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Shifts in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community Composition of Betula Alnoides Along Young, Middle-Aged Plantation and Adjacent Natural Forest

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Shifts in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community Composition of Betula Alnoides Along Young, Middle-Aged Plantation and Adjacent Natural Forest Research Article ii FF o o r r e e s s t t doi: 10.3832/ifor3515-013 Biogeosciences and Forestry vol. 13, pp. 447-455 Shifts in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition of Betula alnoides along young, middle-aged plantation and adjacent natural forest Yuebo Jing (1-2), Betula alnoides is a fast-growing and native timber species prevalently planted Tao Li (1), in tropical and subtropical areas of southern China. Despite the large-scale de- velopment of B. alnoides plantations, knowledge of its association with arbus- (3) Hongliang Cui , cular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is limited. In the present study, we chose young Lingfei Li (4), (3-year-old sapling, P3y) and middle-aged (12-year-old stand, P12y) B. alnoid- Samuel C Allen (5), es plantations and adjacent native forest (N) in the Puwen Tropical Forest Ex- (1) perimental Station located in Xishuangbanna prefecture of Yunnan Province, Lin Chen , southwestern China, as study materials and explored the change in AMF com- Yongpeng Li (2), munity composition in the plantation chronosequence. In addition, we com- Zhiwei Zhao (1) bined morphological methods and Illumina MiSeq sequencing techniques to an- alyze rhizosphere soil AMF. The results indicated that the AMF richness and di- versity indexes of B. alnoides at two ages tended to be similar to those of nat- ural growing trees in native forest. However, the specific AM fungal composi- tions were distinctly different, providing evidence of the conservation value of the native forest, which harbors a unique AMF diversity. Hierarchical cluster analysis further revealed that the AMF community composition of trees in the mid-aged stand (P12y) was more similar to that of naturally growing B. alnoid- es (N) than that of the young-aged trees (P3y), which proved the considerable resilience of AMF to the establishment of the B. alnoides plantation. A set of at least five soil properties (available phosphorus, available nitrogen, organic matter, total nitrogen and silt content) was found to play a significant role in shaping the AMF communities. These results contribute to the understanding of the impacts of B. alnoides plantations on AMF diversity and composition. Such information is critical for the efficient planting and sustainable manage- ment of B. alnoides plantations. (1) Laboratory of Conservation and Uti- lization for Bioresources and Key Laboratory Keywords: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Betula alnoides, Plantation, Native of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Forest Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan (China); (2) Yunnan Introduction warping, and is predominantly used for Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kun- Significant levels of biodiversity and eco- flooring, in high-grade furniture and inte- ming, 650201 Yunnan (China); (3) Yunnan system services of tropical forests are of rior decoration. Artificial planting of B. al- Reascend Tobacoo Technology (group) Co., global importance. However, due to hu- noides in southern China began in the Ltd., Kunming, 650106 Yunnan (China); (4) man population growth and increasing de- 1980s, and the planting areas have ex- College of Food Science and Technology, Yun- mand for agricultural products, the conver- ceeded 150,000 ha, mainly in Yunnan and nan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 sion of natural forest to agricultural land Guangdong provinces (Wang et al. 2016). Yunnan (China); (5) Department of Plant and has been increasing worldwide in recent Along with the large-scale establishment Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Science decades. It was estimated that 68,000 km2 of B. alnoides plantations in southern Center, New Mexico State University, Farm- of tropical forest is lost annually, and this China, some concerns have been paid to ington, NM 87401 (USA) amount is increasing by 3% (>2000 km2) the stability and sustainability of this artifi- each year (Hansen et al. 2013). Presently, cial forest from different ecological as- @ Zhiwei Zhao ([email protected]) agroforestry and human-made forests us- pects, including plant community diversity, ing fast-growing native species for the pur- soil physicochemical properties, carbon se- Received: May 15, 2020 - Accepted: Aug 04, poses of timber and non-timber products questration, and soil and water conserva- 2020 are the sustainable alternatives to satisfy tion (Jiang et al. 1999, Meng et al. 2002, Li the high increasing demand and relieve et al. 2003, Chen et al. 2006). However, the Citation: Jing Y, Li T, Cui H, Li L, Allen pressure on primary tropical forests (Ja- study of microorganisms in this forest is Samuel C, Chen L, Li Y, Zhao Z (2020). Shifts cobs et al. 2015). quite limited. Among the rhizosphere