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"Terrorism in Ethiopia" Abenezer Estif

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A Discursive Construction of Terrorism and Terrorists in EBC's Documentary Film "Terrorism in Ethiopia" Abenezer Estifanos A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Journalism and Communication Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Journalism and Communication Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia March, 2015 Addis Ababa University Graduate School of Journalism and Communication This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Abenezer Estifanos, entitled A Discursive Construction of Terrorism and Terrorists in EBC's Documentary Film "Terrorism in Ethiopia" and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Journalism and Communication complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by Examining Committee: Examiner____________________________ Signature ___________ Date __________ Examiner ____________________________Signature ___________ Date _________ Advisor ______________________________ Signature ___________ Date __________ ___________________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate program Coordinator ABSTRACT A Discursive Construction of Terrorism and Terrorists in EBC's Documentary Film "Terrorism in Ethiopia" Abenezer Estifanos Addis Ababa University, 2015 As media have a vital role to play when talking about the representation, framing and reporting of terrorism; this study aims at analyzing the discursive construction of terrorism and terrorists in the documentary film "Terrorism in Ethiopia." Attempts were made to analyze the representation and portrayal of terrorism and terrorists, to examine rhetorical strategies used to support the arguments advanced and to look into how structural factors have played a role in the discursive construction of terrorism and terrorist in the documentary film. In line with the theme of the study, related literatures have been viewed and the representation and framing theoretical frameworks were deployed. A qualitative research approach with discourse analysis as a method has been employed. The result of the analysis reveals that with reference to the systematic content analysis of the documentary film, the producers of the documentary film were parties that have a direct hand on the issue raised; and the themes presented were in line with the issue raised and seemed befitting. With regard to the representation and framing of terrorism and terrorists, the producers have depicted terrorism as 'an evil deed' that does not differentiate race, age, religion, etc. However, some of the claims made by the producers of the documentary were overstretched and were i contextualized so as to fit their objectives. Opposition on how the government exercises its power and disagreements on the practice of the country's legal system were portrayed as terrorism acts. In addition, the rhetorical strategies used to support the arguments forwarded have played their role in a way that allows the readers to identify themselves with the victims and validate and accept the arguments presented by the interviewees and the producers. Based on the findings of the study, some recommendations have been forwarded. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, my deepest and many thanks goes to God whose grace, protection and guidance can be felt throughout my life. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and respect to my advisor, Dr. Abdissa Zerai, for bringing this particular topic to my attention and encouraging me to do my best on it and for the advices and criticisms he gave me throughout the process of the study. My appreciation and love also goes to my family, friends and colleagues who were a big support; May God bless you all! Last but not least, my sincere gratitude goes to Haramaya University for allowing me to have this opportunity to broaden my knowledge and complete my master's degree. iii Table of Contents Page ABSTRACT . i Acknowledgements . iii List of Acronyms . vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background of the Study . 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem . 5 1.3 Objectives of the Study . 7 1.3.1 General Objectives . 7 1.3.2 Specific Objectives . 7 1.4 Research Questions . 7 1.5 Significance of the Study . 8 1.6 Delimitations of the Study . 8 1.7 Limitations of the Study . 8 1.8 Organization of the Study . 9 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE . 10 2.1 An Overview of the History of Terrorism . 10 2.1.1 Global Context . 10 2.1.2 Ethiopian Context . 22 2.1.2.1 Ethiopia and Terrorist Organizations . 24 2.2 Media and the Discourse of Terrorism . 30 2.2.1 Documentary as a Site for Meaning Making . 34 iv 2.3 Theoretical Framework . 37 2.3.1 Representation . 37 2.3.2 Framing Theory and Media Framing . 43 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . 46 3.1 Introduction . 46 3.2 Qualitative Research Method . 46 3.2.1 Discourse Analysis . 48 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS . 53 4.1 Systematic Analysis of the Contents of the Documentary Film . 53 4.2 Representation and Framing of Terrorism and Terrorists: Individuals, Groups and Organizations . 