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Barry R.G., Chorley R.J. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate (8Ed

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Barry R.G., Chorley R.J. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate (8Ed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Atmosphere, Weather and Climate 11 12 13 14 15 16 Atmosphere, Weather and Climate is the essential I updated analysis of atmospheric composition, 17 introduction to weather processes and climatic con- weather and climate in middle latitudes, atmospheric 18 ditions around the world, their observed variability and oceanic motion, tropical weather and climate, 19 and changes, and projected future trends. Extensively and small-scale climates 20 revised and updated, this eighth edition retains its I chapter on climate variability and change has been 21 popular tried and tested structure while incorporating completely updated to take account of the findings of 22 recent advances in the field. From clear explanations the IPCC 2001 scientific assessment 23 of the basic physical and chemical principles of the 24 atmosphere, to descriptions of regional climates and I new more attractive and accessible text design 25 their changes, Atmosphere, Weather and Climate I new pedagogical features include: learning objec- 26 presents a comprehensive coverage of global meteor- tives at the beginning of each chapter and discussion 27 ology and climatology. In this new edition, the latest points at their ending, and boxes on topical subjects 28 scientific ideas are expressed in a clear, non- and twentieth-century advances in the field. 29 mathematical manner. 30 Roger G. Barry is Professor of Geography, University 31 New features include: of Colorado at Boulder, Director of the World Data 32 Center for Glaciology and a Fellow of the Cooperative 33 I new introductory chapter on the evolution and scope Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. 34 of meteorology and climatology 35 I new chapter on climatic models and climate system The late Richard J. Chorley was Professor of 36 feedbacks Geography at the University of Cambridge. 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Atmosphere, Weather and Climate 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 EIGHTH EDITION 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Roger G. Barry and Richard J. Chorley 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 First published 1968 by Methuen & Co. Ltd 11 Second edition 1971 Third edition 1976 12 Fourth edition 1982 13 Fifth edition 1987 14 Reprinted by Routledge 1989, 1990 Sixth edition 1992 15 Reprinted 1995 16 Seventh edition 1998 by Routledge 17 Eighth edition 2003 by Routledge 18 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE 19 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada 20 by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 21 22 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group 23 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. 24 © 1968, 1971, 1976, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1998, 2003 25 Roger G. Barry and Richard J. Chorley 26 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utiled in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now 27 known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in 28 any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing 29 from the publishers. 30 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 31 32 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Barry, Roger Graham. 33 Atmosphere, weather, and climate / Roger G. Barry & 34 Richard J. Chorley. – 8th ed. 35 p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 36 1.Meteorology.2.Atmospheric physics.3.Climatology. 37 I. Chorley, Richard J. II. Title 38 QC861.2.B36 2004 551.5–dc21 2003000832 39 40 ISBN 0-203-42823-4 Master e-book ISBN 41 42 43 ISBN 0-203-44051-X (Adobe eReader Format) 44 ISBN 0–415–27170–3 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–27171–1 (pbk) 45 46 47 48 49 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 This edition is dedicated to my co-author Richard J. Chorley, with whom I first entered into collaboration on 11 Atmosphere, Weather and Climate in 1966. He made numerous contributions, as always, to this eighth edition, 12 notably Chapter 1 which he prepared as a new introduction. His many insights and ideas for the book and his 13 enthusiasms over the years will be sadly missed. 