DOCSLIB.ORG

MACRONUTRIENT Deficiency Symptoms in BETULA ALNOIDES SEEDLINGS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MACRONUTRIENT Deficiency Symptoms in BETULA ALNOIDES SEEDLINGS Journal of Tropical Forest Science 22(4): 403–413 (2010) Chen L et al. MACRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS IN BETULA ALNOIDES SEEDLINGS L Chen1, 2, J Zeng1, *, DP Xu1, ZG Zhao1 & JJ Guo1 1Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Longdong, Guangzhou 510520, PR China 2Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, PingXiang, GuangXi 532600, PR China Received October 2009 CHEN L, ZENG J, XU DP, ZHAO ZG & GUO JJ. 2010. Macronutrient deficiency in symptomsBetula alnoides seedlings. The decline in seedling quality and production of birch tree (Betula alnoides) is often associated with nutrient stress. Visual foliar symptoms, growth performance, pigment compositions and nutrient interaction of birch seedlings in response to six macronutrient deficiencies were studied. Visual foliar symptoms were most obvious in no nitrogen (-N), no potassium (-K) and no magnesium (-Mg) seedlings but not apparent in no calcium (-Ca) seedlings. Except for -Mg and no sulphur (-S) treatments, seedlings lacking other nutrients showed decreases in most of the growth measurements but an increase in root/shoot ratio. Phosphorous deficiency had no effect on all fractions of pigments, while N and K deficiencies resulted in reductions in chlorophyll-a (chla), chlorophyll-b (chlb), total chlorophyll (chl) and carotenoid (car) but increases in chla/ chlb and car/chl ratios. Vector analyses showed that N deficiency not only decreased leaf N concentration but also increased leaf P concentration, possibly because of the antagonism between both ions. Similarly, K, Ca and S deficiencies induced a slight decrease in leaf N concentration that could be explained by a synergism between N and these ions. This kind of nutrient interaction also occurred between P and S in -P seedlings or between Mg and Ca in -Mg seedlings. The findings provided a guideline for diagnosing major macronutrient deficiencies of seedlings. The theoretical foundation for silviculture ofB. alnoides will help improve seedling quality and accelerate the sustainable plantation of this species. Keywords: Foliar symptom, growth performance, nutrient interaction, pigment composition CHEN L, ZENG J, XU DP, ZHAO ZG & GUO JJ. 2010. Gejala kekurangan makronutrien dalam anak benih Betula alnoides. Kemerosotan kualiti anak benih pokok birch (Betula alnoides) dan penghasilan pokok birch kerap dikaitkan dengan tegasan nutrien. Gejala daun yang dapat dilihat, prestasi pertumbuhan, komposisi pigmen dan interaksi nutrien anak benih pokok birch terhadap kekurangan enam makronutrien dikaji. Gejala daun paling ketara pada anak benih tanpa nitrogen (N), tanpa kalium (K) dan tanpa magnesium (Mg) tetapi tidak jelas pada anak benih tanpa kalsium (Ca). Anak benih yang kekurangan nutrien lain kecuali Mg dan sulfur (S) menunjukkan penurunan dalam kebanyakan parameter pertumbuhan. Namun, nisbah akar/pucuk menunjukkan peningkatan. Kekurangan P tidak mempengaruhi komposisi pigmen. Kekurangan N dan K mengakibatkan penurunan dalam kandungan klorofil a (chla), klorofil b (chlb), jumlah klorofil (chl) dan karotenoid (car) tetapi peningkatan dalam nisbah chla/chlb serta car/chl. Analisis vektor menunjukkan bahawa kekurangan N bukan sahaja mengakibatkan penurunan kepekatan N daun tetapi juga peningkatan kepekatan P daun. Ini menunjukkan kemungkinan berlakunya antagonisme antara kedua- dua ion. Kekurangan K, Ca and S menyebabkan sedikit penurunan dalam kepekatan N daun yang mungkin diakibatkan oleh synergisme antara N dengan ion-ion tersebut. Interaksi nutrien sedemikian juga berlaku antara P dengan S dalam anak benih tiada P atau antara Mg dengan Ca dalam anak benih tiada Mg. Kajian ini menyediakan garis panduan untuk mengenal pasti kekurangan makronutrien yang utama dalam anak benih. Teori asas tentang silvikultur B. alnoides boleh menambah baik kualiti anak benih dan mempercepat penanamannya secara mapan di ladang. INTRODUCTION