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Rozkład Przestrzenny Ruchu Turystycznego Na Szlakach Pieszych

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Rozkład Przestrzenny Ruchu Turystycznego Na Szlakach Pieszych Pieniny – Przyroda i Człowiek 14: 133–143 (2016) Rozkład przestrzenny ruchu turystycznego na szlakach pieszych w Pienińskim Parku Narodowym (Monitoring Studenckiego Koła Naukowego Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego w Krakowie w latach 2007–2012) Spatial distribution of tourists on walking trails in the Pieniny National Park (Monitoring conducted in the period 2007–2012 by members of the Geography Students Scientific Association of Pedagogical University in Kraków) Gabriela Bołoz, Witold Jucha Instytut Geografii Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie ul. Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków Abstract. The Pieniny National Park is one of the most popular protected areas in Poland due to its natural and cultural values and attractive location. The monitoring of tourist traffic was conducted by the Scientific Association of Geography Students. The results showed a great diversity of spatial and temporary distribution of tourists in the Park. The analyzed number of visitors on each part of trails was used to distinguish trails with high concentration of tourists and to show the most and the less popular trails in the Park during the monitoring. Key words: monitoring, tourist traffic, walking trails Wstęp (m.in. bliskość ciekawych miejsc historycz- nych, rekreacyjnych i przyrodniczych: Zbiornika Obszary chronione, w tym zwłaszcza parki naro- Czorsztyńskiego, zamków w Czorsztynie i Nie- dowe, cechują się wynikającym z ich bogactwa dzicy itp.) powodują, że Park ten jest jednym przyrodniczego znacznym potencjałem tury- z najczęściej odwiedzanych parków narodowych stycznym, ocenianym poprzez atrakcyjność dla w Polsce (Warcholik i in. 2010a). Korzystna rekreacji, krajoznawstwa i edukacji (Bolland 1982; lokalizacja większości punktów docelowych Wróbel 2002; Pilis, Szambelan 2009). Pieniński wycieczek (Trzy Korony, Sokolica czy Zamek Park Narodowy (PPN) chroni unikatowe w skali Pieniny) powoduje znaczną koncentrację ruchu kraju dziedzictwo przyrodnicze i kulturowe pasma turystycznego w centralnej i wschodniej części górskiego Pienin (Bolland 1982, Witkowski 2003). Parku. Monitoring przemieszczania się turystów Park, jako instytucja, oprócz działań ochron- na szlakach w Parku był przedmiotem badań kilku nych prowadzi działalność naukową, edukacyjną jednostek naukowych, w tym Studenckiego Koła oraz udostępnia swój teren odwiedzającym. Naukowego Geografów Uniwersytetu Pedago- Wybitne walory turystyczne i atrakcyjne położenie gicznego w Krakowie (SKNG UP). 134 Pieniny – Przyroda i Człowiek 14, 2016 Artykuł przedstawia wybrane problemy zwią- Mohar 2003; Arnberger i in. 2005; Dzioban 2011). zane z przestrzennym i czasowym zróżnicowa- Poniżej przedstawiono cztery sposoby określania niem liczby turystów na szlakach pieszych w PPN. liczby turystów, które są stosowane w polskich Do rozważań wykorzystano dane zebrane podczas parkach narodowych (Warcholik i in. 2010a; monitoringu ruchu turystycznego na terenie Parku, Buchwał, Fidelus 2010): który prowadzili członkowie SKNG UP w latach 1. Obliczenia na podstawie danych ze sprze­ 2007–2012 (Kiszka i in. 2009; Warcholik i in. daży biletów. Metoda stosowana w m.in. 2010b; Ćwiąkała, Gil 2012). Na podstawie badań w Tatrzańskim Parku Narodowym. W Pienińskim wskazano, które odcinki są najrzadziej, a które PN również jest stosowana, lecz w tym przy- najczęściej wykorzystywane podczas sezonu padku może być zawodna z powodów: umiesz- wakacyjnego. Przedstawiono i przeanalizowano czenia kas nie przy wejściach do Parku, lecz zmiany sposobu przemieszczania się turystów, przy galeriach widokowych na Sokolicy i Trzech podczas dnia powszedniego i weekendowego, Koronach; ograniczonego czasu pobierania opłat w czasie pogody deszczowej i słonecznej. za bilety – w okresie od kwietnia do paździer- nika (9.00–17.00); wniesienie opłaty wymagane jest od osób w wieku od 7 lat; w przypadku Cele badań kupna biletu na jednej z platform bilet obowią- W ramach badań sformułowano trzy cele: zuje tego samego dnia także na drugiej (Faron • określenie preferencji poszczególnych kie- i in. 2012). runków wejściowych do Parku 2. Obliczenia na podstawie badania ankie- • określenie rozmieszczenia przestrzennego towego. Metoda stosowana m.in. w Pienińskim i natężenia ruchu turystycznego w PPN i wska- i Gorczańskim PN; turysta podczas wypełnienia zanie najczęściej oraz najrzadziej odwiedza- ankiety deklaruje, jaką trasą pójdzie podczas nych miejsc w Parku wycieczki (Semczuk i in. 2014). • zbadanie zależności między rozmieszczeniem 3. Liczenie turystów przy użyciu czujników przestrzennym ruchu turystycznego a czyn- ruchu. Metoda stosowana w Tatrzańskim i Babio- nikami zewnętrznymi takimi jak: pogoda górskim PN przy użyciu