Bauhaus by they work. veneration or care, can identity work, furniture and geometric. intricate patterning clean use of typography and became a protégé spoil everything—that is, design and many others and decorative style (Akzidenz-Grotesk), of László Moholy-Nagy. the spiritual». in what could be called a 68 69 Shigeo Fukuda: (1980) technology as a design analysis. Itten had been he founded the Center pronouns such as Alvin Lustig: (1940) improve the welfare of Japanese sculptor, tool. A graduate of the the first to associate for Advanced Visual «you», «your», «I», American book designer, humanity and influence László Moholy-Nagy: medallist, graphic artist Basel School of Design color palettes with four Studies at the MIT «we», and «they», graphic designer and designers all over the (1915) and poster designer who in Switzerland. Greiman types of people, and where he taught addressing cultural typeface designer. world to be more aware Hungarian painter and created optical illusions. was well educated on had designated those constructions of power, of the environment that photographer as well His art pieces usually the standard practices of types with the names of Chip Kidd: (1990) identity, and sexuality. Kazimir Malevich: they are surrounded by. as a professor in the portray deception, design and typography seasons. American graphic (1915) Bauhaus school. He one example of which when she began to designer, best known El Lissitzky: (1920) Russian avant-garde Vladimir Mayakovsky: was highly influenced was a large sculpture break them. Michael Jonhson: for his book covers. Russian avant-garde artist and art theorist, (1920) by constructivism and a of silverware that (2000) He has published two artist and architect, had a profound influence Russian poet, strong advocate of the resembled a helmet but Walter Gropius: (1915) British designer and books, both of which student of Malevich. on the development Mayakovsky became integration of technology cast an intricate shadow German architect brand consultant. he designed himself. He experimented with of non-objective, or renowned as a and industry into the of a motorcycle titled and founder of the The typography within production techniques abstract art. prominent figure of arts. Lunch with a Helmet On. Bauhaus School. Widely Tibor Kalman: (1990) the book is used to and stylistic devices He developed an the Russian Futurist regarded as one of the American graphic subtly, and sometimes that would go on to approach with key movement, being Piet Mondrian: (1925) Naum Gabo: (1930) pioneering masters of designer of Hungarian blatantly, make points dominate graphic works consisting of pure among the signers of Dutch painter and Russian avant-garde modernist architecture. origin. He is most along side the narrative design. He developped geometric forms and the Futurist manifesto. theoretician. He is influential sculptor, Gropius was also a famous for his contained within. His his own Suprematism/ their relationships to known for being one of architect, within the leading architect of the provocative work for the highly productive career Constructivism: Proun. one another, set against Hannes Mayer: (1925) the pioneers of abstract circles of the major International Style. publications Interview, has allowed him to work Lissitzky defined them minimal grounds: Swiss architect and art, as he changed his avant-garde movements John Heartfield: (1930) and especially Colors with many celebrities ambiguously as «the Suprematism. second director of artistic direction from of the day, including German visual artist who and Benetton Group. and authors. His book station where one the Bauhaus Dessau. figurative painting to an Cubism, Futurism, pioneered the use of art covers continue to changes from painting to Filippo Tommaso Deep Marxist, he led a increasingly abstract Constructivism, the as a political weapon. Wassily Kandinsky: influence designers architecture». Marinetti: (1915) functionalist designing style, until he reached a Bauhaus and De Stijl. Some of his most (1915) and pop culture and Italian poet, editor, art idea where aesthetic point where his artistic Two preoccupations, famous photomontages Russian painter and art many of them are widely George Lois: (1970) theorist, and founder of and arts are considered vocabulary was reduced unique to Gabo, were anti-Nazi and anti- theorist. imitated. American art director, the Futurist movement. bourgeois distraction to simple geometric were his interest fascist statements. Kandinsky is generally designer, and author. He was associated and should not be the elements. He was a in representing credited as the pioneer Paul Klee: (1915) Lois is perhaps best with the utopian and concern of design. contributor to the De Stijl negative space or Walter Herdeg: (1980) of abstract art. He taught Swiss-born artist. known for over 92 Symbolist artistic and art movement, which he mass, «released Swiss graphic designer, at the Bauhaus school His highly individual covers he designed for literary community. Ludwig Mies van der co-founded with Theo from any closed noted for his travel on how color is a tool of style was influenced Esquire magazine from He is best known as Rohe: (1915) Van