Soil and water loss has been increasing in K and Mg (Macleod et al. 2004). A consequence most areas of south China over the last two is a substantial decrease in forest quality and decades due to excessive deforestation and production, particularly for plantation species. heavy vegetation disturbance. This results in While the nutrient availability of sites influences serious nutrient poverty of soils, especially N, P, growth of trees in plantations, the nutrient *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] © Forest Research Institute Malaysia 403 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 22(4): 403–413 (2010) Chen L et al. status of seedlings is closely related to seedling culture trials and grown in a ventilated greenhouse quality (Elliott & White 1994, Close et al. 2005, at the Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Birge et al. 2006) as it influences the survival rate Longdong. Quartz sand of 1–2 mm diameter of young seedlings, initial growth performance was washed with water and soaked in 1% HCl for and resistance to water stress, low temperature 24 hours to remove impurities, organic matter and disease (Van den Driessche 1991, Quoreshi & and nutrient residues. The sand was then Timmer 2000, Floistad & Kohmann 2004, Close et leached with running tap water, rinsed with al. 2005, Hawkins et al. 2005). Nutrient deficiency deionised water and finally wind dried. The experiments using tree seedlings are often used seedlings were transplanted into 18 × 13 × as a means of estimating the optimisation of 16 cm plastic pots filled with equal weights of nutritional management evaluating the effects of quartz sand and watered on alternate days. To nutrient deficiencies onseedling morphology and prevent runoff of water or leaching of nutrients, physiology (Timmer & Armstrong 1987, Barrett & white plastic bags were placed in the plastic Fox 1997, Trubat et al. 2006, Jeyanny et al. 2009). pots. The irrigation regime was measured by an Betula alnoides, also known as birch tree, is initial watering test in which water was poured a fast-growing indigenous hardwood species in slowly into a pot filled with quartz sand using northern India, Myanmar, Indochina and south a cylinder. When water was 2 cm from the China. It appears to be the most southerly species bottom of the pot, the volume of water added of Betula in the northern hemisphere. Some was the irrigation regime. This experiment was studies have shown that B. alnoides can grow well replicated four times. The real irrigation regime on all sorts of soils with pH ranging from 4.2 to was influenced by seedling growth demand and 6.5, probably because it is a strong deep-rooted weather condition. Fungi diseases were prevented species and able to form ectomycorrhiza or o by injecting a 2 /o o solution of carbendazin or vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (Zeng et al. 1999, thiophanate into quartz sand every one or two Gong et al. 2000, Zeng et al. 2006). Therefore, this weeks. The average daytime temperature of the species often plays an important role in water greenhouse ranged from 24 to 29 °C, natural conservation, long-term maintenance of land light intensity from 110 to 140 µmol photon fertility and biodiversity of forest ecosystems. m-2 s-1 and relative humility from 48 to 71%. The Due to its well-formed stem, moderate density positions of the pots were rotated every two weeks and beautiful texture, the wood of B. alnoides to minimise edge effects. is commonly used for high-quality floorboards, The randomised complete block design was furniture and room decorations (Zeng et al. arranged with four blocks of seven treatments, 2006). Plantations of B. alnoides have been i.e.: complete nutrient mix (control), minus rapidly expanding in south China from 100 ha nitrogen (-N), minus phosphorus (-P), minus in the mid-1990s to more than 50 000 ha in 2005 potassium (-K), minus calcium (-Ca), minus (Zeng et al. 2006). Despite its rise as an important magnesium (-Mg) and minus sulphur (-S) economical and environmental species, little is nutrient solutions (n = 28). Each experiment known about the nutritional requirements of B. unit (plot) consisted of 10 seedlings, totalling alnoides, which may limit the optimal silviculture of this species. 