fotokomórek na podczer- i zmiany w infrastrukturze. wień (Buchwał, Fidelus 2010). Metoda wymaga dużych nakładów finansowych (zakup aparatury pomiarowej). Zaletą jest możliwość niemal nie- METODYKA ograniczonego czasu monitorowania szlaków Określenie wielkości ruchu turystycznego na po­ i duża dokładność wyników. szczególnych szlakach wewnątrz parków narodo- 4. Liczenie turystów przez pomiarowych wych ma na celu zbadanie rzeczywistych na punktach kontrolnych. Metodą posłużono się zachowań turystów co do preferencji (co turysta w przypadku zebrania danych do niniejszego zdecydował się zobaczyć), jak również oceny po- artykułu i została opisana w rozdziale doty- ziomu natężenia i oddziaływania na środowisko czącym metod. przez gości odwiedzających te obszary. Można Każda z wymienionych metod ma swoje wady go szacować na wiele różnych sposobów, i zalety. Ponadto wyniki otrzymywane różnymi w związku z tym niżej zamieszczony rozdział za- metodami w tym samym czasie mogą odbiegać wiera przegląd metod stosowanych w polskich od siebie (niejednolita liczba punktów pomiaro- parkach narodowych oraz przyjętą przez SKNG wych, dokładność i czas pomiaru). Tym niemniej UP metodę monitoringu. parki narodowe wykorzystują każdą z tych metod, aby określić wielkość i strukturę ruchu turystycz- Przegląd wybranych metod monitoringu nego na swoim terytorium. ruchu turystycznego w Polsce Dla PPN istnieją co najmniej trzy serie Istnieje wiele metod określania wielkości ruchu badawcze dotyczące monitoringu ruchu turystycz- turystycznego na terenach chronionych (Cessford, nego: 1) dane pochodzące ze sprzedaży biletów G. Bołoz & W. Jucha: Ruch turystyczny na szlakach pieszych w PPN 135 na platformy widokowe (Faron i in. 2012), i in. 2012). Na terenie Parku wyznaczono 2) dane pochodzące z badań ankietowych prowa- 9 miejsc kontrolnych, których nazwy pochodziły dzonych przez wolontariuszy PPN oraz 3) dane od nazw własnych polan, przełęczy lub najbliż- pochodzące z monitoringu prowadzonego przez szych, charakterystycznych szczytów (Tab. I). SKNG UP w latach 2007–2012 (Sprawozdanie… W wyznaczonych punktach rozlokowano dwu- 2012). W związku z tym, że każde z nich zostało nastu pomiarowych, którzy dokonywali obser- opracowane za pomocą innej metody, w innych wacji na skrzyżowaniach szlaków (Ryc. 1). przedziałach godzinowych i okresach czasu, nie- Wyjątek stanowiła Przełęcz Szopka, gdzie pomiar możliwe jest dokonanie ich analizy porównaw- odbywał się na odcinku szlaku w pewnym czej. Dlatego skupiono się na opracowaniu serii dystansie od skrzyżowania szlaków, a do punktu badawczej SKNG UP, przygotowanej m.in. przez przypisane były cztery osoby. autorów tekstu (pkt 3). Pomiar odbywał się w godzinach 9.00–16.00 w ustalone wcześniej dni monitoringowe. Metoda badań Na kartach obserwacyjnych pomiarowi zapi- Materiał badawczy obejmuje informacje o liczbie sywali liczbę turystów przechodzących dany przemieszczających się turystów po PPN na pod- odcinek szlaku, prowadząc zapis w tabeli podzie- stawie serii monitoringowych przeprowadzonych lonej na interwały 15­minutowe. Kolumna zapisu przez SKNG UP. Pomiary odbywały się w sezonie była podzielona na trzy części: w dwóch pierw- wakacyjnym w okresie 2007–2012 (z wyłącze- szych zapisywano kierunek przemieszczania się niem roku 2011). W każdym sezonie pomiary turystów oraz warunki pogodowe. Odnotowy- wykonywano przez 5–7 dni. wano turystów przemieszczających się każdym Badania prowadzono metodą obserwacji z siedemnastu odcinków szlaków turystycznych kontrolowanej w punktach pomiarowych (Faron wewnątrz Parku (Tab. I). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ryc. 1. Piesze szlaki turystyczne w Pienińskim Parku Narodowym (PPN) oraz lokalizacja punktów pomiarowych: 1 – lokalizacja punktu pomiarowego (numery rzymskie), 2 – lokalizacja punktów pomiarowych przy Przełęczy Szopka (numer rzymski II), 3 – szlak czerwony, 4 – szlak niebieski, 5 – szlak zielony, 6 – szlak żółty, 7 – obszar Parku, 8 – zabudowa miejscowości wokół Parku (nazwy na mapie kursywą), 9 – zbiorniki wodne, 10 – rzeki, 11 – ważniejsze drogi; numeracja arabska – odcinki szlaków Fig. 1. Walking tourist trails in the Pieniny National Park (PNP) and location of monitoring points: 1 – location of monitoring point (roman numerals), 2 – location of monitoring points near Przełęcz Szopka (roman numeral II), 3 – red trail, 4 – blue trail, 5 – green trail, 6 – yellow trail, 7 – PNP area, 8 – towns and villages near the PNP (names on the map written in italic), 9 – water reservoirs, 10 – rivers, 11 – main roads; Arabic numerals – sections of trails, Tab. I. Source: own study 136 Pieniny – Przyroda i Człowiek 14, 2016 Tabela I. Odcinki szlaków wewnątrz Pienińskiego Parku Narodowego Table I. Sections of trails inside Pieniny National Park Lp. Kolor szlaku Punkt początkowy Punkt końcowy (patrz Ryc. 1) Colour of the trail Starting point Ending point Nr (Fig. 1) 1. niebieski
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