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Opportunity Identification of Migrant Entrepreneurs: a Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Influencing Factors

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Opportunity Identification of Migrant Entrepreneurs: a Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Influencing Factors Opportunity Identification of Migrant Entrepreneurs: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Influencing Factors vorgelegt von Diplom-Kauffrau, M.B.A Daphne Hering (geb. Moser) von der Fakultät VII – Wirtschaft und Management der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaften – Dr. rer. oec. – genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Dodo zu Knyphausen-Aufseß Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Jan Kratzer Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Lene Foss Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 12. April 2019 Berlin 2019 “…all human beings are very creative - full of potential, full of energy.“ Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Noble Peace Prize Winner 2006 (Yunus & Bhuiyan, 2016, p. 3) “To see things differently than other people, the most effective solution is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before”. Gregory S. Berns, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Neuroscientist (Berns, 2010, p. 8) To Magnus, Cosima, Anaïs, and Gunar with deep love and immense gratitude III TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………………..VI List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………VII List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………….. VIII List of Appendices ………………………………………………………………………..... IX Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………...... X 1 Executive Summary………………………………………………………………….… 1 2 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..... 4 2.1 Relevance of this Research Project ............................................................................. 4 2.2 Research Context, Purpose and Motivation of this Research Project ......................... 5 2.3 Situating the Research Project into the Scientific Landscape ................................... 11 2.4 Structure of the Dissertation and Methods Used in this Research Project ................ 14 3 Article 1: Migrant Entrepreneur's Opportunity Identification: A New Theoretical Approach Mapped Against the Existing Literature .............................. 19 3.1 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 20 3.3 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework......................................................... 22 3.3.1 Perspectives on Opportunities ...................................................................... 22 3.3.2 Contextual and Individual Factors Leading to the Decision to Migrate ..................................................................................................... 25 3.3.3 Contradicting Home and Host Country Contextual Squares leading to Opportunity Identification ........................................................... 28 3.4 Data and Methods ..................................................................................................... 31 3.5 Analysis and Findings........................................................................................... ..... 32 3.5.1 Descriptive Analysis ..................................................................................... 32 3.5.1 Analysis of Findings.............................................................................. ....... 36 3.6 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 42 3.6.1 Implications for the Theoretical Model ....................................................... 42 3.6.3 Implications for Policy and Practice ............................................................ 44 3.6.2 Limitations ................................................................................................... 44 3.6.3 Suggestions for Future Research ................................................................. 46 3.7 Conclusion.. ................................................................................................................ 47 3.8 Article-Related References ...................................................................................... 47 3.9 Appendix................................................................................................................. ... 55 TABLE OF CONTENTS IV 4 Article 2: Home Country Effects on Opportunity Identification by Migrants in the United Kingdom ……………………………………………..……..58 4.1 Abstract .................................................................................................................... 59 4.2 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 59 4.3 Literature Review and Hypothesis ........................................................................... 61 4.3.1 Giddens’ Structuration Theory and the Decision to Migrate ....................... 63 4.3.2 Conflicting Home and Host Country Contexts as a Source of Knowledge Creation and Opportunity Identification .................................. 65 4.3.3 Further Home and Host Country-Related Factors Influencing Migrants’ Opportunity Identification ........................................................... 70 4.3.3.1 Home Country related Factors........................................................70 4.3.3.2 Host Country related Factors..........................................................72 4.4 Data and Methods ..................................................................................................... 73 4.4.1 Sample .......................................................................................................... 73 4.4.2 Measures ...................................................................................................... 73 4.4.3 Analysis and Results .................................................................................... 74 4.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 82 4.5.1 Contribution ................................................................................................. 82 4.5.2 Limitations ................................................................................................... 83 4.5.3 Implications .................................................................................................. 84 4.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 86 4.7 Article-Related References....................................................................................... 86 5 Article 3: The Impact of Cultural Distance on Opportunity Identification of Migrant Entrepreneurs ................................................................................................ 93 5.1 Abstract .................................................................................................................... 94 5.2 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 94 5.3 Theoretical background ............................................................................................ 97 5.3.1 Defining Entrepreneurship, Migrants and Opportunity Identification ........ 97 5.3.2 Defining Culture and Cultural Distsance ..................................................... 98 5.3.3 Effects of Migration and Cultural Distance on Opportunity Identification..99 5.3.3.1 Migration, Cultural Distance, Entrepreneurial Alertness and Information Asymmetries …………………………………..........99 5.3.3.2 Migration, Cultural Distance and Applicability of Prior Knowledge ……..................................................................100 5.3.3.3 Migration, Cultural Distance and Access to Local Social Networks ..….....................................................................101 5.3.3.4 Migration, Cultural Distance and Entrepreneurial Personality Traits ..……………………………………………...102 5.3.3.5 Summarizing Remarks and Hypothesis Deduction …...………..103 5.4 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 104 5.4.1 Data Sources .............................................................................................. 104 5.4.2 Variables .................................................................................................... 105 5.4.2.1 Dependent Variable .....................................................................105 5.4.2.2 Independent Variable ...................................................................106 5.4.2.3 Control Variables .........................................................................107 5.5 Results .................................................................................................................... 108 5.5.1 Descriptive Statistics .................................................................................. 108 5.5.2 Regression Results ..................................................................................... 109 V TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.6 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 110 5.6.1 Contribution ............................................................................................... 110 5.6.2 Limitations and Future Research Directions .............................................. 112 5.6.3 Practical Implications ................................................................................
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