280 seedlings in all treatments. The treatments The objective of this study was to identify the lasted for 12 weeks and started two weeks after visual symptoms of B. alnoides seedlings in response transplanting when all the seedlings were well to deficiencies of six major macronutrient established. Seedlings were supplied with 80 ml elements. The responses of B. alnoides seedlings of half-strength nutrient solutions (Table 1) once to nutrient deficiencies with regard to growth a week on the first six weeks and full-strength attributes, pigment composition and mineral thereafter. The test concluded when all the element contents were studied as these parameters treatments exhibited foliar symptoms. relate to improving the nutritional management The seedlings were observed daily for of B. alnoides plantations. symptoms of deficiency. The symptoms were recorded. The root collar diameter, height MATERIALS AND METHODS and number of branches of all seedlings were measured every three weeks. At the end of Healthy tissue-cultured seedlings of B. alnoides with the experiment, three of 10 seedlings per plot almost uniform height of 14.5 cm were used in sand were randomly selected and separated from the © Forest Research Institute Malaysia 404 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 22(4): 403–413 (2010) Chen L et al. Table 1 Chemical compositions (ml l-1) of complete and various macronutrient-lacking nutrient solutions Source Control -N -P -K -Ca -Mg -S -1 1 mol l KNO3 5 – 6 – 5 6 6 -1 1 mol l Ca(NO3)2 4H2O 5 – 4 5 – 4 4 -1 1 mol l MgSO4 2 2 2 2 2 – – -1 1 mol l KH2PO4 1 – – – 1 1 1 -1 0.5 mol l K2SO4 – 5 – – – 3 – -1 0.5 mol l CaCl2 – 10 – 10 – – – -1 1 mol l NaH2PO4 2H2O – 10 – 10 – – – -1 0.01 mol l CaSO4 2H2O – 20 – – – – – -1 1 mol l Mg(NO3)2 6H2O – – – – – – 2 0.05 mol l-1 Fe-EDTA 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Arnon micronutrient solutions 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 0.05 mol l H3BO3 -1 0.01 mol l MnCl2 4H2O -1 0.77 mmol l ZnCl2 -1 0.32 mmol l CuCl2 2H2O -1 0.09 mmol l H2MoO4(85%–90%MoO3) The pH of all nutrient solutions was adjusted to 6 with 1 mol l-1 NaOH or HCl.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plant Diversity, Tree Regeneration, Biomass Production and Carbon Storage in Different Oak Forests on Ridge Tops of Garhwal Himalaya
    Regular Article pISSN: 2288-9744, eISSN: 2288-9752 J F E S Journal of Forest and Environmental Science Journal of Forest and Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 329-343, November, 2016 Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.7747/JFES.2016.32.4.329 Plant Diversity, Tree Regeneration, Biomass Production and Carbon Storage in Different Oak Forests on Ridge Tops of Garhwal Himalaya Chandra Mohan Sharma*, Om Prakash Tiwari, Yashwant Singh Rana, Ram Krishan and Ashish Kumar Mishra Department of Botany, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, India Abstract The present study was conducted on ridge tops of moist temperate Oak forests in Garhwal Himalaya to assess the plant diversity, regeneration, biomass production and carbon assimilation in different Oak forests. For this purpose, three Oak forest types viz., (a) Quercus leucotrichophora or Banj Oak (FT1; between 1,428-2,578 m asl), (b) Quercus floribunda or Moru Oak (FT2; between 2,430-2,697 m asl) and (c) Quercus semecarpifolia or Kharsu Oak (FT3; between 2,418-3,540 m asl) were selected on different ridge tops in Bhagirathi catchment area of Garhwal Himalaya. A total of 91 plant species including 23 trees (8 gymnosperms and 15 angiosperms), 21 shrubs and 47 herbs species belonging to 46 families were recorded from all the ridge top Oak forests. The highest mean tree density (607±33.60 trees ha-1) was observed in Q. floribunda forest with lower mean total basal cover (TBC) value (48.02±3.67 m2ha-1), whereas highest TBC value (80.16±3.30 m2ha-1) was recorded for Q.
