MEMORANDUM

DATE: August 31, 2017 Project No.: 592-10-16-05 SENT VIA: EMAIL TO: Harish Bagha, Grant Manager State Water Board Division of Financial Assistance

Kari Holzgang, Program Analyst State Water Board Division of Financial Assistance

FROM: Millicent Cowley-Crawford, Russian River Watershed Association Jarod Thiele, Grant Contact, City of Ukiah

REVIEWED BY: Elizabeth Drayer, PE, RCE #46872

SUBJECT: Task 4.3 Description of Approach to Addressing Water Quality

The Russian River Watershed Association (RRWA) has prepared this memorandum to provide a description of the approach to address water quality requirements in the Russian River Storm Water Resource Plan (SWRP). The approach identifies activities generating or contributing to polluted runoff or that impair beneficial uses of storm water and dry weather runoff and outlines potential strategies to address these issues. In addition, the consistency of the SWRP with applicable water quality regulatory requirements is outlined.

STORM WATER RESOURCE PLANNING AREA

The Planning Area of the Russian River SWRP has been determined in the Task 3.2 Planning Area and Watershed Descriptions memorandum dated June 9, 2017. As a brief overview, for the purposes of the SWRP, the Russian River watershed includes three divisions with nine U.S. Geologic Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) 10 watersheds, and 43 HUC 12 subwatersheds. With twenty major tributaries and covering an area of 950,360 acres, the Russian River runs a length of 110 miles and is susceptible to water quality threats both in its tributaries and mainstem.

The Russian River Watershed Association complies with ADA requirements and will attempt to reasonably accommodate individuals with disabilities upon request.

Please contact Andy Rodgers, Executive Director, at 707-508-3670 with any questions. Russian River Watershed Association Memorandum, August 31, 2017 Page 2

In discussing water quality regulations, the Russian River watershed will be organized by hydrologic subareas (HSA) of the watershed, as defined by the North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (NCRWQCB), which are shown on Figure 1. For the most part, particularly in the upper portions of each sub-region of the watershed, each NCRWQCB HSA correlates to one or more of the planning area HUC 12 sub-watersheds.

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Notes: 0 3 6 1. Subwatersheds shown are named after the HUC12 Russian River Watershed Association subwatershed name given to the main course of the Russian River. Miles Russian River Storm Water Resources Plan (THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY) Russian River Watershed Association Memorandum, August 31, 2017 Page 4

BENEFICIAL USES OF WATERS IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED

Water bodies are regulated based on “beneficial uses” defined by the NCRWQCB. The Water Quality Control Plan for the North Coast Region outlines beneficial uses for the Russian River watershed. Beneficial uses can encompass waters of the state that may serve any of the purposes listed in Table 1. The beneficial uses for waterways in the Russian River watershed include:

• Agricultural and Industrial Supply • Groundwater Recharge • Navigation • Water Contact Recreation • Non-Contact Water Recreation • Commercial and Sport Fishing • Warm and Cold Freshwater Habitat • Wildlife Habitat • Rare, Threatened, or Endangers Species • Migration of Aquatic Organisms • Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development

Along with these beneficial uses, the Russian River watershed has the potential to supply industrial processes that do not depend on certain primary water quality, such as mining, cooling water supply, hydraulic conveyance, gravel washing, fire protection, or oil well repressurization. The potential and existing beneficial uses of the hydrologic subareas within the Russian River watershed that do not affect the entire watershed are shown in Table 2.

For the most part, particularly in the upper portions of each sub-region of the watershed, each NCRWQCB HSA correlates to one or more planning area HUC 12 sub-watersheds, as defined by the USGS. In lower-lying portions of the watershed, judgement must be used in applying the beneficial uses, as minor differences in boundaries do occur.

Russian River Watershed Association s\c\592\10-16-05\wp\4.3\WQA\072017_TM Water Quality (THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY) Table 1. Beneficial Use Definitions for Russian River Watershed

