Review of Adaptive Basic Social Services Provision to Reduce Disaster Risk of Populations Especially Children in Selected Horn of Africa Countries
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Review of Adaptive Basic Social Services | 1 REVIEW OF ADAPTIVE BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES PROVISION TO REDUCE DISASTER RISK OF POPULATIONS ESPECIALLY CHILDREN IN SELECTED HORN OF AFRICA COUNTRIES MARCH 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We express our thanks and appreciation to the many institutions and people who assisted us in our work. First, we gratefully acknowledge ECHO and UNICEF ESARO for offering us the chance to undertake this study and to the various staff at UNICEF ESARO and the UNICEF country offices and sub-country offices in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda for their provision of insight and feedback and their assistance in coordination throughout the review process. We also express such thanks and appreciation to everyone from national through local governments of the three countries, the many international agencies and implementing partners and the community committee members and other service providers and users interviewed who also provided such insight, feedback, coordination assistance and helpful documentation to us. In addition, we would like to thank all who took the time to provide feedback following distribution of earlier draft versions of parts of this report. In preparing this final version, we have considered the observations and comments received and regretfully acknowledge that, especially for the Ethiopia Country Report, time and other constraints prevented inclusion of some such follow-up input. Accordingly, any errors of fact or analysis contained are the full responsibility of the researchers. Bob Alexander, Team Leader Bekabil Fufa, National Consultant for Ethiopia Rose Njiraini, National Consultant for Kenya Marie Shanahan, External Consultant for Uganda Richard Kajura, National Consultant for Uganda Design & Layout by OG+A Cover photo:© UNICEF/NYHQ 2007-1374/Pirozzi Funded by The European Commission The European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid department funds relief operations for victims of natural disasters and conflicts outside the European Union. Aid is channelled impartially, straight to people in need, regardless of their race, ethnic group, religion, gender, age, nationality or political affiliation. Disclaimer This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Commission. The views expressed herein should not be taken, in any way, to reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. Review of Adaptive Basic Social Services | 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 Regional 15 Summary Report 15 Introduction 15 Objectives 15 Methodology 16 Working definitions 16 Analysis Approach 18 Criteria for case study selection 20 Ethiopia 20 Kenya 21 Uganda 21 Write-up Approach 22 Constraints and Limitations 23 Regional Synthesis 24 Recommendations for Overall Adaptive Basic Social Service Provision 24 Holistically Interlinked Policies, Approaches, Investments and Practices 24 Adaptability 25 Undisrupted Service 25 Anticipates Future Needs 26 Context Relevant 26 Do No Harm 27 Resilience-Strengthening 27 Knowledge & Ability to Adapt 27 Access to Basic Services 27 Participatory Decsion-making 27 Ability to Meet Needs 28 Equitability 28 Sustainability and Cost-Effectiveness 28 Coordination, Management and Technical Expertise 29 Learning, Knowledge and Information Management 30 Country Sector-Specific Recommendations: 31 Education 31 Ethiopia 31 Kenya 32 Uganda 32 Nutrition and Health 33 Ethiopia 33 Kenya 33 Uganda 33 WASH 34 Overarching Regional 34 Recommendations 34 Ethiopia 34 Kenya 35 Uganda 35 Social Protection 36 Overarching Regional Recommendations 36 Ethiopia 36 Kenya 36 Uganda 36 4 | Review of Adaptive Basic Social Services ETHIOPI A COUNTRY REPORT 38 Acronyms 38 Executive Summary 43 Country Context 43 Disaster Profile 44 Policies, Strategies and Plans 46 Disaster Risk Reduction Policy of Ethiopia 47 The Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Development Policy 47 The Developing Regional States (DRS) Joint Program 48 Functionality and Effectiveness of the Policies 49 Investment in Social Services in Ethiopia 50 Approach to National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in Ethiopia 50 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management and Food Security Sector (DRMFSS) 51 Promoting Basic Services (PBS) Project 51 The European Commission (EC) SHARE Programme 52 IGAD’s Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Strategy Framework 53 Nutrition and Health Sectors 55 Nutrition and Health Policies 56 Investment in Nutrition and Health in Ethiopia 57 The HEP approach 58 HDA & CC: Participation & Improved Knowledge of How to Adapt 60 HEW Evolution 61 Nutrition 61 Feeding Services 61 Vitamin A Supplementation (VAS), Deworming and Nutritional