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Weather Forecasting: Traditional Knowledge of the People of Uttarakhand Himalaya

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Weather Forecasting: Traditional Knowledge of the People of Uttarakhand Himalaya Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 3(3): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JGEESI.19016 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Weather Forecasting: Traditional Knowledge of the People of Uttarakhand Himalaya Piyoosh Rautela1* and Bhavna Karki1 1Department of Disaster Management, Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre, Uttarakhand Secretariat, Rajpur Road, Dehradun – 248 001, Uttarakhand, India. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JGEESI/2015/19016 Editor(s): (1) Prof. Anthony R. Lupo, Department of Soil, Environmental, and Atmospheric Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, Kenya. (2) Anonymous, Ioannina University, Greece. (3) Hongli Wang, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA. (4) Anonymous, Argentine Institute Snow Research and Glaciology, Argentina. Complete Peer review History: http://sciencedomain.org/review-history/10542 Received 21st May 2015 Original Research Article Accepted 15th July 2015 Published 14th August 2015 ABSTRACT Aims: The objective of this study is to highlight and document indigenous weather forecasting knowledge of the people of Higher Himalaya in Uttarakhand so that the same could be improvised and used effectively for disaster risk reduction in remote and inaccessible areas. Study Design: The study is based on interactions with the community members in identified habitations of the four valleys selected for this research in Uttarakhand Himalaya. Place and Duration of Study: Four valleys in the state of Uttarakhand, India are taken up for the study; Johar, Byans and Niti valleys together with upper reaches of Bhagirathi valley. The data is collected between June 2012 and January 2015 through fieldwork carried out in the area. Methodology: The present study is based on the response of 871 persons of the selected 73 Higher Himalayan villages of Uttarakhand, recorded using a specially designed semi-structured questionnaire. Besides this, perception of the people is also gathered through focused group discussions, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews. Special care is taken to select elderly people for response as they have memories of longer time span and 50 percent of the respondents are more than 50 years in age. Special care is also taken to ensure gender balance. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected], [email protected]; Rautela and Karki; JGEESI, 3(3): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JGEESI.19016 Conclusion: Traditional weather forecasting is used by the people of the study area for local level decision making in pursuits related to travel and agriculture as also for capturing timely information related to possible hazardous events. It is perceived that the traditional knowledge of the people is based upon uniformity of weather pattern that has lately been disturbed by climate change. People are therefore finding it increasingly difficult to use this knowledge effectively. The elderly persons however have faith in this knowledge. Backed with their experience they are able to improvise and include more reliable indicators for weather prediction. Formal recognition is however a must for these practices to be better utilized by the masses as also for planning process. Integrating this knowledge with the modern science can help in better understanding of various climate related parameters and in managing climate risk. Keywords: Himalaya; weather forecasting; climate change; traditional knowledge; coping mechanisms; early warning. 1. INTRODUCTION interspersed with abrupt changes such as rapid cooling, warming, wetting and drying due to the Weather forecasting, as understood today, forcing of earth systems across thresholds [7]. relates to capability of assessing weather Adverse effects of climate change are conditions in advance. This is done presently by threatening to undo decades of development analyzing huge volume of meteorological data efforts and negatively impact agriculture, health, collected from across the globe on real time settlements, and infrastructure in developing basis and integrating the same with numerical countries [8,9,10]. Changes in some types of weather prediction models using high end extreme events are already being observed, for computing machines. Though not equipped with example, increase in frequency and intensity of scientific instrumentation and analytical tools and heat wave and heavy precipitation events [11]. In techniques the local communities across the longer term, global warming could lead to a rise globe have developed the art of assessing in the snowline and disappearance of many weather conditions using their experience, glaciers causing serious impacts on the observation and accumulated knowledge of populations relying on the seven main rivers in generations. It is largely based on keen Asia that are fed by melt water from the observation of various faunal, floral and other Himalayas. Throughout Asia one billion people physical changes in their surroundings that could thus face water shortage leading to precede or accompany meteorological drought and land degradation by the 2050s phenomenon of larger interest. Weather [4,12]. forecasting ensured success of farming operations, with the exception of intermittent From the very beginning weather conditions had disasters [1]. a major influence on life and life support strategy of the people of the study area. This mostly Climate change is reportedly increasing level of revolved around trade, pastoralism and limited weather extremes and variability, and high agriculture. Over the course of history and up to altitude ecosystems are considered particularly this day traditional local communities continue to sensitive to these [2]. Scientific evidence on rely heavily on their indigenous knowledge variability of events such as droughts and floods systems for dealing with natural hazards. These suggests that climatic oscillations have occurred communities, particularly those living in hazard in the past and may occur in future, potentially prone areas, have collectively generated a vast with large impacts on human society, economy body of knowledge on disaster prevention and and ecosystems [3]. The fragile landscapes of mitigation, early warning, preparedness, the Himalayan region are highly susceptible to response and post - disaster recovery. This natural hazards, leading to ongoing concern knowledge is acquired through observation and about current and future climate change impacts study, and is often based on cumulative in the region [4]. Climate change concerns in the experience handed down from generation to Himalayas are multifaceted and encompass generation [13]. Local communities have always floods, droughts, landslides [5], human health, aimed to adapt to variations in their climate. To biodiversity, endangered species, agriculture, do so, they make preparations based on their livelihood, and food security [6]. There is resources and their knowledge accumulated evidence to show that slow and gradual changes through experience of past weather patterns [14]. in climate over the earth's history have been 2 Rautela and Karki; JGEESI, 3(3): 1-14, 2015; Article no.JGEESI.19016 The people of the study area were traditionally Roncoli and others [17] through a study in traders who used to venture on long and difficult Burkina Faso have demonstrated that indigenous journeys to Tibet traversing high altitude passes knowledge on rainfall forecasting can form an of Himalaya for furthering their trading interests. important part of the scientific forecasts. It is They thus used to traverse all through the urged that understanding of local communities’ Himalayan mountain range where vagaries of perception to predict rainfall variability can add fast changing weather are still a major challenge. value to the scientific weather forecasts. Despite Judiciousness of the decision related to timing of modern technological tools for predicting weather movement was thus vital for the success of these conditions for the next day or over the season in trading ventures. a specific location, traditional weather lore still remains an important source of local forecasting in many areas [18]. Reference of weather These journeys were physically demanding and forecasting is also available in ancient Indian only the fit ones could undertake these. Women, texts that rely on observational methods to children and elderly, together with ill, weak and assess atmospheric changes. These include challenged persons, therefore stayed back in cloud forms (sky features) and biological and their summer homes in the higher reaches where phenological indicators [18]. they engaged in cultivation of some niche crops. Survival during the trading journeys was largely The traditional weather forecasting knowledge of dependent on judiciousness of the assessment the people has the potential of being utilized for of weather conditions and therefore people of the making modern weather related predictions more area developed an elaborate system of weather robust and effective but if not documented this forecasting that was used for deciding timing of rich knowledge of the people is likely to be lost initiating the travel and halting at safe places on forever. This study is thus designed to highlight the way. The
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