Doesburg. volume» and time. posters and work with the expression. by movements in 1962 to 1972. the author of the first German-American Gabo held a utopian Graphis Magazine. art that included Futurist Manifesto, architect, he is regarded William Morris: (end of belief in the power of Yusaku Kamekura: Expressionism, Cubism, Herb Lubalin: (1970) which was written and as one of the pioneers of XIXth c.) abstract Constructivist Josef Hoffmann: (1900) (1970) and Surrealism. Klee American graphic published in 1909, modernist architecture. British textile designer, sculpture to express Austrian architect Japanese graphic was a natural draftsman designer. He worked and also of the Fascist Mies was the last poet, novelist, translator, human experience and designer. He was designer. Combining who experimented on the magazines: Manifesto. director of the Bauhaus. and socialist activist and spirituality in among the founders the influences of the with and eventually Eros, Fact, and Avant He sought to establish associated with the tune with modernity, of Vienna Secession Bauhaus with insight to deeply explored color Garde, and was Herbert Matter: (1940) his own particular British Arts and Crafts social progress, and and co-establisher of his traditional heritage, theory. He taught at the responsible for the Swiss-born American architectural style that Movement. He was a advances in science and the Wiener Werkstätte. his work is recognized Bauhaus school on the creative visual beauty photographer and could represent modern major contributor to the technology. His most famous for its colorfully spirituality in the art. of these publications. graphic designer known times just as Classical revival of traditional architectural work is an minimalist approach. He designed a typeface, for his pioneering use and Gothic did for their British textile arts and Milton Glaser: (1970) important transitional Perhaps most well Babara Kruger: (1980) ITC Avant Garde, for of photomontage in own eras. He called methods of production. American graphic work between Art known for his work American conceptual the last of these; this commercial art. his buildings «skin and designer. His designs Nouveau and Modern for the Tokyo 1964 artist and collagist. font could be described bones» architecture. Erik Nitsche: (1930) include the ‘I (heart) NY’ Architecture. Olympics Most of her work as a reproduction of Bruce Mau: (2000) Swiss was book logo, the psychedelic consists of black-and- Art Déco, and is seen Canadian designer. He Debbie Millman: (2000) designer and other Bob Dylan poster, and Johannes Itten: (1915) György Kepes: 1960 white photographs, in logos created in the started as a graphic American writer and printed material that the logos for DC Comics Swiss expressionist Hungarian-born overlaid with declarative 1990s and 2000s. designer but later designer who is best relied on meticulous and Brooklyn Brewery. painter, designer and painter, photographer, captions, stated in focused on architecture, known as the host of the attention to the details April Greiman: (1980) teacher at the Bauhaus designer, educator, white-on-red Futura Bold Ellen Lupton: (2000) art, museums, film, podcast Design Matters. of page composition, the American designer school. Itten’s work and art theorist. After Oblique or Helvetica American writer, eco-environmental She has authored elegance of simple type widely recognized as on color is also said immigrating to the U.S. Ultra Condensed text. educator, curator and design, and conceptual six books and is the presentation. one of the first designers to be an inspiration he taught design at the The phrases in her graphic designer. philosophy. His work President Emeritus of to embrace computer for seasonal color New Bauhaus. In 1967, works often include is a constant effort to AIGA. 70 71 Rick Poyner: (1990) viewer and to postpone CBS records. However, design and information 19th century allowed Henry van de Velde: British writer who has recognition. it was not long before architecture. him to produce a (1900) published an immense she formed her own collection of enticing, Belgian painter, architect «Let us strive amount of writings Emil Ruder: (1960) design company, Ikko Tanaka: (1990) elegant, and provocative and interior designer. He on the subjects of Swiss typographer and and after only a few Japanese graphic images of the modern, is considered one of the for, conceive design, graphic design, graphic designer. He is years there she joined designer. He created a sometimes decadent, founders of Art Nouveau typography and visual distinguishable in the Pentagram. style of graphic design affairs of those times. in Belgium. culture. field of typography for that fused modernism and create the developing a holistic Oskar Schlemmer: principles and aesthetics Jan Tschischold: Massimo Vignelli: Paul Rand: (1970) approach to designing (1915) with the Japanese (1930) (1970) American art director and teaching that German painter, tradition. German calligrapher, Italian designer. His new building and graphic designer, consisted of philosophy, sculptor, designer and typographer and book work covers nearly best known for his theory and a systematic choreographer. He