    [Show full text]
  • Quercus ×Coutinhoi Samp. Discovered in Australia Charlie Buttigieg
    XXX International Oaks The Journal of the International Oak Society …the hybrid oak that time forgot, oak-rod baskets, pros and cons of grafting… Issue No. 25/ 2014 / ISSN 1941-2061 1 International Oaks The Journal of the International Oak Society … the hybrid oak that time forgot, oak-rod baskets, pros and cons of grafting… Issue No. 25/ 2014 / ISSN 1941-2061 International Oak Society Officers and Board of Directors 2012-2015 Officers President Béatrice Chassé (France) Vice-President Charles Snyers d’Attenhoven (Belgium) Secretary Gert Fortgens (The Netherlands) Treasurer James E. Hitz (USA) Board of Directors Editorial Committee Membership Director Chairman Emily Griswold (USA) Béatrice Chassé Tour Director Members Shaun Haddock (France) Roderick Cameron International Oaks Allen Coombes Editor Béatrice Chassé Shaun Haddock Co-Editor Allen Coombes (Mexico) Eike Jablonski (Luxemburg) Oak News & Notes Ryan Russell Editor Ryan Russell (USA) Charles Snyers d’Attenhoven International Editor Roderick Cameron (Uruguay) Website Administrator Charles Snyers d’Attenhoven For contributions to International Oaks contact Béatrice Chassé [email protected] or [email protected] 0033553621353 Les Pouyouleix 24800 St.-Jory-de-Chalais France Author’s guidelines for submissions can be found at http://www.internationaloaksociety.org/content/author-guidelines-journal-ios © 2014 International Oak Society Text, figures, and photographs © of individual authors and photographers. Graphic design: Marie-Paule Thuaud / www.lecentrecreatifducoin.com Photos. Cover: Charles Snyers d’Attenhoven (Quercus macrocalyx Hickel & A. Camus); p. 6: Charles Snyers d’Attenhoven (Q. oxyodon Miq.); p. 7: Béatrice Chassé (Q. acerifolia (E.J. Palmer) Stoynoff & W. J. Hess); p. 9: Eike Jablonski (Q. ithaburensis subsp.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Survey of Ex Situ Betulaceae Collections Global Survey of Ex Situ Betulaceae Collections
    Global Survey of Ex situ Betulaceae Collections Global Survey of Ex situ Betulaceae Collections By Emily Beech, Kirsty Shaw and Meirion Jones June 2015 Recommended citation: Beech, E., Shaw, K., & Jones, M. 2015. Global Survey of Ex situ Betulaceae Collections. BGCI. Acknowledgements BGCI gratefully acknowledges the many botanic gardens around the world that have contributed data to this survey (a full list of contributing gardens is provided in Annex 2). BGCI would also like to acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in the promotion of the survey and the collection of data, including the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, Yorkshire Arboretum, University of Liverpool Ness Botanic Gardens, and Stone Lane Gardens & Arboretum (U.K.), and the Morton Arboretum (U.S.A). We would also like to thank contributors to The Red List of Betulaceae, which was a precursor to this ex situ survey. BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI) BGCI is a membership organization linking botanic gardens is over 100 countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation, sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. www.bgci.org FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI) FFI, founded in 1903 and the world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are sustainable, based on sound science and take account of human needs. www.fauna-flora.org GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN (GTC) GTC is undertaken through a partnership between BGCI and FFI, working with a wide range of other organisations around the world, to save the world’s most threated trees and the habitats which they grow through the provision of information, delivery of conservation action and support for sustainable use.
    [Show full text]
  • (Betulaster, Betulaceae), a New Species from Hainan Island, China
    Ann. Bot. Fennici 51: 399–402 ISSN 0003-3847 (print) ISSN 1797-2442 (online) Helsinki 27 October 2014 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2014 Betula hainanensis (Betulaster, Betulaceae), a new species from Hainan Island, China Jie Zeng1,*, Bao-Qing Ren2, Jun-Yi Zhu3 & Zhi-Duan Chen4 1) Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Longdong, Guangzhou 510520, China (*corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]) 2) Taishan Botanical Garden, Taiyuan 030025, China 3) College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134002, China 4) State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Nanxincun 20, Beijing 100093, China Received 31 Mar. 2014, final version received 9 Sep. 2014, accepted 12 Sep. 2014 Zeng, J., Ren, B. Q., Zhu, J. Y. & Chen, Z. D. 2014: Betula hainanensis (Betulaster, Betulaceae), a new species from Hainan Island, China. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 51: 399–402. Betula hainanensis J. Zeng, B.Q. Ren, J.Y. Zhu & Z.D. Chen (Betulaceae), a new spe- cies from Hainan Island, China, is described and illustrated. It is distributed in tropical, montane rain forests and evergreen broad-leaved forests at elevations above 700 m a.s.l., mostly as scattered individuals and occasionally as small populations. Betula hainanensis belongs to the section Betulaster and differs notably from the related spe- cies B. alnoides, B. luminifera and B. fujianensis in its morphology and phenology. A key is presented that distinguishes the species in the section Betulaster of Betula. Introduction fengling, Ledong County, Hainan Province. We also observed the phenology during the flower- Since the 1980s, specimens of Betula have ing period.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest and Trees of XK Field Guidefinalsummary