mi- in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal Betula alnoides Buch. Ham. ex D. Don (a crobial communities, arbuscular mycor- community composition of Betula alnoides birch species) is the only species in the rhizal fungi (AMF) are one of the most criti- along young, middle-aged plantation and genus Betula that has been found naturally cal components; AMF are obligate root adjacent natural forest. iForest 13: 447-455. in the tropics. It is a valuable tree species symbionts associated with approximately – doi: 10.3832/ifor3515-013 [online 2020-10- mainly distributed in southeastern Asia and 72% of vascular plants (Brundrett & Teder- 07] southern China with good adaptability to a soo 2018) and occur in almost every terres- wide range of soil conditions. The wood of trial ecosystem (Smith & Read 2008). AMF Communicated by: Werther Guidi Nissim B. alnoides has moderate density with opti- are known to provide a wide range of mal texture, is resistant to cracking and ecosystem functions, including improving © SISEF https://iforest.sisef.org/ 447 iForest 13: 447-455 Jing Y et al. - iForest 13: 447-455 y plant productivity through increased nitro- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grass- Analyses of AM fungal colonization, r t gen and phosphorus acquisition, enhanc- land, Yunnan Province, China (101° 06' E, 22° spore density and morphological s e ing drought tolerance and protecting host 25' N, 800-1354 m a.s.l.). This area belongs identification r o plants from soil pathogens (Smith & Read to the northern margin of the tropics in the Root segments were cleared with 10% (w/ F 2008). AMF not only play critical roles in Northern Hemisphere. The topology of this v) KOH at 90 °C in a water bath for 60-90 d determining the performance of host spe- area is characterized by low mountains and min. After cooling to room temperature, n a cies (Van Der Heijden et al. 1998) but also hills, and the soil type is lateritic red soil. root samples were washed with water, cut s enhance the sustainability of ecosystems The climate is tropical monsoon, with a into segments approximately 1 cm in e c by improving soil structure (Rillig & Mum- mean annual temperature of 20.2 °C and length, stained with 0.5% blue ink (Hero® n e mey 2006). Furthermore, since they can re- mean maximum and minimum tempera- 203, Shanghai, China), mounted on micro- i c flect the different levels of degradation tures of 23.9 °C (July and August) and 13.8 scope slides and examined for AM fungal s o and the changes during vegetation recu- °C (January), respectively. The annual rain- structures under a compound light micro- e peration, AMF are correlated with the veg- fall (1675.5 mm ca.) is mostly concentrated scope (Olympus BX53®, Tokyo, Japan). Fun- g o i etation type and can notably reveal the (86%) in the warm season (May-October). gal colonization was measured by the mag- B rate of soil development; therefore, the The zonal vegetation includes montane nified intersection method (McGonigle et – AM fungal community is considered to be a rainforest, monsoon evergreen broad- al. 1990). The percentages of root length t s good soil quality indicator (Pagano et al. leaved forest, wet seasonal forest and ra- with hyphae, vesicles, and arbuscules were e r 2011). vine rainforest (Wang et al. 2003). B. al- quantified by examining over 200 intersec- o Previous studies reported that arbuscular noides plantations were initially established tions per sample. F i mycorrhizal symbiosis significantly pro- in this area in 1988, and the Puwen Tropical AM fungal spore extraction was carried moted the growth, nutrient absorption Forest Experimental Station contains out by wet sieving and decanting 20 g of and photosynthesis of B. alnoides seedlings stands of different ages. To reduce the ef- air-dried rhizosphere soil (Gerdemann & Ni- in greenhouse experiments (Gong et al. fect of geographical distance on AMF, two colson 1963). Following the nomenclature 2000). There is evidence that afforestation B. alnoides plots, 3-year-old (P3y) and 12- of genera or species proposed by Redecker significantly affects the development, dis- year-old plantation (P12y), close to each et al. (2013), AMF species were identified tribution, and function of the AM fungal other (with a distance of less than 100 m) according to Schenck & Pérez (1990) and community composition (Guo & Han 2008, and a plot of natural stand (N) with B. al- several specialized websites: International Sheng et al. 2017). However, studies focus- noides trees adjacent to the plantation Culture Collection of Vesicular Arbuscular ing on AM symbiosis and the composition were selected; the selected plots were at Mycorrhizal Fungi (http://invam.caf.wvu. of AMF communities in B. alnoides forests the same slope. Thus, the study serves as a edu/), Blaszkowski (http://www.zor.zut. have yet to be conducted, which is critical specific case for exploring the AMF re- edu.pl/Glomeromycota/), Schübler and as the first step towards the management cruited by B. alnoides at different growing Walker (http://schuessler.userweb.mwn.de and application of AMF communities aimed stages. Sampling was conducted in Octo- /amphylo/). at improving the health of the soil to pro- ber 2018.
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