Vladimir Tatlin: (1919) designer. He played every field of design corporate logo designs, practical methodology. taught at the Bauhaus Russian avant garde a significant role in including advertising, of the future including the logos He was one of the school on the human artist, architect, student the development of identity, packaging, for IBM, UPS, Enron, major contributors to figure, sculpture and of Malevich. Tatlin graphic design. First, product, industrial, that will unite Morningstar, Inc., Swiss Style design. He motion transformed achieved fame as the by developing and interior and architectural Westinghouse, ABC, taught that typography’s into geometrical architect who designed promoting principles design. An avid fan of and NeXT. He was one purpose was to representations. the huge Monument to of typographic modernism, his work is every discipline, of the first American communicate ideas the Third International, modernism, and always very clear and commercial artists to through writing, as well Kurt Schwitters: (1935) also known as Tatlin’s idealizing conservative concise with no clutter or embrace and practice as placing a heavy German artist who Tower. Tatlin began typographic structures. unnecessary material. architecture the Swiss Style of importance on Sans- worked in Dadaism, Constructivist art, His direction of the graphic design. serif typefaces. Constructivism, poetry, three-dimensional visual identity of Wolfgang Weingart: sound, painting, constructions made Penguin Books in the (1970) and sculpture Paul Renner: (1927) Stefan Sagmeister: sculpture, graphic of wood and metal, in decade following WWII German graphic German typeface (2000) design, typography, and order to question the served as a model for designer and and painting, designer. He designed Austrian graphic what came to be known traditional ideas of art. the design practice typographer. His work the Futura typeface. designer, storyteller, and as installation art. He of planning corporate is categorized as Swiss typographer. He has is most famous for his Bradbury Thompson: identity programs. typography and he is and which will Gerrit Rietveld: (1920) designed album covers collages. (1980) credited as «the father» Dutch furniture designer for Lou Reed, OK Go, American typographer Tristan Tzara: (1920) of New Wave or Swiss and architect. One of The Rolling Stones, Erik Spiekermann: and art director Romanian avant-garde Punk typography. one day rise the principal members of David Byrne, Jay Z, (1990) for Mademoiselle poet and performance De Stijl, he is famous for Aerosmith and Pat German typographer, magazine, designed artist. He was known Tadanori Yokoo: (1970) his Red and Blue Chair Metheny. designer and writer. books, pushed best for being one Japanese graphic eavenwards and for the Rietveld Proud defender of the boundaries of the founders and designer, illustrator, Schröder House. Peter Saville: (1980) cleaness in design.. of conventional central figures of the printmaker and painter. from the million English art director typography. Thompson anti-establishment Interested in mysticism, Aleksander and graphic designer. Alex Steinweiss: (1945) worked together with Dada movement. Tzara, psychedelia and the Rodchenko: (1925) Probably most noted American graphic Washburn to create by then one of the Indian culture his work hands of Russian artist, sculptor, for his record and design artist known for the Washburn Bible. «presidents of Dada» is often associated with photographer and album cover designs for inventing album cover The book was the most marked the first step the 1960s pop culture. graphic designer. He Factory Records. art. significant development in the movement’s He has repeated several craftsmen as a was one of the founders He was notably in Bible typography evolution toward motifs throughout his of constructivism influenced by the book Varvara Stepanova: since Gutenberg. Surrealism. work including the rising and Russian design. Pioneers of Modern (1925) sun and waterfalls. clear symbol of Rodchenko was one Typography by Herbert Russian avant-garde Henri de Toulouse- Rick Valicenti: (1990) of the most versatile Spencer. artist. Worked in the new Lautrec: (end of 19th c.) American designer, Piet Zwart: (1930) a new belief to Constructivist and abstract art in Russia. French painter, often injecting his Dutch photographer, Productivist artists. Paula Scher: (1990) She designed Cubo- printmaker, own personality and typographer, and Concerned with the American graphic Futurist work for several draughtsman, history into his work industrial. Famous for come.» need for analytical- designer, painter and artists’ books. caricaturist, and he cares about making his Bauhaus ideas and documentary photo art educator in design. illustrator whose design personal and designs. series, he often shot Scher began her career Ladislav Sutnar: (1930) immersion in the memorable. Excerpt from the Bauhaus Manifesto his subjects from odd creating album covers Czech graphic designer colourful and theatrical angles, to shock the for both Atlantic and pioneer of information life of Paris in the late by Walter Gropius 72 73 18 — Bauhaus 19 — Post modernism New Wave/ Swiss Punk Typography