Beneficial Use Abbreviation Description of Use Municipal and Domestic Water for community, military, or individual water supply systems including, but not MUN Supply limited to, drinking water supply. Water for farming, horticulture, or ranching including, but not limited to, irrigation, stock Agricultural Supply AGR watering, or support of vegetation for range grazing. Water for industrial activities that do not depend primarily on water quality including, but Industrial Service IND not limited to, mining, cooling water supply, hydraulic conveyance, gravel washing, fire Supply protection, or oil well repressurization. Industrial Process PRO Water for industrial activities that depend primarily on water quality. Supply Water for natural or artificial recharge of groundwater for purposes of future extraction, Groundwater Recharge GWR maintenance of water quality, or halting of saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers. Freshwater Water for natural or artificial maintenance of surface water quantity or quality (e.g., FRSH Replenishment salinity). Water for shipping, travel, or other transportation by private, military or commercial Navigation NAV vessels. Hydropower Generation POW Water for hydropower generation. Water for recreational activities involving body contact with water, where ingestion of Water Contact water is reasonably possible. These uses include, but are not limited to, swimming, REC-1 Recreation wading, water-skiing, skin and scuba diving, surfing, white-water activities, fishing, or use of natural hot springs. Water for recreational activities involving proximity to water, but not normally involving body contact with water, where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses Non-Contact Water REC-2 include, but are not limited to, picnicking, sunbathing, hiking, beachcombing, camping, Recreation boating, tidepool and marine life study, hunting, sightseeing, or aesthetic enjoyment in conjunction with the above activities. Water for commercial, recreational (sport) collection of fish, shellfish, or other aquatic Commercial and Sport COMM organisms including, but not limited to, uses involving organisms intended for human Fishing consumption or bait purposes. Warm Freshwater Water that supports warm water ecosystems including, but not limited to, preservation WARM Habitat or enhancement of aquatic habitats, vegetation, fish, or wildlife, including invertebrates. Cold Freshwater Water that supports cold water ecosystems including, but not limited to, preservation or COLD Habitat enhancement of aquatic habitats, vegetation, fish, or wildlife, including invertebrates. Water that supports terrestrial ecosystems including, but not limited to, preservation Wildlife Habitat WILD and enhancement of terrestrial habitats, vegetation, wildlife (e.g., mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates), or wildlife water and food sources. Water that supports habitats necessary, at least in part, for the survival and successful Rare, Threatened, or RARE maintenance of plant or animal species established under state or federal law as rare, Endangered Species threatened or endangered. Migration of Aquatic Water that supports habitats necessary for migration or other temporary activities by MIGR Organisms aquatic organisms, such as anadromous fish. Spawning, Water that supports high quality aquatic habitats suitable for reproduction and early Reproduction, and/or SPWN development of fish. Early Development Water that supports habitats suitable for the collection of filterfeeding shellfish (e.g., Shellfish Harvesting SHELL clams, oysters, and mussels) for human consumption, commercial, or sports purposes. Water that supports estuarine ecosystems including, but not limited to, preservation or Estuarine Habitat EST enhancement of estuarine habitats, vegetation, fish, shellfish, or wildlife (e.g., estuarine mammals, waterfowl, shorebirds). Water for aquaculture or mariculture operations including, but not limited to, Aquaculture AQUA propagation, cultivation, maintenance, or harvesting of aquatic plants and animals for human consumption or bait purposes.

Russian River Watershed Association s\c\592\10-16-05\wp\4.3\WQA\072017_2 Water Quality Storm Water Resource Plan Last Revised: 07-21-17 (THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY) Table 2. Beneficial Uses(a)

Municipal and NCRWQCB USGS HUC12 Domestic Freshwater Hydropower Shellfish Estuarine HSAs Subwatersheds Supply Replenishment Generation Harvesting Habitat Aquaculture Lower Russian River Area Guerneville E E P P E P Porter Creek Willow Creek East Austen Creek E P P Ward Creek Middle Russian River Area Upper Laguna P E E P P Lower Laguna de Santa Rosa Upper Santa Rosa E P P P Lower Santa Rosa Creek Porter Creek Mark West E E P P P Windsor Creek Soda Spring Creek Galloway Creek Warm Warm Springs Creek E E E E Springs Pena Creek Mill Creek West Slough Oat Valley Creek Gill Creek Sausal Creek Geyserville E E P P P Franz Creek Brooks Creek Big Sulphur Alder Creek E P P Creek Little Sulphur Creek Upper Russian River Area East Fork Russian River Ackerman Creek Orrs Creek Nill Creek Morrison Creek Ukiah Robinson Creek E E E P P McNab Cree Feliz Creek Dooley Creek Cummiskey Creek Pieta Creek Burright Creek Coyote E E E P Valley Cold Creek Forsythe Forsythe Creek E P P Creek Salt Hollow Creek (a) The definitions of Beneficial Use are located in Table 1. P = Potential beneficial use E = Existing beneficial use

Russian River Watershed Association s\c\592\10-16-05\wp\4.3\WQA\072017_3 Water Quality Storm Water Resource Plan Last Revised: 07-25-17 (THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY) Russian River Watershed Association Memorandum, August 31, 2017 Page 7

REGULATORY SETTING

This section outlines the water quality priorities for the watershed, as identified by various regulatory guidance, including the Federal Clean Water Act and the NCRWQCB.

The RRWA’s Co-Permittees are required to meet a variety of water quality mandates and to meet the requirements of their respective discharge permits. The following provides a list of the regulators and the guidance provided by permits:

• Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act is regulated by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) with the NCRWQCB developing the data and information required for the development process. Separate priorities for the three sub-regions are included. • Currently, there are no established Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) set by the NCRWQCB for the Russian River watershed, but several are currently being developed and will be discussed in this memorandum. • Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) permit discharges are regulated under the NCRWQCB in accordance with National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits, including Order No. R1-2015-0030.

Each of these is described further below.

Supplemental descriptions of Federal, State, and Regional Watershed plans, policies, and programs that involve water quality are included as Attachment A and are referenced from the Russian River Integrated Coastal Watershed Management Plan dated June 2012.

Clean Water Act Identified Impairments

Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act lists waterbodies that have been deemed “impaired” by the water quality standards. These waterbodies are listed with their pollutant and a TMDL is then determined to set requirements for the NPDES permits.

The NCRWQCB has identified three impairments: bacteria, sedimentation, and high water temperatures for the entire watershed, as well as specific impairments to certain HSAs. The NCRWQCB used pathogen indicator bacteria data to determine that all surface stream and river reaches in the Russian River watershed may be impacted by pathogens during certain periods of the year. Along with pathogens, Section 303(d) from 2012 also listed the entire Russian River watershed as impaired for sediment/siltation and high water temperatures. Table 3 lists these impairments and also identifies additional impairments for individual HSAs. An updated Section 303(d) report is expected in 2018.

