State-Level Population Policies and Family Planning Service Provision in India; Case Studies Off Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal
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State-Level Population Policies and Family Planning Service Provision in India; Case Studies off Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal Chandraa Bhattacharva Department of Social Policy London School of Economics and Political Science July 2007 l UMI Number: U506410 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U506410 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 T rttse S £ ZW2- I, Chandraa Bhattacharya, confirm that the thesis titled “State-Level Population Policies and Family Planning Service Provision in India: Case Studies of Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal” is my own work that has been verified and checked by my academic supervisors at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Sincerely, 2 Contents Glossary of Terms................................................................................................................5 A bstract ................................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Research context........................................................................................................7 1.2. Emergence of the Research Questions...................................................................10 1.3. Research Design........................................................................................................14 1.4. Thesis Structure......................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2: Methodology....................................................................................................17 2.1. Conceptualising data collection................................................................................... 17 2.2. Research Strategy .........................................................................................................18 2.2.1.Methods of Data Collection........................................................................................21 2.2.1.1. Interviews ................................................................................................................ 21 2.2.1.2. Documentary Analysis ...........................................................................................22 2.3. Planning and Preparing................................................................................................25 2.3.1.Pilot studies................................................................................................................. 25 2.3.2. Sampling decisions....................................................................................................27 2.3.3. Access to interviews ................................................................................................. 34 2.3.4. Language................................................................................................................... 35 2.3.5. Relation with the Interview Respondents ................................................................35 2.3.6. Challenges faced during data collection .................................................................36 2.3.7. Transcription.............................................................................................................. 37 2.3.8. Plans for Analysis.......................................................................................................37 2.4. Evaluating the research ............................................................................................... 38 2.5. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 3: Historical Origins of Indian State Population Policies............................41 3.1. Background ................................................................................................................... 41 3.2. State-level population actions from 1952 to the present..........................................42 3.2.1. From 1952 to 1996 ....................................................................................................43 3.2.2. From 1997 to the present.........................................................................................45 3.3. Factors leading to State policy initiatives................................................................ 48 3.3.1. State-level political commitment...............................................................................49 3.3.2. Function of the bureaucracy at the States ..............................................................51 3.3.3. Involvement of donor agencies ................................................................................52 3.3.4. Role of the Central government ...............................................................................54 3.3.4.1. From 1952 to 1996 ................................................................................................ 54 3.3.4.2. From 1997 to the present..................................................................................... 57 3.3.5. Emphasis on poor performing S ta te s..................................................................... 58 3.3.6. Report of the Expert Group of 1994.......................................................................60 3.3.7. The influence of ICPD............................................................................................... 61 3.4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 62 Chapter 4: Family Planning Programme and the Implementation Strategies 64 4.1. Background ....................................................................................................................64 4.2. Evolution of International Population Policy and Family Planning Programmes ...64 4.3. Strategies for the implementation of Family Planning Programmes....................... 67 4.3.1. Contraceptive method mix.........................................................................................68 4.3.2. Involvement of community-based institutions ........................................................ 70 4.3.3. Demographic targets, incentives, and disincentives ..............................................72 4.4. Demographic background of India ..............................................................................74 4.5. Family Planning Services in India ...............................................................................76 4.5.1. Contraceptive method mix in India .........................................................................79 3 4.5.2. Involvement of Community-based Institutions - The Panchayati Raj Institutions ..80 4.5.3. Discontinuation of demographic targets, incentives and disincentives .................... 81 4.6. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 83 Chapter 5: Analysing adoption of State-level Population Policies: Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.........................................................................................85 5.1. Background ........................................................................................................................ 85 5.2. The contributing factors .....................................................................................................86 5.2.1. Demographic trends...................................................................................................... 87 5.2.2. National Government’s R ole .........................................................................................90 5.2.3. Political commitment ...................................................................................................... 92 5.2.4. Role of Administrators .................................................................................................... 94 5.2.5. Donor Involvement ......................................................................................................... 98 5.2.6. Impact of ICPD ................................................................................................................99 5.2.7. Comparison of Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal State-level Population Policy process......................................................................................................... 100 5.3. Historical Origins of State-level Population Policy of Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.............................................................................................................102 5.4. Process of State-level Population Policy adoption....................................................... 107 5.4.1. Process in Madhya Pradesh ........................................................................................107 5.4.2. The