    Forests and Trees of the Central Highlands of Xieng Khouang, Lao P.D.R. A field guide Lutz Lehmann Martin Greijmans David Shenman Forests and Trees of the Temperate Highlands of Xieng Khouang, Lao P.D.R. A field guide For more information contact NAWACOP Xieng Khouang, P.O. Box A, Xieng Khouang, Lao P.D.R., phone: +856 (061) 312026; e- mail: [email protected] German Development Service (DED), P.O. Box 2455, Vientiane, Lao P.D.R., phone: +856 (021) 413555; e-mail: [email protected] Lao Tree Seed Project, P.O. Box 9111, Vientiane, Lao P.D.R., phone: +856 (021) 770074; e-mail: [email protected] Natural Resources and Environment Programme, DANIDA, P.O. Box 9990, Vientiane, Lao P.D.R., phone: +856 (021) 223687 © Copyrights of this book belong to Lutz Lehmann: [email protected] Martin Greijmans: [email protected] David Shenman [email protected] Acknowledgements Thanks to Ole Pedersen Danida Coordinator of the Natural Resources and Environment Programme, for giving the opportunity to produce this field guide and supplying the budget. Preface Forests are known for their numerous functions such as regulating the climate and the water flow. In Laos, where most of the population is living in rural areas, forest products are collected in times of food shortage and rural people depend on this natural “supermarket”. Numerous timber and non- timber forest products are collected and sold on local markets and thus significantly contribute to the local economy. Forests in all their variety make up the specific characters of different regions, they attract visitors and belong to the natural heritage of the local people.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure of the Epiphyte Community in a Tropical Montane Forest in SW China
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Structure of the Epiphyte Community in a Tropical Montane Forest in SW China Mingxu Zhao1,2,5, Nalaka Geekiyanage3,4, Jianchu Xu1,5, Myo Myo Khin6, Dian Ridwan Nurdiana7, Ekananda Paudel1,2,5, Rhett Daniel Harrison1,5* 1 Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China, 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 3 Laboratory of Tropical Forest Resources and Environments, Division of Forest and Biomaterial Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, 4 Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, 5 World Agroforestry Centre, East Asia Office, Kunming, Yunnan, China, 6 Wildlife Conservation Society, Yangon, Myanmar, 7 Cibodas Botanic Garden, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS Citation: Zhao M, Geekiyanage N, Xu J, Khin MM, Vascular epiphytes are an understudied and particularly important component of tropical Nurdiana DR, Paudel E, et al. (2015) Structure of the forest ecosystems. However, owing to the difficulties of access, little is known about the Epiphyte Community in a Tropical Montane Forest in properties of epiphyte-host tree communities and the factors structuring them, especially in SW China. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0122210. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0122210 Asia. We investigated factors structuring the vascular epiphyte-host community and its net- work properties in a tropical montane forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China. Vascular epi- Academic Editor: Ben Bond-Lamberty, DOE Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, UNITED STATES phytes were surveyed in six plots located in mature forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Survey Sequencing of Betula Platyphylla
    Article Genome Survey Sequencing of Betula platyphylla Sui Wang 1,2, Su Chen 1 , Caixia Liu 1, Yi Liu 1, Xiyang Zhao 1, Chuanping Yang 1,* and Guan-Zheng Qu 1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China; [email protected] (S.W.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (X.Z) 2 Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin 150030, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.Y.); [email protected] (G.-Z.Q.); Tel.: +86-0451-8219-2695 (G.-Z.Q.) Received: 13 August 2019; Accepted: 17 September 2019; Published: 20 September 2019 Abstract: Research Highlights: A rigorous genome survey helped us to estimate the genomic characteristics, remove the DNA contamination, and determine the sequencing scheme of Betula platyphylla. Background and Objectives: B. platyphylla is a common tree species in northern China that has high economic and medicinal value. However, there is a lack of complete genomic information for this species, which severely constrains the progress of relevant research. The objective of this study was to survey the genome of B. platyphylla and determine the large-scale sequencing scheme of this species. Materials and Methods: Next-generation sequencing was used to survey the genome. The genome size, heterozygosity rate, and repetitive sequences were estimated by k-mer analysis. After preliminary genome assembly, sequence contamination was identified and filtered by sequence alignment. Finally, we obtained sterilized plantlets of B.