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Table 3. 303(d) Priority Pollutants in the Russian River Watershed(a)

Location in the Watershed Water Quality Impairment Bacteria/Pathogens All Hydrologic Sub-Areas in the Russian River Watershed Sedimentation/Siltation High Water Temperature Upper Russian River Sub-Region Coyote Valley HSA Mercury Ukiah HSA Aluminum Middle Russian River Sub – Region Geyserville HSA Diazinon Warm Springs HSA Mercury Lower Russian River Sub-Region Dissolved Oxygen Laguna HSA Mercury Nitrogen and Phosphorus Aluminum Dissolved Oxygen Mark West HSA Nitrogen and Phosphorus Manganese Santa Rosa HSA Mercury Specific Conductivity Guerneville HSA Aluminum Dissolved Oxygen (a) This list of impairments is from the 2012 Clean Water Act 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited Segments for the North Coast Region which was adopted by the NCRWQCB and proposed by the SWRCB.

TMDLs

Currently, there are no TMDLs set by the NCRWQCB for the Russian River, but they are being developed as stated above. TMDLs are the maximum amount of a pollutant that a waterbody can have while still being within water quality standards. TMDLs must be finalized by the NCRWQCB for impaired waters and then regulatory tools can be developed by local entities. The TMDLs being considered for the Russian River include pathogens, temperature, and sediment for the entire watershed, and mercury for certain waterbodies.

The NCRWQCB is currently developing a Report for the Action Plan for the Russian River Watershed Pathogen Indicator Bacteria Total Maximum Daily Load for pathogens. They are proposing to address the temperature impairment though the development of a region-wide temperature TMDL implementation policy.

The NCRWQCB adopted the Total Maximum Daily Load Implementation Policy Statement for Sediment Impaired Receiving Waters in the North Coast Region, also known as the Sediment TMDL Implementation Policy in November 2014. In the policy, NCRWQCB staff

Russian River Watershed Association s\c\592\10-16-05\wp\4.3\WQA\072017_TM Water Quality Russian River Watershed Association Memorandum, August 31, 2017 Page 9 indicate a plan to regulate sediment pollution through existing permitting and enforcement tools. The policy also outlines tasks that need to be done, including the development of a sediment source analysis to help set the appropriate TMDL.

Currently there is an ongoing statewide effort to develop mercury TMDLs for at least 75 lakes and reservoirs throughout , including Lake Sonoma and Lake Mendocino. Laguna de Santa Rosa has not been included and the development for a Laguna de Santa Rosa TMDL for mercury has not yet been scheduled.

Nutrient TMDLs, including nitrogen and phosphorus, along with a TMDL for dissolved oxygen, are being developed by the NCRWQCB for the Laguna de Santa Rosa and Santa Rosa Creek HSAs.

Phase I Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) Permits

The Municipal Storm Water Program regulates storm water discharges from MS4s throughout California. The Phase I Permit Program serves municipalities with populations over 100,000 people. The SWRCB and NCRWQCB implement and enforce the Municipal Storm Water Program for the Russian River. The NCRWQCB has adopted NPDES permits to regulate discharges to MS4s. The only Phase I MS4 NPDES permit used by the NCRWQCB is issued to a group of co-permittees encompassing an entire metropolitan area.

In 2009, the City of Santa Rosa, County of Sonoma, and the Sonoma County Water Agency were designated as Phase I Co-Permittees and Medium MS4s by the NCRWQCB who adopted the Order No. R1-2009-0050, Waste Discharge Requirements and MS4. The cities of Cotati, Rohnert Park, Healdsburg, Sebastopol, and Ukiah, and the Town of Windsor were all previously designated as Small Phase II MS4s. In 2013, the City of Cloverdale, and portions of the County of Sonoma were designated as MS4s. Given the option to align with the Phase I program, the cities of Cloverdale, Cotati, Rohnert Park, Healdsburg, Sebastopol, and Ukiah, the Town of Windsor, and the newly designated portions of Sonoma County elected to participate in the Phase I program in 2013 and were required to develop an implementation plan for the NCRWQCB’s approval outlining the requirements in Order No. R1-2009-0050 with a proposed time frame for compliance. In 2015, a new Phase I MS4 NPDES permit, Order No. R1-2015-0030 was issued and the 10 entities participating in the Phase I program were designated as the Co-Permittees.

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WATER QUALITY ISSUES

The following water quality issues have been identified in the Russian River watershed in various reports, studies, and assessments:

• Sediment • Bacteria/Pathogens • Temperature • Trash • Mercury • Phosphorus/Nitrogen • Dissolved Oxygen

Each of these is described further below. At the time of the 2012 California Integrated Report for the Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List and 305(b) Report, aluminum, manganese and diazinon were not significant enough to develop a TMDL analysis.