Fauvism Cubism Futurism Wiener Werkstätte 19 10

Suprematism 19 30 18 50 De Stijl Dadaism Constructivism Arts & Craft Impressionism Vienna Sessecion 19 80 19 20 19 00

Productivism Proun Arts Déco 19 60 Surrealism

Alliance Graphique Modernism Pop Culture

74 Mouvements.

Alliance Graphique Art Deco — 1920 Bauhaus — Cubism — 1911 De Stijl advocated qualities (accentuating Proun — 1922 Vienna Sessecion — Internationale —1950 A style of visual arts, 1920 to 1933 Avant-garde art pure abstraction the effects of the Lissitzky proceeded to 1890 Alliance Graphique architecture and German art school movement in painting and universality by passage of time), develop a suprematist Art movement Internationale (AGI) is design took its name operational from 1919 and sculpture. Cubist a reduction to the ordinary subject matter, style of his own, a formed by a group of a club of the world’s from the ‘Exposition to 1933 that combined artwork, objects are essentials of form and inclusion of movement series of abstract, Austrian artists. This leading graphic internationale des arts crafts and the fine arts, analyzed, broken up colour, they simplified as a crucial element geometric paintings movement included artists and designers. décoratifs et industriels and was famous for its and reassembled in visual compositions of human perception which he called Proun. painters, sculptors, There are around 550 modernes’. It combined approach to design. an abstracted form— formal vocabulary and experience, and and architects. The members from 43 modern styles with fine The Bauhaus style instead of depicting to the three primary unusual visual angles. Suprematism — 1915 first president of the countries. Its members craftsmanship and rich later became one of objects from a single colors, the three Art movement focused Secession was Gustav have been collectively materials. Art Deco the most influential viewpoint, the artist primary values, and the New Wave — 1970 on basic geometric Klimt. responsible for the represented luxury, currents in modern depicts the subject two primary directions. New Wave or Swiss forms, such as circles, identity design of glamour, exuberance, design. The Bauhaus from a multitude of Punk Typography squares, lines, and Wiener Werkstätte most of the world’s and faith in social and movement had a viewpoints to represent Fauvism — 1905 refers to an approach rectangles, painted in a —1903 top corporations technological progress. profound influence the subject in a greater Fauvism is a group of to typography that limited range of colors. Established by the and institutions as It featured rare and upon subsequent context. modern artists whose defies strict grid- It wants to develop graphic designer well as for countless expensive materials, developments in art, works emphasized based arrangement a form of expression Koloman Moser, examples of globally such as ebony and architecture, graphic Dadaism — 1916 painterly qualities and conventions. that moved as far the architect Josef known packaging, ivory, and exquisite design, interior design, Developed in reaction strong color over the Characteristics as possible from the Hoffmann and publications, illustration craftsmanship. industrial design, and to World War I, the representational or include inconsistent world of natural forms the patron Fritz and posters typography. The school Dada movement realistic values retained letterspacing, varying and subject matter in Waerndorfer was a Art Nouveau — 1890 was closed by its consisted of artists by Impressionism. typeweights within order to access «the productive cooperative Arts & crafts — 1880 It is a style inspired own leadership under who rejected the single words and type supremacy of pure of artisans in Vienna, to 1920 by natural forms such pressure from the Nazi logic, reason, and Futurism — 1909 set at non-right angles. feeling» and spirituality. bringing together The Arts and Crafts as the sinuous curves regime. aestheticism of Artistic and social architects, artists and movement was an of plants and flowers. modern capitalist movement that Productivism — 1926 Surrealism — 1920 designers working international trend Other characteristics Constructivism — society, instead originated in Italy which Productivist art was Best known for its in ceramics, fashion, in the decorative of Art Nouveau were 1913 expressing nonsense, espoused the rejection an approach to art visual artworks and silver, furniture and and fine arts. It a sense of dynamism This was a rejection of irrationality, and anti- of the past, and a developed by a group writings. Artists painted the graphic arts. It is stood for traditional and movement, often the idea of autonomous bourgeois protest in celebration of speed, of Constructivist artists unnerving, illogical regarded as a pioneer craftsmanship using given by asymmetry art. They wanted ‘to their works. Dadaist machinery, violence, in post-Revolutionary scenes, creating of modern design, simple forms, and or «whiplash» curves. construct’ art. The artists expressed youth and industry. It Russia. They sought strange creatures from and its influence can often used medieval, One major objective movement was in their discontent with also advocated the to ensure that art everyday objects, and be seen in later styles romantic, or folk of Art Nouveau was favour of art as a violence, war, and modernization and should have a practical, developing painting such as Bauhaus and styles of decoration. It to break down the practice for social nationalism, and cultural rejuvenation. socially useful role as techniques that allowed Art Deco. advocated economic traditional distinction purposes. Influencing maintained political a facet of industrial the unconscious and social reform and between fine arts major trends such as affinities with the radical Impressionism — production. The group to express itself. to was essentially anti- (especially painting and the Bauhaus and De far-left. 1860 formed to contradict «resolve the previously industria sculpture) and applied Stijl movements with Art movement Naum Gabo’s assertion contradictory conditions arts. It was most widely its very geometric and De Stilj — 1917 characterized by open that Constructivism of dream and reality used in interior design, social prone approach. Also known as composition, emphasis should be devoted to into an absolute reality, graphic arts, and any Neoplasticism, a on accurate depiction exploration of abstract a super-reality». forms of craftmanship. Dutch art movement. of light in its changing space and rhythm.

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