    [Show full text]
  • Methyl Salicylate As a Signaling Compound That Contributes to Forest Ecosystem Stability
    Trees https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02191-y REVIEW Methyl salicylate as a signaling compound that contributes to forest ecosystem stability Kiran Singewar1,2 · Matthias Fladung2 · Marcel Robischon3 Received: 17 November 2020 / Accepted: 2 August 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Key message This review for the frst time gathers the current state of knowledge on the role of plant and microbial methyl salicylate (MeSA) signaling processes in forest ecosystems. It aims to establish a basis for the use of high-MeSA- emitting trees as a silvicultural tool aiming to enhance stability and resilience in managed temperate forests afected by climate change. Abstract Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is a volatile plant and microbial signaling compound involved in systemic acquired resist- ance (SAR) and defense against pests and microbial pathogens, and antagonists. MeSA emitted by plants is also believed to trigger SAR in neighboring plant individuals, thus contributing to the resilience of the entire plant community. In this review, we discuss volatile plant-to-plant communication processes with a special focus on MeSA and provide an overview about the occurrence of MeSA in fungi and other microbes. We summarize present fndings on the role of MeSA in plants and particularly in birches (Betula spp.) and discuss the potential use of MeSA and MeSA-emitting plants in agriculture and forestry. MeSA levels in plant tissues are adjusted by methylation of salicylic acid to MeSA and the reverse process of dem- ethylation. Some plant species possess constitutively high MeSA levels and thus are suitable for experiments of admixture of high MeSA plants, e.g., birches of the subgenera Betulenta and Acuminata in plant communities such as mixed forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Vegetation of Temperate Forest at Sang-Tinjure Area of Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary in Sikkim, India
    Pleione 11(1): 71 - 84. 2017. ISSN: 0973-9467 © East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy Analysis of vegetation of temperate forest at Sang-Tinjure area of FambongLho Wildlife Sanctuary in Sikkim, India Sanjyoti Subba1,3, Suraj Subba1, Dorjee Chewang Bhutia1 and Bharat Kr. Pradhan2 1Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Project 2State Biodiversity Board Department of Forest, Environment and Wildlife Management, Deorali 737102, Sikkim, India 3Correspondence author, e-mail: [email protected] [Received 01.06.2017; Revised 14.06,2017; Accepted 17.06.2017; Published 30.06.2017] Abstract A total of 88 plants species were recorded of which 33 tree species, 30 herbs and 12 shrubs- scrub, 10 climbers and 1 epiphyte were recorded in a total of 16 sampling plots. Raunkiaer’s life form assessments revealed the Phanerophytes (44.7) representing the highest, which is canopy forming plant species followed by Hemicryptophytes (16.0) representing the ground vegetation of herbs species. The tree species of which the highest adult individual were recorded from Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC. (387.50 Ind/ha) followed by Leucosceptrum canum Sm. (212.50 Ind/ha). IVI of adult (tree) was recorded highest for Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC. (62.7) followed by Quercus lamellosa Sm. (22.6), Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc. (20.9) and Symplocos glomerata King ex C.B.Clarke (13.2), respectively. The abundance to frequency ratio revealed all the adult individuals of tree to be contagious distributed except Acer caudatum Wall.,and Cinnamomum impressinervium Meisn. which showed the random distribution but none of the species showed regular distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Material
    Xiang et al., Page S1 Supporting Information Fig. S1. Examples of the diversity of diaspore shapes in Fagales. Fig. S2. Cladogram of Fagales obtained from the 5-marker data set. Fig. S3. Chronogram of Fagales obtained from analysis of the 5-marker data set in BEAST. Fig. S4. Time scale of major fagalean divergence events during the past 105 Ma. Fig. S5. Confidence intervals of expected clade diversity (log scale) according to age of stem group. Fig. S6. Evolution of diaspores types in Fagales with BiSSE model. Fig. S7. Evolution of diaspores types in Fagales with Mk1 model. Fig. S8. Evolution of dispersal modes in Fagales with MuSSE model. Fig. S9. Evolution of dispersal modes in Fagales with Mk1 model. Fig. S10. Reconstruction of pollination syndromes in Fagales with BiSSE model. Fig. S11. Reconstruction of pollination syndromes in Fagales with Mk1 model. Fig. S12. Reconstruction of habitat shifts in Fagales with MuSSE model. Fig. S13. Reconstruction of habitat shifts in Fagales with Mk1 model. Fig. S14. Stratigraphy of fossil fagalean genera. Table S1 Genera of Fagales indicating the number of recognized and sampled species, nut sizes, habits, pollination modes, and geographic distributions. Table S2 List of taxa included in this study, sources of plant material, and GenBank accession numbers. Table S3 Primers used for amplification and sequencing in this study. Table S4 Fossil age constraints utilized in this study of Fagales diversification. Table S5 Fossil fruits reviewed in this study. Xiang et al., Page S2 Table S6 Statistics from the analyses of the various data sets. Table S7 Estimated ages for all families and genera of Fagales using BEAST.