Sediment

Sediment imbalance is one of the most significant water quality issues for the Russian River watershed and it occurs throughout the entire watershed. Channel incision in the upper watershed can cause sediment deposition in the lower watershed which can create many different water quality issues such as:

• Reducing water depth, making navigation and recreational use more difficult and increasing temperatures; • Increasing turbidity, preventing aquatic animals from seeing food; • Reducing water movement which can disrupt habitats; • Reducing substrate quality which takes away potential habitats for fish to hatch and develop their young; • Clogging fish gills, reducing resistance to disease, and lowering growth rates; and • Decreasing dissolved oxygen in the water and increasing the risk of algae blooms.

Bacteria/Pathogens

Widespread bacterial contamination is found in the Russian River and its tributary creeks. The bacteria can indicate the presence of pathogenic organisms that are found in warm-blooded animal waste. Since there are many possible disease-causing organisms, regulatory agencies measure E. coli indicator bacteria which are found in stomachs of warm blooded animals. Bacteria and pathogens affect water quality by affecting the health of the river ecosystem and the people who visit. An Assessment of Fecal Indicator Bacteria Concentrations Measured Draining from Areas with Different Land Covers by the NCRWQCB from 2013 developed a study of the Russian River Pathogen TMDL with the following findings:

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• During wet weather conditions, bacteria concentrations were much higher than dry weather conditions; • Forested lands have consistently lower concentrations of bacteria than other land covers, with shrubland and agriculture having lower concentrations than developed areas; and • Areas with developed onsite septic tanks versus developed sewered areas had higher concentrations of measured bacteria.

Temperature

The waters of the Russian River watershed can have elevated surface water temperatures in the summer and also throughout the year. This can create inhospitable habitats for the fish and wildlife. Warmer temperatures can lead to decreased dissolved oxygen in the system since warmer water has a lower oxygen saturation potential.

Trash

On April 7, 2015, the SWRCB adopted an amendment to the Water Quality Control Plan for the Ocean Waters of California to Control Trash and Part 1 Trash Provisions of the Water Quality Control Plan for Inland Surface Waters, Enclosed Bays, and Estuaries of California (collectively referred to as the “Trash Amendments”). These Trash Amendments address all water bodies in the State currently listed as impaired due to the presence of trash. A central element of the Trash Amendments is a land-use based compliance approach that targets high trash generating areas, such as high density residential, industrial, commercial, mixed urban, and public transportation land uses.

An abundance of trash has been noted as a major concern, particularly in urbanized areas, that negatively impacts the beneficial uses of the Russian River mainstem and tributaries. Trash can affect the Russian River’s aesthetic and recreational values, threaten aquatic health, and threaten human health.

Mercury

Lake Mendocino, Lake Sonoma, and the Laguna de Santa Rosa have been listed under Clean Water Act Section 303(d) for mercury pollution due to its presence in fish tissue. Mercury is a heavy metal and a potent neurotoxin that is harmful to humans and wildlife. Mercury bioaccumulates in the muscle tissue of fish in the food chain and in humans.

Phosphorus/Nitrogen

Lower parts of the Russian River sub-region experience excess nitrogen and phosphorous. Nitrogen and phosphorous are biostimulatory substances that can cause eutrophication, where algae and other aquatic vegetation experience rapid growth. The subsequent death of such overgrowth can use up large amounts of oxygen in the water, which is harmful to other aquatic organisms.

Dissolved Oxygen

Parts of the lower Russian River sub-region have shown low dissolved oxygen levels. Dissolved oxygen is a requirement for aquatic ecosystems. Oxygen concentrations fluctuate based on the location in the water column, but severe depletion can occur when large amounts of biodegradable organic material such as nitrogen and phosphorous are introduced. Although some fish and aquatic

Russian River Watershed Association s\c\592\10-16-05\wp\4.3\WQA\072017_TM Water Quality Russian River Watershed Association Memorandum, August 31, 2017 Page 12 organisms have adapted to lower oxygen conditions, many are still affected and low dissolved oxygen can lead to fish death.

ACTIVITIES THAT POTENTIALLY GENERATE OR CONTRIBUTE TO WATER QUALITY ISSUES

The Russian River watershed has faced an increase in tourism, population size, agriculture, and modifications in streams which have generated water quality issues. The most urbanized areas in the watershed – Ukiah, Windsor, Healdsburg, Santa Rosa, Sebastopol, Rohnert Park, and Cotati – produce the most storm water runoff (RRICWMP, 2012).

Potential Sources of Sediment

There are many sources of sediment in the Russian River watershed. A few of the main sources are gravel mining, converted forests to vineyards, construction, and water diversion construction. A few minor sources are grazing, agriculture, timber harvest, rural road use, and leaking or failing septic systems.

Gravel mining began in 1940 and became the principal mining industry from Healdsburg to Ukiah in the early 1950s. Extractions still occur in the middle sub-region of the watershed and account for reducing the supply of sediment to the lower portions of the Russian River. Thus, downcutting has occurred in the lower sub-region, with tributary streams eroding to match the lower elevation of the Russian River mainstem. Fine sediment has also found its way into the Russian River through the upper sub-region where channel incision occurs and has exposed the clay underlying the gravel in Forsythe Creek and in the West Fork Russian River near Calpella (RRICWMP, 2012).

Construction is another source that plays a large role in sediment loading in many ways. The Russian River watershed area is ideal for vineyards with its cooler coastal climate. Thus, many previously forested areas have been converted to vineyards and orchards. In converting these lands, sediment is loosened and susceptible to erosion. With the new land use, over-irrigation can occur which allows sediment contributions to storm water runoff. Like converted vineyards, timber harvesting also creates the same result in loosening sediment that was once tightly packed with tree roots holding the soil stable. Construction related to road management, excavating, and dams also creates excess sediment, incision, and downcutting.