14 15 Roger G. Barry 16 March 2003 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Contents 11 12 13 14 15 16 Preface to the eighth edition xi 4 Thermosphere 28 17 Acknowledgements xiii 5 Exosphere and magnetosphere 28 18 19 3 Solar radiation and the global energy budget 32 20 1 Introduction and history of meteorology A Solar radiation 32 21 and climatology 1 1 Solar output 32 22 A The atmosphere 1 2 Distance from the sun 34 23 B Solar energy 2 3 Altitude of the sun 36 24 C Global circulation 3 4 Length of day 37 25 D Climatology 3 26 E Mid-latitude disturbances 4 B Surface receipt of solar radiation and its 27 F Tropical weather 5 effects 37 28 G Palaeoclimates 6 1 Energy transfer within the 29 H The global climate system 6 earth–atmosphere system 37 30 2 Effect of the atmosphere 38 31 2 Atmospheric composition, mass and 3 Effect of cloud cover 39 32 structure 9 4 Effect of latitude 40 33 5 Effect of land and sea 41 34 A Composition of the atmosphere 9 6 Effect of elevation and aspect 48 35 1 Primary gases 9 7 Variation of free-air temperature with 36 2 Greenhouse gases 10 height 48 37 3 Reactive gas species 10 C Terrestrial infra-red radiation and the 38 4 Aerosols 12 greenhouse effect 51 39 5 Variations with height 13 D Heat budget of the earth 53 40 6 Variations with latitude and season 15 E Atmospheric energy and horizontal heat 41 7 Variations with time 16 transport 57 42 B Mass of the atmosphere 22 1 The horizontal transport of heat 57 43 1 Total pressure 22 2 Spatial pattern of the heat budget 44 2 Vapour pressure 24 components 59 45 46 C The layering of the atmosphere 25 4 Atmospheric moisture budget 64 47 1 Troposphere 25 48 2 Stratosphere 27 A The global hydrological cycle 64 49 3 Mesosphere 27 B Humidity 66 vii CONTENTS 1 1 Moisture content 66 B Divergence, vertical motion and vorticity 118 2 2 Moisture transport 67 1 Divergence 118 3 2 Vertical motion 118 C Evaporation 69 4 3 Vorticity 118 D Condensation 73 5 E Precipitation characteristics and C Local winds 120 6 measurement 74 1 Mountain and valley winds 120 7 1 Forms of precipitation 74 2 Land and sea breezes 121 8 2 Precipitation characteristics 75 3 Winds due to topographic barriers 122 9 a Rainfall intensity 75 10 b Areal extent of a rainstorm 76 7 Planetary-scale motions in the atmosphere 11 c Frequency of rainstorms 76 and ocean 127 12 3 The world pattern of precipitation 79 13 A Variation of pressure and wind velocity with 4 Regional variations in the altitudinal 14 height 127 maximum of precipitation 80 15 1 The vertical variation of pressure systems 128 5 Drought 84 16 2 Mean upper-air patterns 129 17 3 Upper wind conditions 131 5 Atmospheric instability, cloud formation 18 4 Surface pressure conditions 133 and precipitation processes 89 19 B The global wind belts 136 20 A Adiabatic temperature changes 89 1 The trade winds 136 21 B Condensation level 91 2 The equatorial westerlies 136 22 C Air stability and instability 91 3 The mid-latitude (Ferrel) westerlies 139 23 D Cloud formation 95 4 The polar easterlies 139 24 1 Condensation nuclei 95 25 2 Cloud types 96 C The general circulation 139 26 3 Global cloud cover 99 1 Circulations in the vertical and horizontal 27 planes 142 E Formation of precipitation 99 28 2 Variations in the circulation of the 1 Bergeron–Findeisen theory 100 29 northern hemisphere 146 2 Coalescence theories 102 30 a Zonal index variations 146 3 Solid precipitation 102 31 b North Atlantic Oscillation 147 32 F Precipitation types 103 D Ocean structure and circulation 149 33 1 ‘Convective type’ precipitation 103 1 Above the thermocline 149 34 2 ‘Cyclonic type’ precipitation 103 a Vertical 149 35 3 Orographic precipitation 103 b Horizontal 151 36 G Thunderstorms 106 2 Deep ocean water interactions 155 37 1 Development 106 a Upwelling 155 38 2 Cloud electrification and lightning 106 b Deep ocean circulation 155 39 3 The oceans and atmospheric regulation 158 40 6 Atmospheric motion: principles 112 41 8 Numerical models of the general circulation, 42 A Laws of horizontal motion 112 climate and weather prediction 162 43 1 The pressure-gradient force 113 T.N.
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