Development of Settlements in Podhale Basin and Pieniny Mts
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Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, February 2020, Vol. 15, No. 1, p. 247 - 259; Doi:10.26471/cjees/2020/015/126 DEVELOPMENT OF SETTLEMENTS IN PODHALE BASIN AND PIENINY MTS. (WESTERN CARPATHIANS, SOUTHERN POLAND) IN LIGHT OF MALACOLOGICAL RESEARCH Witold Paweł ALEXANDROWICZ AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protection, Chair of General Geology and Geotourism, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, email: [email protected] Abstract: The analysis covered mollusc communities found in Late Holocene river sediments and calcareous tufa in Podhale Basin and Pieniny Mts. The presence of rich malacofauna was revealed in 44 sites studied. Based on the analysis of the composition and structure of fauna, it was possible to separate two types of communities. The first type is dominated by shade-loving species and the second – by open- country taxa. The progression of these communities in the profiles allowed defining three types of succession. The results of malacological research, radiocarbon dating and historical data allowed us to distinguish two stages of intensive colonization (13th – 15th centuries and from the mid-19th century to modern times) separated by a depopulation period from the 16th to the mid-19th centuries. During periods of intense colonization, there was extensive deforestation and a significant increase in anthropopressure in Podhale and Pieniny. Human activity was particularly intense within flat valleys in the northern part of Podhale and in the wide valleys of larger rivers in the Pieniny. Anthropopressure was much less intense within the hill ranges in the southern part of Podhale and Pieniny. This was undoubtedly associated with more difficult terrain conditions that did not favour farming. Key words: human impact, environmental changes, molluscs, last millenium, Carpathians, southern Poland 1. INTRODUCTION Therefore, they are well suited to the needs of paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Violent and rapid Human activities affecting the environment are changes caused by human activity, such as extensive referred to as anthropopressure. One of its most deforestation occurring over a short time, are very clear visible manifestations is deforestation, usually in malacological sequences. These are primarily associated with the need to acquire suitable areas for manifested in the replacement of rich and species- farming (breeding cattle or cultivation). Extensive diverse faunas with the predominance of shade-loving deforestation is usually caused by settlement species with poor fauna, dominated by a share of taxa development and/or demographic growth. The typical of open biotops. The former represents natural decline of forests and their replacement with much habitats, only slightly transformed due to human less diverse open habitats is reflected in the species activity. The latter include malacocoenoses inhabiting composition and the diversity of the fauna and flora areas subject to anthropopressure and largely communities inhabiting these areas. It also transformed. Such analyses were conducted in many significantly affects the course and intensity of European countries and concerned various stages of geological phenomena, mainly mass movements and settlement from the Neolith (e.g. Lososová, 2011; fluvial processes. All these aspects of changes are Alexandrowicz, 2013a; Rosin et al., 2017). clearly visible in sediment sequences, particularly The main purpose of the paper is to reconstruct ones deposited in river and stream valleys. These are the changes in the environment of Podhale Basin and reflected both in lithology of sediments as well as Pieniny Mts. during the last millennium, with fauna and flora complexes occurring within them. particular emphasis on periods of intense colonization Snails are sensitive indicators of the and the related anthropopressure. Meanwhile, the environment and react to changes relatively quickly. presented study is to indicate the possibility of using 247 malacological analysis in reconstructions of the narrow belt of Mesozoic limestone outcrops runs impact, time and intensity of human activity between the Spisko-Gubałowskie Foothills and the (anthropopressure) on the natural environment. Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin. They form isolated, often rocky hills. This area is part of the Pieniny Klippen Belt 2. STUDY AREA (Klimaszewski, 1952, 1972). The Pieniny range is characterized by very The study covered the Podhale valley and the varied terrain relief. There are steep hills here, often Pieniny range. The Podhale valley is a mountain basin with rocky slopes, and steep, deeply indented valleys bounded by the Tatras to the south and the Flysch (Fig. 1). The main range is surrounded by flatter areas Carpathians to the north. The bottom of the valley is with much gentler relief. The Pieniny are made of significantly lower than the surrounding mountain limestone representing the Jurassic and early ranges. In the southern part of Podhale stretches the Cretaceous periods, soft marls belonging to the late Spisko-Gubałowskie Foothills with relatively diverse Cretaceous and Paleogene flysch (Birkenmajer, terrain relief (Fig. 1). It is a range of hills exceeding 1000 1977). Deposits building the Pieniny were strongly m a.s.l. characterized by steep slopes, cut by numerous folded several times in the late Cretaceous and early V-shaped stream valleys. This range is primarily Neogene (Birkenmajer, 1977). composed of Oligocene sandstones and slate (the so- During almost the entire Quaternary, the area called Podhale flysch), often with a high calcium of Podhale and Pieniny was overgrown with dense carbonate content. These rocks were folded to a limited forest complexes. This is reflected in numerous degree in the early Miocene and are now forming a flat malacological (Alexandrowicz 1997, 2013b; synclinorium, cut locally by fault zones (Mastella, 1975; Alexandrowicz & Rybska 2013; Alexandrowicz et al, Olszewska & Wieczorek, 1998). The northern part of 2014, 2016, 2018; Alexandrowicz & Skoczylas, Podhale (Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin) is characterized by 2017) and palynological (Obidowicz, 1990; less diverse relief (Fig. 1). It is a flat, sometimes wet area Rybničkova & Rybniček, 2002) profiles described in cut with wide, flat-bottomed valleys. There are this area. Nowadays, the region is characterized by a numerous peat bogs in its western part. Its base includes high population density, and forests cover only about Palaeogene flysch sediments belonging to the Magura 20% of its area (Zielony & Kliczkowska, 2012). The unit of the Flysch Carpathians. These are covered by a largest area in the Pieniny and higher parts of the thick succession of Neogene sands and gravels, as well Spisko-Gubałowskie Foothills are covered by forests, as Quaternary deposits (Watycha, 1976; while the Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin is almost Alexandrowicz, 1997; Zuchiewicz et al., 2002). A completely deforested. Figure 1. Localization and relief of the Podhale Basin and Pieniny Mts CL. Czorsztyn dammed lake, SL. Sromowce dammed lake 248 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wiktor, 2004; Welter-Schultes, 2012; Horsák et al., 2013) and comparative collection. The shell material Two genetic sediment types were analyzed. was subject to standard malacological analysis The first of these were calcareous tufa. Due to the (Ložek 1964; Alexandrowicz & Alexandrowicz, abundance of calcium carbonate in the bedrock, 2011). Particular species were included into numerous occurrences of these deposits are known ecological groups. The use of malacological both in Podhale and Pieniny. The vast majority of specimen spectra was the basis for reconstructing the these sites represent the Late Holocene environmental changes and human impact. In each of (Alexandrowicz, 2004, 2010; Alexandrowicz et al., the examples presented, the ratio of the frequency of 2014, 2016). Such deposits most often appear in shade-loving species to open-country taxa was spring areas and are formed as hard, highly porous calculated (shadow index SI). It takes values from 0 travertines and loose dusty sinters. The last (completely open habitats) to 1 (completely shaded mentioned usually provide rich malacological habitats) and is helpful in assessing environmental material and provided a basis for detailed research. changes, particularly in the case of rapid and intensive The second type of sediments analysed were fluvial anthropogenic deforestation. The stratigraphic deposits. These are represented by gravels (channel position of the sediments in some profiles was facies) as well as sands and muds (overbank facies). determined by radiocarbon dating (27 dates in total) The sediments belonging to the second of the facies (Table 2). The material used in dating were primarily listed are often rich in mollusc communities. Both in plant remains. Radiocarbon analyses were performed the case of calcareous tufa and river sediments, the in laboratories in Kijev, Gliwice and Skała. The analysis only included profiles representing the results of age determination were calibrated using the period of the last thousand years, i.e. the colonization OxCal 3.9 software (Bronk Ramsey, 2003). phase in Podhale and Pieniny. Long-term field studies included locating the profiles, describing lithology 4. RESULTS and sampling for analysis. In total, the material included 44 profiles (22 calcareous sinters and 22 4.1. Malacofauna and mollusc communities river sediments) (Fig. 2, Table 1). Laboratory analyses included slurrying and drying, followed by