Potential Sources of Bacteria/Pathogens

The Russian River has traces of bacteria throughout the mainstem and its tributaries. The lower Russian River has the highest bacteria content which is attributed to failing septic systems and the accumulation of bacteria throughout the mainstem and its tributaries. Vacation homes in the lower sub-region have septic systems that do not meet the current demand of tourism in the area. As a result, septic systems are failing or leaking and contaminating groundwater and leaching into the Russian River. Treated municipal wastewater, sanitary sewer overflow and spills, runoff from land application of municipal sewage, recycled water irrigation, urban runoff, waste discharges from homeless encampments and illegal camping, and recreational waters uses are all contributors based on the Russian River Watershed Pathogen Indicator Bacteria TMDL Action Plan Draft mentioned in the Regulatory Setting section. The Action Plan for the Russian River Watershed Pathogen Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) report has also found that regardless of the time of year, concentrations are significantly higher in developed areas then other areas with concentrations correlating with the parcel density of areas with onsite wastewater treatemtent systems. Along with human waste, animal waste from dairies and farms has also been a contributing factor due to the

Russian River Watershed Association s\c\592\10-16-05\wp\4.3\WQA\072017_TM Water Quality Russian River Watershed Association Memorandum, August 31, 2017 Page 13 increase of animal waste through agricultural land use in the area and pet waste (RRICWMP, 2012). More than half of the Russian River watershed is considered rangeland which is sometimes grazed by domestic livestock. As the number of livestock increases, the amount of potential waste created and entering the Russian River, if not treated, also increases.

Potential Sources of Temperature Increase

Warmer waters can be found throughout the Russian River watershed. Storm water runoff from developed areas is generally much warmer than receiving water due to several factors. These potential factors could be the runoff moving over warm impervious surfaces, discharge of cooling water, agriculture, and forest harvesting.

Other sources of warmer waters are due to water diversions, dams, and channel construction. These hydrologic modifications have resulted in reduced flow, channel incision, bank erosion, and reduced average pool depths. This type of sediment deposition creates shallow pools of water which are then warmed by the sun. Sediment also warms quicker than water and, in turn, can increase temperatures when there is an increase in turbidity, while decreased vegetation can also leave less shaded areas for pools of water. When the water is warming in the shallow pool, reduced flow can also attribute to temperature increase. The increased demand for water in the summer leads to low flows and increased temperature in many tributaries (RRICWMP, 2012).

Potential Sources of Trash

There are several ways trash enters the waterways of the Russian River. The main sources are homeless encampments, direct littering from public pathways, and litter from storm drains. Other sources include dumpsters that are poorly maintained and people dumpster-diving and distributing trash outside of the bins. Fast food trash and litter around commercial shopping centers were a common concern throughout the area as documented in the 2017 Russian River Watershed Trash and Litter Assessment Summary Report.

Potential Sources of Mercury

The main source of mercury in the Russian River is methylmercury which is produced in wetlands by certain bacteria when they process mercury in its inorganic form. In the Russian River watershed, geologic sources predominate and the main contributors are geologic deposits of mercury from volcanoes, volatilization from the ocean, and mercury or gold mining. Manmade sources of mercury in the Russian River can be from compact fluorescent light bulbs, old thermometers, dental “silver” fillings, and some types of batteries. The use of mercury by the dental profession is estimated to contribute significantly to the discharge of mercury to wastewater streams.

Potential Sources of Phosphorous/Nitrogen

Fertilizer is the main contributor for nitrogen and phosphorous in the watershed. Fertilizer can enter the Russian River from runoff due to excessive irrigation or runoff due to rainfall that is washed out of the fertilized land and into the tributaries and mainstem. Potential sources for phosphorous also include pesticides, industry, cleaning compounds, human and animal wastes, and phosphate-containing rocks. Similar to phosphorous, nitrogen can enter the system through human and animal waste, specifically septic tanks, farm livestock, and animal waste including fish and birds. Specific to nitrogen, potential biotic sources are bacteria resulting from breaking down toxic ammonia waste and the decay of dead organisms.

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Potential Causes of Decreased Dissolved Oxygen

There are many potential activities that can cause decreased dissolved oxygen content. Oxygen content can fluctuate naturally, but is highly affected by human activities. While some factors decrease dissolved oxygen content by taking away the amount of oxygen dissolved in water, some factors increase the need for oxygen leading to less dissolved oxygen.

Animal waste and nutrient management can lead to increased biochemical oxygen demands (BOD) and, in turn, decrease dissolved oxygen content. BOD is the amount of oxygen consumed by microbial decomposition of organic waste. Increases in the amount of human and animal waste, along with increases of nutrients, can lead to increased BOD. Increases in nutrients can also lead to algae blooms which decreases dissolved oxygen because of the abundant algae processing dissolved oxygen.

In addition to waste and nutrients, sediment and temperature can also be factors in decreasing dissolved oxygen content. Sediment can cause turbidity which prevents sunlight from reaching aquatic plants. Without sunlight, plants cannot take part in photosynthesis which therefore reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. Sediment also absorbs heat, which is another factor affecting dissolved oxygen. Higher water temperatures decrease dissolved oxygen concentrations because the warmer waters do not have the capacity to hold as much oxygen as cold water (RRICWMP, 2012).

STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS WATER MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

The SWRP will help facilitate compliance with water quality regulations using the strategies mentioned in this section. Selecting and implementing projects that can improve the quality of storm water runoff increase the utility of storm water as a resource. A suite of appropriate best management practices (BMPs) were identified in the 2012 Russian River Integrated Coastal Watershed Management Plan and are discussed below.

Sediment

The main goal to impede sedimentation is reducing erosion and inhibiting the transport of sediment downstream. The NCRWQCB has a Work Plan to Control Excess Sediment in Sediment-Impaired Waters from 2008 which indicates the tasks they believe are necessary to control excess sediment. The SWRP will assess projects based on the tasks listed in the work plan and follow the adopted TMDL policies noted in the Regulatory Setting section. The SWRP will look for projects that have BMPs relating to erosion, downcutting, and sediment control. These BMPs include, but are not limited to, clear project planning with evaluations on erosion and sediment in the project area, choosing appropriate approaches to slope stabilization and erosion control, using plant material, seeds, transplants and plant materials for propagation to maximize genetic diversity and minimize impacts to wildlife, and monitoring plans to assess success and provide adaptive management.

Bacteria/Pathogens

Based on the potential sources of bacteria and pathogens, increasing infiltration, decreasing runoff, and taking part in educational outreach can help assist decreases in bacteria for the Russian River. The SWRP will follow the development of the bacteria TMDL and include strategies mentioned in the RRICWMP.

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Temperature

Approaches to mitigate the increase in water temperatures can be related back to ways to impede sediment deposition and erosion. Since sediment is a major factor in creating shallow pools of water and turbidity, sediment management implementation will allow less sediment and therefore less temperature fluctuations. Increased vegetation for shade, reducing the demand for water in the summer, and decreasing water diversions through substitution of water sources or conservation efforts are also ways to mitigate the increase in water temperatures.

Trash

The communities of the Russian River watershed already take part in many BMPs, and, with the implementation of the recent trash amendments, additional actions are planned. The Russian River Watershed Association is currently developing a Trash Assessment Report that will be used to identify potential strategies to address trash in the Russian River watershed. The installation and maintenance of trash bins is a way to address the litter in the waterways. Addressing the homeless population in the area by assessing and documenting the situation and circumstances would be a way to decrease homeless encampment trash. Since littering is the main contributor, public outreach is an important way to manage trash.

Mercury

Sources for mercury in the Russian River are generally from geologic sources. Gold mining and mercury mining in the area could also be sources. The SWRP will follow the development of mercury TMDLs for the affected areas. Projects that remove sediment may reduce mercury levels, but the extent of the possible impact is still unknown.

Phosphorous/Nitrogen

Since fertilizer is the main contributor, implementing projects that halt excessive irrigation and impede fertilizer from entering storm water through runoff will decrease the amount of phosphorous and nitrogen that is seeped into the Russian River and its tributaries. Increased infiltration, vegetation strips, buffers, and vegetative barriers to keep runoff in the area are all BMPs that would help stop runoff of fertilizers.

Additionally, the SWRCB proposed the Irrigated Lands Regulatory Program in February 2016. In response, the NCRWQCB has set up the Agricultural Lands Discharge Program which addresses water quality impacts associated with agricultural lands in the North Coast Region of California that the Russian River watershed resides. The program is designed to work with the California Water Code, the State Nonpoint Source Policy, and the TMDLs developed for certain watersheds.

Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen can be increased by controlling bacteria, sediment, and temperature. Planting and restoration projects that promote vegetation in the mainstem and tributaries, along with promoting more steady flows, can increase dissolved oxygen in the system. Controlling sediment from creating shallow pools and decreasing turbidity should be a priority, along with keeping temperatures from warming.

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CONCLUSIONS

Table 4 summarizes water quality issues and potential strategies mentioned above that can be used to address the water quality issues in the Russian River watershed.

Table 4. Water Quality Summary

Water Quality Potential Source of Potential Strategy to Issue Water Quality Issue Address Water Quality Issue Gravel mining, water diversion construction, converted forests to Implement projects that increase infiltration, vineyards, construction, grazing, decrease downcutting, decrease urban runoff, Sediment agriculture, timber harvests, rural road evaluate slope stabilization, and include use, leaking or failing septic systems, monitoring plans to assess success over-irrigation, sediment build up behind dams Failing or leaking septic tanks, treated municipal wastewater, sanitary sewer Bacteria / overflow, recycled water irrigation, Increase infiltration, decrease runoff, and Pathogens urban runoff, waste discharge from conduct educational outreach homeless encampments and illegal camping, recreational use

Reduced flow caused by water diversions, dams, and channel Manage sediment deposition, increase construction, runoff moving through vegetation for shade, reduce the demand for Temperature impervious surfaces, discharge of water from the Russian River and its cooling water, agriculture, forest tributaries during the summer, substitute water harvesting, increased turbidity, sources or increase conservation efforts decrease in shade-providing vegetation

Direct littering, homeless Trash capture, by installing and better encampments, litter from storm drains, Trash maintaining trash bins, addressing the dumpster diving, poorly maintained homeless population, public outreach dumpsters