    [Show full text]
  • A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Sphingidae of North India (Insecta, Lepidoptera)
    Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N.F. 19 (2): 141-148 (1998) 141 A contribution to the knowledge of the Sphingidae of North India (Insecta, Lepidoptera) Angelo BortolinI 1 *, Filippo Fabiano, Alessandra Sforzi and Luca Bartolozzi Dr. Filippo Fabiano, Dr. Alessandra Sforzi and Dr. Luca B artolozzi2, Museo Zoologico “La Specola”, Sezione del Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, Via Romana 17,1-50125 Firenze, Italy Abstract: The authors list 23 species of Sphingidae collected in Himachal Pra­ desh and Meghalaya (N India). For each species range and food plant infor­ mation is also given. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Sphingidae Nordindiens (Insecta, Lepidoptera) Zusammenfassung: Die Autoren listen 23 Arten von Sphingidae aus Himachal Pradesh und Meghalaya (Nordindien) auf. Es werden für jede der Arten die geographische Verbreitung und ihre Raupenfutterpflanzen angegeben. Introduction Among 52 specimens of Sphingidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera) collected in North India by Prof. A. M. Simonetta (Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e Genetica, Universita di Firenze), by Dr. J. M. Julka (High Altitude Station, Zoological Survey of India, Solan, H.P.), by Prof. B. Lanza (Museo Zoologico “La Specola”, Universita di Firenze), by Mr. K. Werner (Peking, Germany) and by one of the authors (L. Bartolozzi) were 18 genera and 23 species. Their study was particularly interesting due to the precision with which the collecting areas had been pinpointed together with information on the environmental conditions at the time of collection. Systematic account Only papers published after Bell & Scott (1937) are quoted for each species; we also list the locality data of each specimen and the distribution based on the foregoing quotations.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosome Numbers for Selected Thailand Plant Species
    THAI FOREST BULL., BOT. 46(1): 67–71. 2018. DOI https://doi.org/10.20531/tfb.2018.46.1.10 Chromosome numbers for selected Thailand plant species CHADAPORN SENAKUN1 ABSTRACT A cytogenetic study of 30 species from 26 genera and 19 families of Thailand native plants, some endemic or rare, was conducted. All plants were collected from natural wild populations. Chromosomes of the pollen mother cells were stained with propionocarmine and observed at diakinesis, first metaphase and first anaphase stage. The study found that chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 16 to 80. Chromosome numbers of 22 taxa are reported for the first time. Almost all taxa in this study are diploid and have bivalent configuration, which indicates that they are stable in nature. The two exceptions arePolyalthia debilis and Smilax micro-china, both being polyploid with a multivalent configuration, indicating that they have a high probability of genetic variation. KEYWORDS: cytogenetic study, pollen mother cells, native plants, diploid, polyploid. Published online: 7 June 2018 INTRODUCTION here are the gametic numbers determined by obser- vation of the meiotic configuration of pollen mother Fundamental and classical cytological techniques cells. For meiotic studies, floral buds were fixed in are still excellent starting points for plant cytogenetic 3:1 absolute alcohol-glacial acetic acid for 24–48 studies. Chromosome number and other chromosome hours, then preserved in 70% ethanol at 4° C and features can be used to identify genetic diversity and stained by the propinocarmine smear technique. evolutionary lines (Jahier, 1996; Guerra, 2008; Cells with dispersed chromosome were observed Figueroa & Bass, 2010). and digitally photographed with an Axiostar Plus Chromosome numbers are now reported on (Zeiss) light microscope at 100x magnification.
    [Show full text]