Screening for Children and Pregnant and Lactating Women 66 Health, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Services 67 Deliveries 69 Case Study: Adaptability Through iMHNTs in the Evolution Toward pHEWs in Somali Region 69 Key Messages: 72 Lessons Learned & Recommendations 72 Lessons Learned 72 Recommendations for enabling adaptive health and nutrition services 73 The WASH Sector 74 Introduction 74 WASH services for Pastoral and Agro-pastoral areas 74 WASH Policy 74 WASH Investment 76 WASH Implementation Approach 76 Case study: Training and Coordination for WASHCOs in WASH Federations in SNNPR 77 Holistic Linkages 77 Normal Times 77 Early Warning and Early Action 77 Extreme Event 79 Impacts 79 Review of Adaptive Basic Social Services | 5 Adaptability Impacts 79 Undisrupted service 79 Anticipating future needs 81 Context relevant 81 Do No harm 81 Resilience Strengthening Impacts 81 Knowledge and Ability to Adapt 81 Access to basic services 81 Participatory decision making 83 Ability to meet needs 83 Equitability 83 Sustainability and Cost-effectiveness 83 Case Study: Capacity Building and Coordination through Strategic Boreholes & the Evolution of WASHco Support from Mobile Maintenance Teams and Private Suppliers 84 Holistic Linkages 84 Early Warning Early Action 85 Extreme Events 85 Impacts 86 Adaptability Impacts 86 Undisrupted service 86 Anticipating Future Needs 86 Context relevant 86 Do No harm 86 Resilience Strengthening Impacts 86 Knowledge and Ability to Adapt 86 Access to basic services 86 Participatory decision making 88 Ability to handle needs 88 Equitability 89 Sustainability 89 Cost effectiveness 89 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 89 Key Lessons Learned 89 Recommendations 90 Education Sector 91 Introduction 91 Education policy of Ethiopia 91 Implementation Approach of the Education Sector 92 Case study: Flexible Arrangements through ABEs and Formal Schools in Pastoral and Agro-pastoral areas of Somali Region 93 Holistic Linkages 94 Early Warning and Early Action 96 Extreme Events 96 Impacts 96 Adaptability Impacts 96 Undisrupted Service 96 Anticipate Future Needs 98 6 | Review of Adaptive Basic Social Services Context relevant 98 Do no harm 98 Resilience Strengthening Impacts 98 Knowledge and ability to adapt 98 Access to Basic Services 98 Participatory Decision Making 98 Ability to meet needs 98 Equitability 99 Sustainability 99 Cost effectiveness 99 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 99 Lessons Learned 99 Recommendations 99 Social Protection Sector 101 Introduction 101 Social protection measures 101 The Draft Social Protection Policy 102 Case Study: The Productive Safety Net Program and Household Asset Building Program (PSNP/HABP) 102 Holistic Linkages 105 Normal Times 105 Early Warning and Early Action 107 Extreme Events 107 Impacts 107 Adaptability 107 Resilience-strengthening 109 Equitability 109 Sustainability and cost effectiveness 109 Key MESSAGES 110 Case Study: Community Care Coalitions (CCCs) 111 Holistic Linkages 111 Early Warning Early Action 111 Extreme Events 111 Impacts 111 Adaptability Impacts 111 Resilience Strengthening Impacts 112 Equitability 112 Sustainability and cost effectiveness 112 Key MESSAGES 112 Case Study: Self Help Groups (SHGs) 113 Impacts 113 Adaptability Impacts 113 Resilience Strengthening Impacts 113 Equitability 114 Sustainability and Cost Effectiveness 114 Key MESSAGES 114 References 116 ANNEX: LIST OF PERSONS CONTACTED 118 Review of Adaptive Basic Social Services | 7 Kenya Country Report 122 Acronymys 122 Executive Summary 124 COUNTRY CONTEXT 126 Geography 126 Kenya Disaster and Vulnerability Profile 126 Kenya’s Arid and Semi-arid Lands (ASAL) 127 Policies and Service Delivery 128 Trends and Reforms 128 Policy Documents and Service Delivery (Approach) Mechanism 129 National Policy Documents 129 Constutution of Kenya 2010 129 The Constitution and Nutrition 129 The Constitution and WASH 129 The Constitution and Education 129 The Constitution and Social Protection 129 Vision 2030 129 Vision 2030 and Nutrition 130 Vision 2030 and WASH 130 The Vision 2030 and Education 130 Vision 2030 and Social Protection 130 National Level Service Delivery (approach) Mechanism 131 ASAL Drought-related Policy Documents 131 National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands 131 Vision 2030 Development Strategy for Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands 131 Core functions of the NDMA 132 National Disaster and Drought Contingency Fund (NDDCF) 134 Drought related Service Delivery 134 NDMA Drought Monitoring System 134 Policy documents: ASALs and Access to Basic Services 136 Investments 138 Equalization Fund 138 Nutrition Sector 139 Background 139 Basic Services 139 Policies 139 Trends and Reforms 139 Policy Documents 139 The Food and Nutrition Security Policy (FSNP) 140 Government Commitment and Investments 141 Approach and Delivery System 141 Case Study: Enabling Adaptable Nutrition Services through Surge Capacity