Unknown - Geologic deposits from sediment and volcanic rock, some Since source is not known, the SWRP will sources could be from compact follow the development of the mercury TMDL. Mercury fluorescent light bulbs, old Since mercury can come from sediment, thermometers, dental "silver" fillings, sediment management strategies can be used and some batteries

Decrease excessive irrigation occurrences, increase infiltration around fertilized areas, Phosphorous / Fertilizer, septic tanks, farm livestock promote vegetative barriers, and promote Nitrogen better fertilizer management with educational outreach

Bacteria, sediment and temperature Dissolved Animal waste, fertilizer, over-irrigation, management strategies can be used here. Oxygen increased turbidity Increase vegetation, decrease turbidity, and promote steady flows

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DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

Funding has been provided in full or in part through an agreement with the SWRCB, using funds from Proposition 1. The contents of this document do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the foregoing, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

This work product is part of Task 4.3 of Grant Agreement No. D1612602.

REFERENCES

Russian River Integrated Coastal Watershed Management Plan www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdls/russian_river/ County of Sonoma Phase 1 Storm Water Annual Report for Fiscal Year 2013-2014 www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/basin_plan/083105-bp/03_bu.pdf www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/board_decisions/tentative_orders/pdf/2015/15_0030_phaseIpermitrenewal.pdf www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/board_decisions/adopted_orders/pdf/2009/091014_09_0050_PERMIT_MS4_SR SonCoSCWA.pdf www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdls/303d/ www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdls/russian_river/ www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdls/sediment_workplan/080408sedwp/Work_Plan_ Final_04-08-08.pdf www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdls/russian_river/pdf/150930/2015-09- 24_Public_Workshop_Presentation.pdf www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/watershed_info/russian_river/ www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdls/russian_river/pdf/130502/Assessment_of_FIB_Con centrations_and_Land_Cover.pdf water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc.html http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdls/russian_river/pdf/170807/20170807_ draft%20Pathogen%20TMDL%20Action%20Plan.pdf

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ATTACHMENT A Supplemental Descriptions of Federal, State, and Regional Watershed Plans, Policies, and Programs (THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY) Supplemental Descriptions of Federal, State, and Regional Watershed Plans, Policies, and Programs (a)

Type of regulation Title Agent Date Description CEQA is California’s broadest environmental law. Guides CDFG during issuance of permits and approval of projects. CEQA applies to all discretionary projects proposed to be conducted or approved California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) CDFG 1970 by a California public agency. CESA states that all native species of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, invertebrates, and plants, and their habitats, threatened with extinction and those experiencing a significant decline Overreaching Legislation California Endangered Species Act (CESA) CDFG 1984 (Federal 1973) which, if not halted, would lead to a threatened or endangered designation, will be protected or preserved.

Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act SWRCB 1969 (2011 Amended) California’s comprehensive water quality control law and program to protect beneficial uses. Requires adoption of Basin Plans by RWQCBs and that Basin Plans become part of the CWP.

Draft Regulations for Groundwater Replenishment with Dept. Public Health (CDPH) 2011 Draft TBD Recycled Water

Recycled Water Policy SWRCB 2011 TBD

Policy for Water Quality Control for Recycled Water CDPH 2009 TBD

Presents status and trends for water-dependent resources, supplies, and demands. Evaluates regional and statewide management strategies to identify effective actions and policies. Includes Regional California Water Plan (CWP) Update 2013 Dept of Water Resources (DWR) 2011 in Development Basin Plans. Wetland and Riparian Area Protection Policy (WRAPP) Phase I is intended to protect all State waters from dredge and fill discharges. Defines “wetlands;” “riparian” tbd. Assessment framework for collecting and reporting aquatic resource information. Phase Phase I: Wetland Area Protection Policy and Dredge and Fill SWRCB 2011 Phase I 2 (expands scope to other potential threats) and Phase 3 (expands scope to include “Riparian” definition, objectives, and restoration) are in development. Regulations Applies to applications to appropriate water, small domestic use and stockpond registrations; and water right petitions. Focuses on protective measures for anadramous fish. Seasonally limits diversions Policy for Maintaining Instream Flows in Northern California SWRCB 2010 to high-flow periods. Prohibits diversions until streamflows are higher than minimum instream flow needed by fishes. Limits diversion rate to maintain habitat. Considers cumulative effects of diversions Coastal Streams (North Coast Instream Flow Policy) on flow. Restricts permitting of new onstream dams. Monitoring and reporting requirements Workplan for Developing Biological Objectives for Perennial SWRCB 2010 Draft Defines a path toward creating biological objectives to protect aquatic resources of the state. Wadeable Streams in the State of California

Water Quality Control Policy for Addressing Impaired Establishes the State’s Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program. TMDL sets limits on the amount of pollutants water can be exposed to before adversely impacting Beneficial Uses of water. SWRCB 2005 Waters: Regulatory Structure and Options (TMDL Policy) Required by Section 303(d) of the Federal CWA, established in 1972.