57 4.3 Rhetorical Strategies Used in the Documentary Film . 64 4.4 The Structural Factors that Played a Role in the Discursive Construction of Terrorism and Terrorists . 68 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION . 71 5.1 Conclusions . 71 5.2 Recommendations . 72 References Appendix v List of Acronyms AIAI- Al Ittihad al Islamiya EBC- Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation (the then ERTA- Ethiopian Radio and Television Agency) EPRDF- Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front ESAT- Ethiopian Satellite Television ESDL- Ethiopian Somali Democratic League FBI- Federal Bureau of Investigation NISS - National Intelligence and Security Service OAU- Organization of African Union (Now African Union (AU)) OLF- Oromo Liberation Front ONLF- Ogadeni National Liberation Front OWDA- Ogaden Welfare Development Association PLO- Palestine Liberation Organization TGE- Transitional Government of Ethiopia UN- United Nations US (USA)- United States of America WPE- Workers' Party of Ethiopia vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Terrorism is a word often and overly used in the last three decades. The word and the concept behind it have different connotations and meanings for different people. For some it is the father of all evil while for others it is a matter of freedom, expression of cause and a symbol and way to be heard (Gupta, 2006). Terrorism first originated during the French Revolution (Gupta, 2006). After the French monarchy was overthrown by the French people, who destroyed the Bastille prison in 1789, a revolutionary government was formed. But on July 26 of 1794, the revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre declared that he has a list of people who were conspiring to overthrow the revolutionary government. As a result, nearly 40,000 people were beheaded and this mass killing came to be known as the "Reign of Terror." These killings were ways for the revolutionary government to plant fear and terror in the common people's minds and it was also in a way a demonstration that the aristocratic system was done with (Gupta, 2006). This was the first encounter of the term terrorism and Schmid and de Gaff (1982) further explain terrorism as "(. .)"propaganda by deed" (a phrase coined by the noted Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin): a form of mass communication by which a terrorist group tells its supporters, "we are doing it for you," while warning enemies of the consequences of ignoring their demands" (p.16). Any act of intimidation, terror and violence against any public and/or government for political, religious and/or ideological end is to be considered as a terrorism act; these acts could be carried out by individuals, groups and/or states. 1 Ethiopia is not new to terrorist acts and violence. Though controversial, the Derg regime was considered to be a governmental terrorist after it overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974 (United States Institute of Peace, Special Report, 2004). Airplane hijackings, kidnappings, assassination attempts, bombings of bars, hotels, public buildings and public transportations have been carried out by different terrorist groups and organizations throughout the country in the last 10 to 20 years. Al Ittihad al Islamiya (AIAI), based in Somalia, and indigenous local groups including the Oromo Liberation Front, the militant wing of the Ogadeni National Liberation Front, the now quiescent Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia (Ibid., 2004) and Al Shabab have been regarded as the major terrorist organizations and groups that have been active in creating chaos and destruction in the country. Terrorists resort to acts of terror with different objectives in mind. In the early days of terrorism cleansing the mass, because they were corrupt, was the driving force. But throughout the ages, it has evolved from ideological struggle to religious fanaticism. The (main) strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that draw the attention of the local public, the government, and the world to their cause. The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose (International Terrorism and Security Research, p.2). And to conveying terrorists' causes media play an important role. Perl (1997), when explaining the role and importance of media for the successfulness of a terrorist attack said: The media are known to be powerful forces in confrontations between terrorists and governments. Media influence on public opinion may impact not only the actions of governments but also on those groups engaged in terrorist acts. From the terrorist perspective, media coverage is an important measure of the success of a terrorist act or campaign (p.2) 2 Terrorists could exploit and manipulate the media as reporting news that grab the public's attention seems to be basically what is driving media nowadays. Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's metaphor that publicity is the 'oxygen' of terrorism shows the strong dependency of terrorism and the criticalness of media for the achievement of terrorists' goals.
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