Water Quality Control Policy for developing California’s SWRCB 2004 Describes the process by which the SWRCB and Regional Boards will comply with the listing requirements of Section 303(d) of the federal Clean Water Act (CWA). Clean Water Act Section 303(d) list Water Quality Plan for Ocean Waters of California (Ocean For Pacific Ocean waters adjacent to the California coast outside enclosed bays, estuaries, and coastal lagoons. Beneficial Uses establishment. Water quality objectives. Effluent quality requirements. Plans and Policies SWRCB 1972, 1990 Update Plan) Waste discharge prohibitions. Waste management principles. Provides for designation of Areas of Special Biological Significance with special water quality requirements.

Policy on Sources of Drinking Water SWRCB 1988 Provides full protection to current and potential sources of drinking water standards. Provides conditions for exceptions.

Nonpoint Source Management Plan SWRCB 1988 Identifies nonpoint source control programs and milestones. Effluent limitations.

Policy with Respect to Water Reclamation in California SWRCB 1977 Requires Regional Water Quality Control Boards (i.e. NCRWQCB) to conduct reclamation surveys and actions.

Water Quality Control Policy for the Enclosed Bays and SWRCB 1974, 1995 Update Water quality principles and guidelines. Prevent degradation of water quality. Protect Beneficial Uses. Does not apply to vessel waste or land runoff except for siltation and sewer flows. Estuaries of California (Antidegradation Policy) Water Quality Plan for the Control of Temperature in the Coastal and Interstate Waters and Enclosed Bays and SWRCB 1972 For thermal characteristics of water and waste discharges. Water quality objectives. Effluent quality limits. Discharge prohibitions. Estuaries of California (Thermal Plan) Statement of Policy with Respect to Maintaining High Quality SWRCB 1968 Requires continued maintenance of existing high quality waters. Provides conditions for exceptions. Waters in California (Antidegradation Policy) Water Quality Control Policy for Siting, Design, Operation, NCRWQCB 2011 Draft Requires State to develop statewide regulations for septic systems to ensure surface and ground waters are not contaminated by domestic septic system waste and are safe for Beneficial Uses. and Maintenance of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems

NCRWQCB and Sonoma County Russian River and tributary monitoring at several sites to determine bacteria abundance and variability (1996-2010). 2011-2012 efforts aimed at development of Russian River Pathogen TMDL. Land Pathogens in the Russian River Policy 1996 Dept. of Health Services use, beach use impacts on bacteria levels. Quality assurance project plans (QUAPP). Establishes bacteria thresholds for human health.

NCRWQCB, CAL FIRE, State Regulates discharges from logging and associated timber harvest activities. Timber Harvest Plans (THPs), Habitat Conservation Plans, Sustained Yield Plans reviewed. Participates in TMDL Timber Policy 1972 Board of Forestry development.

Five Year Coordinated Work Plan for Wetlands To assist and support the State’s WRAPP. Describes each agency’s wetland program activities and how they will coordinate to achieve common goals. Focus is on Regulation; Monitoring and CDFG and SWRCB 2011 Conservation Program Development Assessment; Water Quality Standards for Wetlands; and Voluntary Restoration and Protection.

California Wetland Monitoring Workgroup Tenets of a State California Wetland Monitoring Proposed in 2010 To develop standardized practices and methods to assist and support the State’s WRAPP. Wetland and Riparian Monitoring Program (WRAMP) Group Assessment of conditions of all surface waters; initial focus on wadeable perennial streams. Included TSMP, SMW, Coastal Fish Contamination Program, Reference Condition Management Program. State Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) SWRCB 2000 Will capture data from TMDS, NPS, and Watershed Project Support Programs. Does not monitor effluent or discharge, which is under NPDES permits and Waste Discharge Requirements. Uses the CEDEN database. All data eventually goes to EPA’s STORET database.

Groundwater Ambient Monitoring & Assessment Program SWRCB 2000 GAMA Collects data on chemicals in groundwater wells. Compiles and reports data on Geo Tracker GAMA.

Assessment/Monitoring Programs Monitoring of acute and chronic toxicity of surface waters. Tests on organismal growth, reproduction, survival. Describes extent, magnitude, type, source of surface toxicity. Focus is on agricultural, Inland Surface Waters Toxicity Testing NCRWQCB, UC Davis 1993 mining, and urban areas. Database available.

Program SWRCB 1989 Monitoring directed at areas of known or potential contamination of bays and estuarian waters. Identifies and characterizes toxic hotspots. Database available.

State Mussel Watch Program (SMW) SWRCB, CDFG 1977 Long-term monitoring of geographic and temporal (interannual) trends in toxic pollution on the California coast. Database available 1977 to 2000.

Detection and evaluation of toxic substances in organisms in fresh, estuarine, and marine water from sample stations Some stations monitor long-term trends, others are temporarily established for Toxic Substances Monitoring Program (TSMP) SWRCB, CDFG 1976 priority projects as needed. Database available 1978 to 2000. Discharger Self-Monitoring and Compliance Monitoring as part of National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits for ground and surface water. Complaint investigation and North Coast Region Water Quality Monitoring Programs NCRWQCB Various enforcement as appropriate. Special studies/ intensive surveys/ nonpoint source investigations. Aerial surveys to monitor facilities. Development of water quality models (e.g. for Russian River by (Various) DWR). (a) This table is from the Russian River Integrated Coastal Watershed Management Plan from June 2012.

Russian River Watershed Association s\c\592\10-16-05\wp\4.3\WQA TM Last Revised: 07-21-17 Storm Water Resource Plan

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